Climate change crisis in Iraq
A study in political geography
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper30Keywords:
Climate Change, Political Geography Of Climate Change, Water Crisis, Climate Refugees, Unrest & TerrorismAbstract
Climate change is progressively becoming a serious and discussed issue. Besides this, there are clear evidence, observed, and confirmatory reasons for the multi-dimensional climate change impacts worldwide. Just as the countries and regions have not played an equal role in environmental pollution, heat retention, and climate change. Similarly, the effects of these phenomena are significantly different in the countries; thus, many of the main vulnerable places and others are its beneficiaries. Apart from other fields, the areas that are heavily damaged will also be affected in terms of political geography and geopolitics. Generally, the Middle East, typically Iraq, is one of the countries that will be heavily affected by climate change. This research investigates the climate change geopolitical dimensions of Iraq using the descriptive-analytical method. The findings illustrate that present and future climate change are the provenance of many complications, including environmental, economic, and political and security, both at national and international level.
References
- افشار، ماهرخ. دکتر محمدرضا دهشیری. بحران آب در خاورمیانە، (زمستان ١٣٩٨)، فصلنامە ڕاهبرد سیاسی، سال سوم، شمارە ١١.
- البالانی، د. ابراهیم قاسم. د. عباس غالی الحدیثی. (٢٠٢١)، جیوبولیتیک البیئە؛ مدخل نقدی، الطبعە الاولی، البصرە، العراق.
- زرقانی، سیدهادی. (١٤٠١)، ژئوپلیتیک مواد مخدر، دانشگاە علوم انتظامی امین، چاپ یکم، تهران.
- علیجانی، بهلول. ندا مجیدی¬راد. محمدسعید نجفی. احمد خدائی. سعید ڕحیمی¬هرآبادای. (زمستان ١٣٩٤)، تحلیل اثرات گرمایش جهانی بر سیستم های ژئوپلیتیک نظام بین الملل، مجلە آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، فصلنامە علمی-پژوهشی دانشگاە گلستان، سال پنجم، شمارە هجدهم.
- علیخانی، دکتر حمید. (بهار و تابستان ١٣٩٩)، صلح و امنیت بین الملل و تغییرات اقلیمی، فصلنامە بین المللی تحقیقات حقوق قضایی، دور اول، شمارە اول.
- غلامی، بهادر. (پاییز ١٣٩٨)، تغییرات اقلیمی؛ ظهور و تشدید بحرانهای فراگیر امنیتی بین المللی، فصلنامە ڕوابط خارجی، سال یازدهم، شمارە چهل و سوم.
- کاظمی، مسعود اخوان. طیبە سادات حسینی. فرشتە بهرامی¬پور. (تابستان ١٣٩٨)، مطالعە واکاوی تاثیر تغییرات آب و هوایی بر امنیت بین المللی، فصلنامە مطالعات ڕوابط بین الملل، سال دوازدهم، شمارە ٤٦.
- میرحیدر، درە. زهرا پیشگاهی فرد. بهادر غلامی. قاسم عزیزی. امیرحسین ڕنجبریان. (پاییز ١٣٩٩)، تغییرات اقلیمی و چالشهای ژئوپلیتیکی قطب شمال، فصلنامە ژئوپلیتیک، سال دهم، شمارە سوم.
- Abbas, Nahlah. Saleh A. Wasimi. Nadhir AL-Ansari and Sultan Nasrin Baby, (November 2018), Recent Trends and Long-Range Forecasts of Water Resources of Northeast Iraq and Climate Change Adabtation Measures, journal of MDPI (Molecular Diversity Preservation International), 10, 1562; doi: 10.3390/w10111562.
- Adamo, Nasrat. Nadhir Al-Ansari. Varoujan K. Sissakian. Sven Knutsson. (April 2018), Climate Change: Consequences on Iraq’s Environment, Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3.
- American Security Project (2012), The Impact of Climate Change.
- Apap, Joanna. Capucine du Perron de Revel. (October 2021), the concept of climate refugees; towards a possible definition, European parliamentary research service.
- Al-Ansari, N., Ali, A.A. and Knutsson, S. (2014) Present Conditions and Future Challenges of Water Resources Problems in Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 1066-1098.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2014.612102
- Azooz, A. A. and S. K. Talal, (2015), Evidence of Climate Change in Iraq, Journal of Environmental protection and Sustainable Development, Vol 1, No. 2.
- Bodansky, Dan. Sandra Day O Connor. (Fall 2021), Climate Change and the future of Geopolitics, Perry world house, university of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
- Bronnkhorst, Salome. (2011), Climate Change and Conflict: Lessons for Conflict Resolution from the Southern Sahel of Sudan, Fishwicks, South Africa.
- Cammack, Perry. Michele Dunne. Amr Hamzawy. Marc Lynch, Marwan Muasher. Yezid Sayigh. Maha Yahya. (2017), Arab Fractures; Citizens, States, and Social Contracts, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington.
- Edward Lenshie, Nsemba. Vincent Nduka Ojeh. Emeka Daniel Oruonye and Christian Ezeibe, (march 2022), Geopolitics of Climate Change-induced Conflict and population displacement in West Africa, local Environment; the International Journal of Justics and Sustainability, DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2022.2040461.
- European commission to the European Council, (march 2008), Climate Change and International Security, S113/08.
- European Union institute for security, (2015), yearbook of European security, director: Antonio Missiroli, France.
- Hassan, H. waqed. Basim K. Nile. (November 2020), Climate Change and predicting future temperature in Iraq using CanESM2 and HadCM3 modeling, modeling earth system and environment, 7.
- IOM Iraq. International organization for migration. (2022), Migration, Environment, and climate change in Iraq, Baghdad/ Iraq.
- Kaddo, R. Jameel. (2016), Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions, A with Honors Projects, Parkland College institutional repository.
- KAPITA. (July 2022), Climate Change Overview: Impacts, mitigation, and adaptation in Iraq, The report was led and written by Moamin Al-Kakaei (Research analyst) with major contributions in writing by Ayesha Aljuboory (Research analyst). Data visualization and supervision by Essam Al-Sibahee (Research associate), report design by Ammar Jalel (Graphic designer) and managerial supervision by Mohammed Jamal (Managing director, research).
- Kavianirad, Morad. Hasan Sadrania. Sedigheh Nasri Fakhredavood. Hussein Hamid. (winter 2022), Water Diplomacy Role in Easing Iran-Iraq Hydropolitical Tension, Geopolitics Quarterly, volume 18, no 4.
- Nett, Katharina. Lukas Ruttinger. (October 2016), Insurgency, Terrorism and Organized Crime in a Warming Climate; Analyzing the Links Between Climate change and Non-State Armed Groups, supported by German Federal Foreign Office and Adelphi, Berlin.
- NUPI (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs). SIPRI (Stockhokm International Peace Research Institute), (April 2022), Climate, peace and Security Fact
- Osman, Y, Abdellatif. M, Al-Ansari. N, Knutsson, S and Jawad, S. (2017), Climate Change and Future Precipitation in an Arid Environment of the Middle East: Case Study Iraq. Journal of Environmental Hydrology, 25 (3).
- Pismennaya, E. Elena. Irina S. Karabulatova. Sergey V. Ryazantsev. Artem S. luk yanets and Roman V. Manshin. (May 2015), Impact of Climate Change on Migration From Vietnam to Russia as a Factor of Transformation of Geopolitical Relations, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 6, No 3 s2. Rome-Italy.
- PMD (Program migration & Diaspora). DPPA (Department of political and peacebuilding Affairs), united nation. (April 2023), the interlinkage between climate, peace and security in Iraq.
- Sida (the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency), (2018), the Relationship between Climate Change and Violent conflict.
- Zhou, Jiayi. Lisa Maria Dellmuth. Kevin M. Adams. Tina-Simone Neset and Nina Von Uexkull. (November 2020), the Geopolitics of Food Security: Barriers to the Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security.
- Isaczai, and Gulam, Climate change is the biggest threat Iraq has ever faced, but there is hope to turn things around, 13 November, 2022 on the https://iraq.un.org/en/207205-climate-change-biggest-threat-iraq-has-ever-faced-there-hope-turn-things-around .
- Global temperatures have broken Records Three times in a week (July 2023), on the https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/07/07/global-temperatures-have-broken-records-three-times-in-a-week .
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change, on the https://www.ipcc.ch/about/ .
- Lindsey, Rebeca and Dahlman, Luann, Climate change: global Temperature, January 18, 2023, on the https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature .
- Alaaldin, Ranj, iraqs climate crises; a geopolitical conflagration in the making policy note, June 2022, on the Iraq’s Climate Crisis: A Geopolitical Conflagration in the Making - Middle East Council on Global Affairs (mecouncil.org).
- ئازاد وەلەدبێگی، کاریگەری هایدرۆپۆلیتیکی تورکیا لەسەر عێراق، ٧/٨/٢٠٢٠ بەردەستە لەسەر https://rudawrc.net/sorani/article/karigeryi-haydropolytikyi-twrkya-leser-eraq
- Ibrahim, Arwa, Declining levels in Iraq’s Tigris raise fear of water crisis, 9 June, 2018, on the Declining levels in Iraq’s Tigris raise fear of water crisis | Drought News | Al Jazeera.
- Iraq population set to exceed 43 million by end of 2023, 20 may, 2023, on the https://www.newarab.com/news/iraq-population-set-exceed-43-million-end-2023
- Sutherland, Ben, water shortages foster terrorism, 18 march, 2003, on the http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm
- Mulhern, Owen, Sea Level Rise Projection Map – The Persian Gulf, 17 Sep, 2020, on the Sea Level Rise Projection Map - The Persian Gulf | Earth.Org
- Basra is thirsty; Iraq’s failure to manage water Crises, July 22, 2019, on the https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/07/22/basra-thirsty/iraqs-failure-manage-water-crisis.
- Bibliography - Water Conflict and Cooperation, Geneva water h1ub, university of Geneva, January 2016, on the Bibliography - Water Conflict and Cooperation | Geneva Water Hub.
- UN Security Council, in Statement, Says ‘Contextual Information’ on Possible Security Implications of Climate Change Important When Climate Impacts Drive Conflict, (July 2011), on the https://press.un.org/en/2011/sc10332.doc.htm .
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of University of Raparin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
