(agricultural development
2 articles filed under this keyword.
Use of Kurdish poem, melody and songs in funeral and condolence ceremonies
Chiey Kamal Saadi
This investigation concentrates on the role and use of poem, melody and songs in the funeral ceremonies, through a critical scientific presentation and study based on historical aspects. By comparing and showing the positive and negative aspects of the art of singing in the condolence, through three main themes and several branches such as: The first content: Giving of the problem, importance and objectives of the research, identification of the scope of the research and definition of concepts. The second content: It is about presenting the content of the research and identifying the titles of the research which includes the following: Start with a historical look at poetic melody and texts in the condolence ceremonies (Shiwan, Shin and Lawanawa). To determine the origin and extent of the phenomenon through the Kurdish nation. Then, through the analysis of the concepts and definitions of music, poem, Shin, Lawanawa and Shiwan. We have presented the structure and methods of performing these customs, traditions and cultures. After this, identified the forms of this ceremony by giving examples of (Cotal and Chamari). Through the manner in which actions are taken on funerals. At the end of this section, commenced to compare and importance these people. We have briefly discussed Shin and Lawanawa and its practice by Christians. In the third content, presented some of the results of our research, with some suggestions and recommendations for other collaborator and researchers in the field of art in general, song and music in particular, as a clarification for encouraging and conducting similar research.
Volume 11 · Issue 2 · April 2024The Estimation of the Amount of Water Erosion at Qalachwalan Basin by Gavrivolic Model
Khalil Muhammed, Aram Dawood Abbas
Qalachwalan basin is important agricultural and it is one of the main water resources for Slemani city. The basin contains useful natural resources that are conducive to agricultural development. As the area is a hill country, Gavrilovic model was chosen to get the size and amount of water erosion to determine the erosion risks that the basin is facing. This research was conducted based on Gavrilovic (EPM) model using (RS & GIS) to determine the level, amount, and size of water erosion of Qalachwalan basin. We found out that, through the research, the slopes that are in the direction of the estuaries face water erosion much more due to the form of the basin in its creation, which has many slopes and little vegetation on the cliffs that are a main cause of the speedy runoff. Also, poor planning to confront or reduce the risks of flood which increases the erosions. The erosion estimated based on Gavrilovic model between very weak erosion at less than (100 m3/km2/year) and very strong erosion at (5000 – 20000 m3/km2/year). The basin generally lies in the circle of moderate water erosion at (1230 m3/km2/year). Therefore, for the secondary basins (e.g. Jogasur, Mawakan, and estuary) the erosion based on Gavrilovic model was high consecutively in this way (1720, 2584 and 4356 m3/km2/year). Our results very impotent for local government stockholders to establishment new dams in cliffs areas for agriculture and determine life cycle of these dams in this areas, and find new solution to reduce soil erosions in near future.