Ayyubids
2 articles filed under this keyword.
Comparing the policies of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tasim Billah and Sultan Al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub regarding the recruitment and reliance on Turks.
Ali Osman Hassan, Ahmad Reza Ahmad
The Turkish, however, were not the original inhabitants of these Islamic countries, the volatile political and military conditions necessitated the invitation of the Turkic ethnic group into the Islamic state during two distinct periods. The first instance dates back to the reign of Caliph al-Mu'tasim Billah (218-227 AH / 833-841 CE), who sought refuge in and began acquiring and importing Turks. Prominent reasons for al-Mu'tasim Billah's reliance on and recruitment of Turks included the Caliph's own Turkic lineage through his mother. Furthermore, Turks were renowned as brave, fearless, and strong warriors, capable of enduring and persevering in difficult circumstances. Their integration also served to resolve internal and external issues afflicting the Caliphate, such as suppressing the Khurramite movement led by Babak and countering the threats posed by the Byzantine Empire, culminating in his victory over Theophilos, son of Michael, in the Battle of Ammuriya. Similarly, the Kurdish Ayyubids, who established a powerful military state governing Egypt and Syria, during the era of Sultan al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (637-647 AH / 1240-1249 CE), began acquiring, importing, and relying on Turkic Mamluks. This reliance was attributed to their strength, prowess, resilience, loyalty, and devotion, which al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub leveraged to achieve his objectives. The Mamluks consequently became a crucial and influential force in resolving internal issues within the Ayyubid state and in repelling external threats, most notably confronting the Crusaders. During the Seventh Crusade, the Turks were instrumental in safeguarding the Ayyubid state from collapse, inflicting a decisive defeat upon the Crusaders, and even capturing Louis IX, the King of France, who led the assault on the Islamic world.
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025The Ayyubids from the perspective of Kurdish historians from their emergence to the establishment of their state.Sharafkhani Badlisi and Muhammad Amin Zaki, are models
Khalid Jamal Omer, Kamaran Aziz Abdullah
The content of this research includes, under the title (The Ayyubids from the perspective of Kurdish historians - from their appearance until the establishment of their state) as a critical analytical study - the dynasty of the Ayyubid House and the steps to establish their state - which includes two main sections, and each section contains three points. In the first section, the researcher is interested in studying the origins and regions of the Ayyubids and the opinions of Kurdish historians about their origins, who relied on the original primary sources and who concluded that their origins are from Kurdish nationality. Based on the two sources (Sharafnama) and (Summary of the History of the Kurds), which talk about the relationship between the Ayyubid emirate and the Zengid emirate, and the reasons for the migration of the Ayyubids towards Mosul, the birth and upbringing of Saladin Al-Ayyubi was discussed. The second section, which consists of three points, talks about the attacks of Shirku ibn Shadi on Egypt through the writings of the authors (Al-Badlisi and Amin Zaki), and talks about the Ayyubids assuming the tasks and positions of the Ministry of Caliphate by Saladin Al-Ayyubi - and the opinions of historians and researchers about the reasons for choosing Saladin The Ayyubid religion for this position, and then the research includes the fact that Saladin was the first personality in Egypt. In conclusion, the researcher reached the reasons for the imbalance in the relationship between Saladin and Nur al-Din al-Zengi through information written by Kurdish historians.