Child
7 articles filed under this keyword.
Natural Education and the Principles of Epistemology by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Hemn Rasul Hamdamin, Muslim Hassan Mohammed
As one of the pioneers of European Enlightenment philosophy and social covenant, Rousseau advocated freedom and public will, believing that man is endowed with this freedom by nature. A free and independent citizen learns and develops through his own natural experiences and his opinions are shaped, the individual must be in active communication with nature, sovereign over its moral and rational issues, to achieve this goal, the philosophy of natural education as one of the new directions, criticizes and rejects the directions of traditional education, so Rousseau's educational views left a strong influence on the school and philosophers after him, this influence continues to this day. Rousseau's views are mainly expressed in the book of (Emile), He believes that the education process should be in line with the stages of natural development of children, not directed by culture, processes and social agreements in society. Because nature gives man complete will and freedom from the beginning, but society and its institutions deprive him, moral values and human actions are related to nature and under natural laws, not above it. Man is considered to know nature as a child, not society. This paper examines the philosophy of education from Rousseau's perspective using analytical approach. In this paper, the concept of nature in general and the nature of children and the principles of knowledge are discussed. Children's participation in the education process and empirical education reveal Rousseau's significant in the field of education.
Volume 13 · Issue 1 · March 2026Child Protection Mechanisms in Rehabilitation Institutions is a Field Study in the Kurdistan Region
Faraidun Aziz Ali, Parwin Abubakir Mohammad
Child protection is a progressive and systematic process. Among all local and public institutions and organizations, child protection has a profound and multidimensional interdependence. This process cannot be accomplished and protected by one entity; rather, it requires real and serious collaboration and contribution by all related sectors within society. As a result of this engagement and collaboration, the development of healthy and productive individuals who can contribute meaningfully to the community will occur. This study is a multi-dimensional investigation into a general descriptive approach that has been used. The communities that mentioned in this research are composed of basic centers which are women’s and children’s reform centers in the Kurdistan Region located in (Sulaymaniyah, Erbil, and Duhok). The study sample constitutes of all children referred by the courts to rehabilitation schools whose data equals 40 juveniles (38 males and 2 females). A scale or measurement structure is designed in this study as the primary tool for data collection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the child protection process within the reform institutions of the Kurdistan Region. School’s rehabilitation is one of the highest levels of child protection based on the findings of the research. Additionally, the study states that the approaches applied by the staff in dealing with the children in these institutions are commonly appropriate and positive. Furthermore, the research proves that the services and basic needs provided to the juveniles by the institutions are maintained at a satisfactory level.
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025Bertrand Russell’s Philosophy of Education
Hawkar Hamad Khdir, Batool Ridha Abbas
Russell’s views on education are both interesting and controversial. Similar to Rousseau and Locke, he considered education to be a process of “self-habit.” Russell believed that children are like raw materials at birth, and it is our responsibility to shape them. In the beginning, it is very easy to influence a child, whether positively or negatively, because children are neither inherently good nor bad at birth. What influences them is, on one hand, an unknown nature, and on the other hand, education and various environmental factors that shape this raw material—the child. Habits and conditioning, whether for better or worse, ultimately lead to either happiness or misery. A child is born with certain instincts and develops habits under the influence of the environment, which may be good or bad. This is largely determined by the intelligence and wisdom of the parents and guardians, as the nature of the child from the beginning is so soft, compliant, and receptive that it is almost unbelievable. Most children are capable of becoming either good or bad individuals, as the instincts and reactions they possess become stable habits and characteristics due to environmental and educational influences—especially during childhood. For this reason, the foundation of a child’s behavior and personality is formed early in life. Russell believed that moral education—the education of a child’s soul and personality—should begin at an early age to help them become positive, brave, and intelligent members of society. According to him, this can be achieved with most children, often with very good results.
Volume 12 · Issue 1 · February 2025Causes of School Dropouts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in 2021
Senik Tahir Mahmood, Hakim Qadir Taha, Mahmood Muhammad Hamza
The Ministry of Education (MOE-KRG) conducted a campaign for raising awareness among students, parents and local communities. Despite this operation and many other efforts by the Kurdistan Regional Government to reform the education sector targeting all aspects, numerous challenges remain that are hereditary and persistent. These challenges involve socioeconomic, institutional, and cultural dimensions and factors. This research paper studied these factors enumerating the differences between genders and between urban and rural areas in the Kurdistan region. This paper analyzed survey data officially obtained from the MOE-KRG using quantitative approaches. This paper conducted multiple Pearson’s Chi-Square tests and cross-tabulation analyses. Results indicated that there are statically significant differences between male students and female students in terms of child labor, disabilities, and school distance, which dropping out rates among male students were higher than those of female students due to these factors. Furthermore, dropping out of school was more common among seventh graders. Hence, it is essential to expand the role of the social workers in schools to support students and reduce rates of dropping out of schools, in addition to raising awareness in the communities and implement policy reform in the education system.
Volume 11 · Issue 2 · April 2024The effectiveness of multimedia use in relieving separation anxiety among first level kindergarten children from mothers viewpoint
Nabard Mahmood HamaSalh, Nian Namq Sabr, Yohan Othman
The aim of this study was to determine the level of separation anxiety among children in the first level of kindergarten from the perspective of mothers , as well as the effect of multimedia use on relieving this anxiety and the effect of variable (gender) on the level of separation anxiety among children in the first level of kindergarten. The researcher used an experimental approach , the research community was the (Kazewa) kindergarten in the western education directorate in the center of Sulaimaniyah.The sample of study were purposely selected (30) children in the first level of kindergarten. The tool used was a survey form answered by the mothers of children. The results of study showed that the level of separation anxiety among children in the first level of kindergarten was high. there was a statistically significant difference between the pretest and the posttest ,and the difference was in favor of the posttest. This showed the effect of multimedia use on the relief of separation anxiety among the children in the study sample , as it was found that the variable (gender) has no role on the level of separation anxiety among the children in the sample.
Volume 10 · Issue 4 · December 2023Effect of using educational media in familiarizing children with their rights in kindergartens in Sulaimaniyah
Khanda Ali Hama Amin, Saber Bakr Mustafa, Yohan Othman
The aim of this study was to determine the level of familiarity of kindergarten children with their rights ,as well as the effect of the use of educational media in familiarizing children with their rights ,and it is affected by variables such as (gender ,age, children' s ranking in the family). The researcher used an experimental approach, the research community was the (Kurd Genesis / 1 ) kindergarten in the western education directorate in the center of Sulaimaniyah .The sample of study was (30) kindergarten children aged between (4,5) years, were purposely selected , the tool used was individual interviews. The results of study showed that the level familiarity of kindergarten children with their rights is low ,it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the pretest and the posttest ,and the difference was in favor of the posttest, indicating that the use of educational media had an effect on familiarizing children with their rights.It was also found that the variables (gender ,age ,children' s ranking in the family) had no affect on creating with children' s rights.
Volume 7 · Issue 3 · August 2020Child Trafficking Including Labor and Begging Exploitation Among Iraqi Refugee
Ayoob Kareem Saeed
The research seeks to identify the factors child trafficking phenomenon and its consequences on the victims of child trafficking for work and begging which’s done by the Arabian refugee parents and relatives’ resident in camp and center of Sulaymaniyah governorate, According to human trafficking and labor law in Iraq. To collect the information a questioner has used which consist of 50 questions, and for analyzing information, Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) has used. The sample consists of 50 children, also Social Serviay method has used. According to the results of the research, there are many contributing factors behind this phenomenon; the major Factors are poverty, family tendency and or family pressure to doing it. According to the other outcome of the research, 62 percent of the sample of research confronted with violence, 58% of the sample dropped out from school or some of them illiterate and/or has arithmetic studding the total hour of working is more than nine hours.