civilization
4 articles filed under this keyword.
Social Rights in the Babylonian and Assyrian recorded Laws
Muhammad Amin Ali, Bakhtiar Qasem Awla
The title" Social Rights in the Babylonian and Assyrian recorded Laws" as the title of this scientific research, stems from the fact that the Babylonian and Assyrian laws, as two of the oldest and most important laws in human history after the Sumerian laws and reforms, paid attention to the family and the setting up of social relations, and attention was also given to human rights. Family members and society are within the framework of these laws in a way, which makes them worthy of their various angles being the subject of research and their various dimensions worthy of interpretation. The research was devoted to the social rights in Babylonian and Assyrian laws and their impact on society, and the social dimensions of this aspect were presented in its content depending on a group of scientific sources and the opinions of scholars. In addition to the summary in Kurdish, Arabic, and English, the list of sources, and the most important results, this study consists of three main topics as follows: A summary of the history of Babylonian and Assyrian recorded laws. Individual rights; Women, children, men, and slaves in Babylonian and Assyrian recorded laws. Family and community rights in Babylonian and Assyrian recorded laws.
Volume 11 · Issue 2 · April 2024Description of the city of Constantinople and its importance througConstantinople, Byzantine, civilization, New Rome, Christianity
Iman Talaat Abdalrazak, Nishtiman Bashir
Constantinople is the city that the Noble Messenger may God’s prayers and peace is upon him, announced his conquest by saying: “To conquer Constantinople, let us be the emir, its ruler, and the best army, that army. And the poets pay attention to it and write about it, as if this city was created to be a great empire that lasted for more than a thousand years. What helped it to survive is its huge building built by Emperor Constantine the Great in 324 AD to be the capital of the Eastern Byzantine Empire. This huge building is represented in its high fortified walls and its huge and remnant churches Now like the Hagia Sophia Church, and making it one of the most important cultural centers and a symbol of ancient civilization in addition to choosing this important geographical location, which gave it a very important economic and commercial importance, helped it to survive and continue and most of the attempts directed against it. Constantine's great goal was to build it, to continue the survival of the European Empire (New Rome), but this time in the East with a new look and a new religion, which is Christianity by adopting the official religion of the new empire.
Volume 11 · Issue 2 · April 2024Cyclical comparison of succession of civilizations by Ibn Khaldun and Spingler
Darstan Abdulrahman Hussin
Civilization and history are two autonomous notions while there is an important correlation between them. We are not able to say anything on civilization without looking back at history. One can say civilization creates history and history rewrites civilization. It is the duty of history to explore and study civilization and the reason for their creation thoroughly. According to Spengler’s analysis the interpterion of civilization and history in his famous book (The decline of the West). He believes that the principal of history is civilizations. History is inconceivable in its true meaning, without civilization. He mentions that each civilization has its own figures. This philosopher believes that like all the other creatures civilization is born and alive and passes through all stage of live, youth, old ages and death. Which is a current role of history. Conversely, Ibn Khaldun considers that history is a science among the sciences, it has its own methods that the historical events can be clarified historically and each accident can be attributed to its actual intention. The historians must use different methods. They must have a critical idea. He believes that human society is developing just like an alive creature. Whenever a society becomes historic, another society takes its place. This cycle goes through several stages, migration stage, invasion stage and urban stage. Consequently, these theorists have an alive cycle analysis for the stages of civilization. They believe that as human beings civilization are born they grow and then they breakdown. Nonetheless, they have different opinions, Spengler claims that history isn’t a science. Conversely Ibn Khaldun has tried hard to identify history as a science. According to Ibn Khaldun, the nations are trying to improve life from migration to civilization. But then again according to Spengler the nations are basically belong to the civilization.
Volume 11 · Issue 3 · June 2024Contribution and involvement of Hazbans in islamic civilization(648_923H/1250_1517AD), Bahri and Charkas mamluks era as an illustration
Hussein Abdalrahman Hussein
Al-Hazbany played a significant role in building and managing authority during the Middle Ages, establishing a Kurdish emirate within the Islamic state. Their influence extended beyond their homeland, as they journeyed thousands of kilometers towards Egypt and the Levant, actively participating in state affairs. Notably, the tribe made substantial contributions to scientific development, particularly during the eras of the Bahri Mamluks and Circassian kingdoms. The research comprises an introduction and two sections. The introduction sheds light on the origins of the Al-Hazbany tribe, their geographical presence, and their early political engagements, Especially in the Kurdistan regions, because they started their first political and military uprising in Kurdistan. The first section explores the multifaceted role of the tribe in the Bahri Mamluks kingdoms, covering administrative, scientific, religious, and literary aspects, Because with the disappearance of Ayyubid rule, the Hazbanis continued to provide scientific and administrative services. In the second section, the focus shifts to the Circassian kingdoms, providing insights into the administrative and scientific roles of the Hazbanys and their significant contributions to reconstruction. We note that during this period the Kurdish Hazbanis paid attention to the aspect of prayer، for example, the construction of mosques, scientific sites and even places known by their names, but it is not known why they were used.