Culture
18 articles filed under this keyword.
Culture as a Soft Power in the Policy Romanisation (64 BC-138 AD)
Fursah Ahmad Hussein
This research, entitled Culture as a Soft Power in Romanisation Policy (64 BC–138 AD), is a historical-analytic study that focuses on the use of culture as a soft power in Roman policies. In contrast to the commonly held belief that Rome had always depended mainly on the use of force, or "hard power", the research attempts to offer a new understanding on the strategy and policy of dominance of the Roman state through the application of the "soft power" theory. In terms of foreign policy, we assume that the Romans used cultural appeal as soft power in addition to economic hegemony and military conquest to establish their dominance over the conquered peoples and annexed lands. Based on the historical-analytical approach, the study aims to demonstrate how Roman rulers employed cultural elements such as urbanisation, theatre and public baths alongside other strategies and as part of foreign policy to consolidate their authority without relying regularly on military force. Overall, the study demonstrates that cultural policy was a successful instrument of power in Roman policy and comes to the conclusion that these cultural institutions were successful in diminishing protests, integration and social interactions, and establishing central authority without the use of power.
Volume 12 · Issue 6 · December 2025The Culture of War in the Pre-Islamic Arab Tribal Mentality
Idris Abdullah Braim, Rasul Ibrahim Rasul
This study focuses on the culture of aggression, rape, attack and plunder of pre-Islamic Arab tribes, which was a common tradition of pre-Islamic Arab tribal society, a return to its origins and Tribal conflicts, by explaining the causes and objectives. The tribes of the Arabian Peninsula had often been at war with each other which had been part of their tribal law, characterized by tribal racism; a sign of their success in desert life that was most important. Most tribal relations at that time were organized on the basis of hostility, or alliances and treaties based on mutual assistance. What distinguishes Arab life in pre-Islamic times was their aggressive life, which had become part of the tribal culture. The foundations of the society were based on force and bloodshed. The importance of this subject and its impact on the history of tribal conflict and their future, of course, deserves special research, all these characteristics were the reason for us to choose that topic to shed light on. The research consists of two main trends. In the first trend, the reasons for the outbreak of Arab tribal warfare before Islam were explained. In the second trend, we discuss the most important goals of the war. Finally, the results and the list of references were presented.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025Cultural Intertextuality in Piramerd's Poems
Omer Mohammad Salih, Kanyaw Qadr Ali
This study explores the intertextual dimensions of culture in the poetry of Piramerd, who is a significant figure in the Kurdish literature. This study takes an in-depth look at the Kurdish poet Piramerd, examining the way his poems introduce readers with different cultural Intertextuality of culture. The interaction between texts has become a major turning point in the intellectual and interpretation of literary works in Kurdish literary criticism, so that the strength of the concept was able to create a positive reading among poets, which led to innovation and introduction of new literary works. Due to the fact that, Piramird made use of culture in many of his texts; Therefore, this type of Intertextuality is more common, which marks a turning point in Kurdish literary. This is evident of the poet's rich background in the use of cultural words and codes. The main objectives of this research are to identify the types of cultural differences in Piramird's poetic works (Theory and Practice) In order to reveal the results that cultural distortions have given a special and obvious stamp to the poems and intensively culture has reflected on the works of the old man. Itself, stage) using the sections (folklore, proverbs, riddles, jokes and satire, stories and adventures, poems and songs).
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025The Identity Crises of Women and Others
Mohammed Ahmed Hasan, Rasul Hamad Rasul
Women regularly search for their identity in a Male-dominant society. The case is often an issue as the women consider men as a threat on their culture experience; thus, the gender conflicts are existed. The term Others refers back to a cultural authority that doesn't accept any other identities. The aim of this study is an attempt to show the women contemplation for their identity, which has been a chronical issue for women and Others. The identity refers back to human beings' true personality, other dimensions, and the attitudes that differ them from each other. The true identity of one has its individual features that differ from others; besides, within a group makes the group features to be different than other social groups. The pronouns such as (I, He and She) are true dimensions of building identity, besides the individuals have the capability of building different identity. The study contains two chapters. The first chapter is under the title (Identity and Literature issues of Women). This chapter is theoretical and includes two sections. The first section explains the term identity, and the second section explains the features of the women works in literature. The second chapter is the methodological and practical part, which includes the identity issues and its differences. The chapter includes three sections: first section is about woman issues as an individual, section two is about identity and Others with their conflicts, section three is specified for social Identity and Others in the novel.
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025The Impact of Roman Military Thought on the Culture Change and Citizenship from (107 BC to 305 AD)
Fursah Ahmad Hussein, Kameran Mohammed Jalal
This study is under the title (The Impact of Roman Military Thought on the Culture Change and Citizenship from 107 BC to 305 AD). It is a historic study; investigating the influence of Roman Military Thought and the willingness of the society to accept non-roman people and slaves as Roman citizens and being given the legal rights and privileges. The researcher believes that the cities and the colonial places are intensely interrelated which might be the crucial and decisive reason of interaction and the spread and cultural change on one hand. And on the other hand, entering the non-roman people into the army and organizing them in a suitable framework and getting the Roman citizenship after their graduation. Therefore, the researcher inquires how military thought had impact on the different aspects of society. And what was the society’s response and the challenges in front of the of the process? Through this study, the researcher aims to identify the nature of the influences of the cultural and social aspects of the society, which often indirectly had impact on through legal administrative organization, social structures and civil foundations in cities and colonies, and even through reconstruction and services. Also the continuous need of the army for a humanistic power and filling these gaps by non-Roman citizens by granting them Roman citizenship and transferring the troops and military units from different parts of the empire have reflected the substitute process in the long run.
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025Salih Zaki Beg Sahibqiran: His Life, Political, Military, and Cultural Role (1886-1944)
Hamza Othman Hawez, Hewa Hameed Sharif
Research, investigation, and examination of the life trajectories of individuals who played significant roles in various fields and who, through their efforts and struggles, influenced the course of events during their time and left their mark on the pages of history. This is an important endeavor that aims to reveal historical truths and uncover hidden information. Among these figures, several Kurdish personalities emerged in the early 1920s, with Salih Zaki being one of the prominent figures who left his mark in political, military, administrative, cultural, and many other domains. Beyond his military career as an Ottoman army officer, upon his return to Iraq, he held various administrative positions across different cities and regions of Kurdistan and Iraq, where he played significant roles and rendered considerable services. He also achieved significant accomplishments in the cultural sphere. This study aims to objectively present Salih Zaki's true role, both positive and negative, and indicate the factors behind his development and influence. Using a methodology of presenting and analyzing information, this study attempts to uncover the hidden aspects of his life and position by addressing the following questions: How did Salih Zaki emerge and develop? Despite his loyalty and competence, why was he removed from the position of Kurdistan's military commander? What was his role in cultural affairs, and what were the reasons behind his frequent transfers between cities and rapid changes in administrative positions?
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025Magical Realism as a Narrative Style under the Impact of Globalization
Drakhshan Ali Baker, Ameen Abdulqader Omar
Globalization is a phenomenon that eliminates national and cultural boundaries, and strengthens both economic and cultural relations across nations. It has blended time and place, mixed nations and cultures to form a new world. The novel embraces these changes with its unique voice and tells the stories of its characters in a modern, globalized world. Magic realism has become an important style in responding to the changes that have occurred under globalization. As globalization removes borders, magical realism serves as a tool to preserve cultures influenced by modernization. It highlights how people maintain their national identity in the era of globalization. This study examines the reflection of magical realism in Tahsin Navishki's novel Gorlis (2022) as an example of Kurdish literature. Following a quantitative research methodology, the paper seeks to find an answer to this hypotheses question: To what extent did the writing style of magical realism influence the way of writing the novel Gorlis? Findings indicate that the author successfully employs magical realism to convey his critical message.
Volume 12 · Issue 2 · April 2025The impacts of culture of war on visual art in the Kurdistan Region / Iraq
Karwan Abdull Majed Qadir, Azad Hama Abdullah, Rebwar Saeed
This research explores how the culture of war influences painting in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The study is divided into four chapters. The first chapter covers key aspects such as definitions of the research, including the research problem, its significance, objectives, and limitations. The main research question focuses on whether the culture of war changes the content, style, and form of painting. The goal is to demonstrate how war affects the art of painting. The second chapter deals with war and its impact. War is a social phenomenon that makes big changes, affecting society, culture, and art. The chapter also shares quotes from scientists and thinkers about how war affects people's lives. It discusses the relationship and difference between war and peace, the importance of a culture of peace, the difficult situation of people when peace does not exist or disappear, and the relationship between political and cultural conflicts that have an impact on the state of war and peace. In the third chapter, the researchers collected samples of artworks created by artists from the Kurdistan Region. These artworks focus on war and war culture and are presented in a scientific way. Chapter four summarizes the findings, draws conclusions, gives recommendations, and lists sources.
Volume 11 · Issue 6 · December 2024The Relationship of Culture with the Formation of Kurdish Individual Personality
Saleem Patros Elias, Rzhgar Saadi Sabir
This research is entitled (The Relationship of Culture with the Formation of Kurdish Individual Personality). It is theoretical research. For the purpose of knowing the relationship of cultural aspects such as tradition and social value on the formation of the Kurdish individual personality. culture has a major role on forming the Kurdish individual personality. They can generate an individual that they want, since value, direction, norm, and tradition are the measures that help individuals in the form of general culture of society so as to adjust with the environment that live in it. The problem of the study is that the Kurdish individuals have been lived in instable society along the history, because of that they could not carry out their special intentions. Besides, they were not able to make a decisive decision concerning the variations’ process of cultural aspects. The significance of the research is to indicate the role of culture on the behaviour of Kurdish individual’s reaction and tied relationship. Meanwhile, the most significant aim of the study was indicating the role of tradition and social values on the behaviour of Kurdish individuals. The most significant result of the study was the complication of Kurdish society’s social system. The Kurdish individuals have always distanced itself from breaking its cultural aspects, as if it breaks the rules and laws of society, it will face difficulty. If it repeats again, It will be looked as a lawbreaker, so it will make an impact on social values inside community and family as well. The most important recommendation for the future researchers is that they should do more studies on traditions and social values related to the formation of the Kurdish individual personality. Moreover, they should pay more attention to more scientific studies Kurdish individuals’ social values.
Volume 11 · Issue 4 · August 2024Unveiling Avant-Garde: A Study of Fady Joudah's Textu Poetry
Arwa Hussein Aldoory
The study examines how Japanese haiku poetry, which has been popular in American poetry since the turn of the 20th century, was revisited by Fady Joudah. The paper argues that current Arab-American poetry's avant-gardism is best shown by Joudah's appropriation of this poetic form in his poetry collection, Textu. Joudah’s new poetic genre tackles topics pertaining to the Arab-American identity in the digital era by utilizing avant-garde approaches. The suggestiveness of Haiku, which emphasizes the visual picture, word accuracy, and clear diction, is brilliantly appropriated by Joudah. The paper significantly demonstrates how a smartphone can condense pages of invocations and disclosures. It contends that Jouda's text message-like poems, which are each restricted to 160 characters, may most effectively capture the hurried spirit of the twenty-first century represented by its growing use of cell phones’ texting and twittering.