Displacement
4 articles filed under this keyword.
The History of the Kurds and the Name of Kurdistan in the Khorasan Region
Arkan Ahmed Hassan, Aras Abdurahman mustefa
Kurds of Khorasan are part of the Kurdish nation and reside in Northern Khorasan. Although the exact time of the Kurds’ arrival in Khorasan cannot be determined, it is clear that they were displaced or they migrated to these areas during several historical periods. Until now, no scientific study or research in Kurdish language has been conducted about the Kurds of Khorasan, and Kurdish libraries show a significant shortage in this regard. However, research has been carried out in Persian by several Khorasani researchers, such as Kalimullah Tawahudi, Ali Rahmati, Muhammed Hussein Papli Yazdi, Ramazanali Shakri. Among them Tawahudi and Rahmati are Khorasani Kurds. Therefore, this research is considered one of the initial efforts in the Kurdish language to study the history of the Kurds of Khorasan. The current study explores the history of Kurdish migration and settlement to the Khorasan region. The study also explores the geographical areas populated by the Kurds (which is known as Kurdistan of Khorasan), Kurdish population and their military and political roles in the region. Another aim of the current study is to discuss the main reasons behind the forced displacement and migration of the Kurds for the region.
Volume 13 · Issue 1 · March 2026Enigmatic liberation of Displaced Womanhood in Elif Shafak’s The Bastard of Istanbul (2006) and Gharbi Mustafa’s What Comes with the Dust (2016)
Sawza Qader Fattah, Hawzhen Rashadaddin Ahmed
This study presents a comparative analysis of Elif Shafak’s The Bastard of Istanbul (2006) and Gharbi M. Mustafa’s What Comes with the Dust (2016) to explore how these texts – written by two authors from different genders and ethnic backgrounds – depict displacement as a paradoxical tool for female liberation, giving voices to their ongoing struggles. The research examines that women in these two literary works suffer the pain of unbelonging due to dominant exclusionary discourses and that they seek settlement through self-displacement. By means of a critical framework informed by Third Wave Feminism and the postcolonial discussions, this paper examines womanhood in Turkish, Kurdish, and Armenian patriarchal communities in the texts under analysis. Furthermore, the study establishes historical linkages between female experiences – Armanoush and Nazo – being exposed to atrocities during the Armenian Genocide in 1915 and ISIS attacks on Yezidis in 2014. By means of applying comparative tools of analysis, the study investigates how social and historical legacies shape the representation(s) of women, focusing on their shared experiences of rape, slavery, and abuse across different geographical and cultural landscapes. This research argues that these authors utilize the traumatic experience of displacement not only to expose gendered violence but also to chart a path toward reconstructed identity and hard-won autonomy for their female characters.
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025The Themes Of Alienation And Estrangement In Ali Badr's Novels (Cloud Player) And (The Infidel Woman).
Tazra Nooraldin Najmaldin, Latif Mohammed Hassan
This study focuses on The themes of alienation and estrangement in Ali Badr's novels (Cloud Player) and (The Infidel Woman). The study highlights two characters who left their homeland، Iraq، in search of a better life. In "Aazif al-Ghaym،" the study points to the character Nabeel، who left his country for Brussels، and in "Al-Kafira،" it focuses on the character Fatima، who left Iraq for Belgium. The study examines the reasons that led to the decision to leave the country، whether they were religious، political، or social. The novels depict the painful scenes of their journey from Iraq to exile، as well as the suffering and challenges they faced on the path to reaching a new land. The political، economic، and social environment of Iraq compelled people to emigrate، as illustrated in "Al-Kafira،" where the novelist portrays the character Fatima forced to leave her country by extremist armed forces. Similarly، Nabeel in "Aazif al-Ghaym" undergoes challenges in his homeland before colliding with what awaits him in Belgium. In "Aazif al-Ghaym،" the novel presents the strong character of Nabeel through the suffering he encounters on the journey to Europe. Despite fear and anxiety، his determination to continue the journey surpasses the hardships faced by thousands of his compatriots seeking a safe haven. Likewise، in "Al-Kafira،" Fatima's ordeal on the road extends beyond fear and anxiety to the issue of assault on her way to Brussels.
Volume 9 · Issue 3 · June 2022The Effect of a Counseling Program of Developing Psychological Well-Being Among 6 Year Displaced Students who Lives at the Refugee Camps in Erbil
Amina Najeem Mohammad, Salma Hussein Kamil, Izaddin Ahmad Aziz
The initial studies indicate the role of psychological well-being in reducing the negative psychological impact among displaced children. Therefore، the current study aimed to design a counseling program to the develop the psychological well-being among displaced children who lives in the refugee camps in Erbil. Also، the study aimed to identify the impact of the program that established to prompt well-being according to the gender variable. The current research is applied on the year 6 students they were selected from the primary schools at Bahrka camp in Erbil governorate from both gender Male-female for the academic year (2020-2021). The researches at the current study were followed procedures that are: 1- Establishing appropriate program psychological well-being through reviewing related articles and literature. For the face validity the items (psychological well-being) were presented to a group of experts in education and psychology. The initial sample size was study (59) male and female students were randomly selected. The stability of the scale was extracted by the re-test method، as it reached (0.80) in the psychological quality scale. The pre- and post-experimental approach was followed to measure the effect of the counseling program، and after the two groups were equal، the pre-test was applied to both the experimental and control samples. The research found that there were statistically significant differences between the members of the experimental group in the pre and post tests on the psychological well-being scale in favor of the post news، and there were no statistically significant differences between the members of the control group in the pre and post tests on the psychological well-being scale، and also showed no differences Statistically significant among the members of the experimental group themselves according to the variable of sex، and among the members of the control group themselves according to the variable of sex in the pre and post tests on the psychological well-being scale. In light of the research results a number of conclusions were reached and a number of recommendations and suggestions were made.