European Union
4 articles filed under this keyword.
The Change in Turkey's Strategy Toward the European Union
Mohammed Taher Mohammed, Omran Omar Ali
This research tries to examine and analysis the changes that occurred in Turkey’s strategy towards the European Union from 2002 to 2024. The Turkish strategy towards the European Union underwent several stages. During the Justice and Development Party’s rule, this strategy converged through accession negotiations with intensive diplomatic activity. Then, there was a divergence and a lukewarmness between the two sides due to various reasons. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the efforts made by Turkey to join the European Union after 2002, as this period witnessed two expansions in 2004 and 2007, an obstacle during constitutional and legal reforms to meet the Copenhagen criteria. Then we touched on the change that occurred in the Turkish strategy that made the European Union, in particular, after 2007, and the transformation of this strategy towards the Middle East and the BRICS countries, especially Russia and China. Based on these data and transformations, the study tries to answer the primary question: What explains the change in the Turkish strategy towards the European Union? . It can be concluded that the change in the Turkish strategy towards the European Union occurred as a result of multiple reasons related to the European demands related to the Copenhagen criteria and the fear of some European countries of Turkey’s accession to the European Union, in addition to the changes that occurred in the regional and international environment, which prompted the ruling Justice and Development Party to diversify its strategic partners.
Volume 11 · Issue 1 · February 2024The nature of the relations between Turkey and the European Union In the light of illegal immigration
Choman Namq Hamad, Shamal Hussain Mustafa
Illegal immigration is one of the long-term and complex problems between Turkey and EU countries. Turkey always been one of the countries because of the historical background of the Ottoman Empire, has been able to resist the dominance of other countries. Turkey with one of the world's strongest economies, has become an obstacle to the European Union, turkey's geopolitical and geostrategic position has made it a regional and international country. It means that part of its success and the political games he plays derived from all its different poles. After Turkey's disappointment with membership in the European Union, and after the rapid changes in the regional equation, especially after the events of the Arab Spring, collapse of the entire political and security system in part of the Middle East, particularly Syria and Iraq, Turkey embraced a new strategy for self-protection and spreading its hegemony. In this regard, the issue of migrants was one of the biggest card of Turkey towards the European Union. However, this issue in several occasions put on the dialogue table. This research is an attempt to introduce the issue of migrants and the refugee agreement between Turkey and the European Union. We will present an assessment of the 2016 Migrant Agreement and the outcome of the agreement.
Volume 8 · Issue 3 · September 2021Policy Framework for Transatlantic Peace Deal on Iran
Peshawa Mohammed Ali
This research aims to explore the policy framework for the transatlantic peace deal with Iran focused on 2014-2020 era. As there have been calls and initiatives among leading European powers and the US in securing a transatlantic strategy for Iran. In a stable Multilateral Non-Proliferation Pact, The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) led by the European Union (EU) has reported immense success within its first few weeks of adoption (Paolo Magri, Annalisa Perteghella, 2017). It was also hoped that the EU and the United States (US) would open the door to deal with other pending problems with Iran (Adebahr, 2017). Europe and Iran: The nuclear deal and beyond. Routledge.. The Atlantic Ocean Council (ACOE), the European Leadership Network, and the European External Relations Council had planned another scheme abroad in recent months. This scheme takes into account warnings about the unraveling of the JCPOA and various sources of regional instability and government aid to traditional Middle Eastern citizen communities. This study focuses on the advancement of proposals for JCPOA security, regional peace, and improvement for the E3 and the European Union, and individuals who work with the strengthened US Organization to establish contacts with Iran. The research assesses the preparations for lifting of transatlantic sanctions against Iran, as well as the agreements reached between Iran and other signatories. This study follows descriptive analysis depending on data, which is gathered, from a number of scientific publications, published documents, magazines, and reputable websites. Thus, this paper seeks to investigate on the US-Iran peace impacts on the political stability in the region and the main challenges that the peace deal encounter.
Volume 6 · Issue 2 · September 2019The democratic deficit in the European Union (EU)
Abdullah Kadir Faqe Ibrahim
ABSTRACT: Changing the nature of the EU through treaties from economic to political has raised many questions concerning the democratic deficit. The main question is whether there is a democratic deficit in the EU? if so, how could it be reduced? This article addresses the theories of some notable EU Scholars regarding the democratic deficit and analyses their solutions for the issue. The first section examines the concept of democratic deficit in the light of the arguments of Hix, Majone, and Moravcsik. According to Hix, the EU suffers from a lack of accountability, weak parliament, and indirect legitimacy. In contrast, Majone and Moravcsik believe that the EU does not need to be legitimized in a similar way of democratic states because it is considered as a regulatory state. The second section studies the democratic deficit between the redistributive policies where there are winners and losers similar to majoritarian, and regulative policies where there are no losers even if all are not winners. The final section explores the solutions provided by the abovementioned scholars with highlighting the view of Hix. Accordingly, the scholars unanimously agree on the existence of democratic deficits to some extent as the EU acts like both intergovernmental and supranational organisation concurrently.