Experience
4 articles filed under this keyword.
A Logical-Analytical Inquiry into Language and the Rejection of Metaphysics from the Perspective of Rudolf Carnap.
Surchi Nadir Mahmood, Hassan Hussein Siddiq
This study employs an analytical approach. Beginning from the logical analysis of language, it aims to reject metaphysics through the lens of Rudolf Carnap's philosophical position. Logic is considered a gateway to philosophy. It serves as a tool to prevent reasoning from falling into error, and at the same time, to produce precise and meaningful expressions. From the tradition of analytic philosophy—starting with Russell, Frege, and Wittgenstein, and continuing with logical empiricists and logical positivists—logic has undergone a significant transformation. Classical logic was replaced with modern logic, which is fundamentally grounded in mathematics. Mathematics, as a basis for constructing logical foundations and logical expressions, plays a prominent role. Mathematical foundations are considered doubtless and absolutely true (abstract and necessary), which is why analytic philosophers sought to derive reliable knowledge from it, and through it, protect themselves from metaphysical and meaningless terms. That’s why analytic philosophers attempted to systematize logic in a way that aligns with the scientific foundations of their era, and to use it as a scientific method by which scientific terms and concepts could be defined. From the perspective of analytic philosophy, anything that cannot be traced back to empirical foundations or cannot be verified by reliable evidence is considered meaningless. Many metaphysical and abstract philosophical problems, in Carnap's view, are not genuine problems; rather, they result from the misuse of language. Empirical verification is the criterion for distinguishing between meaningful and meaningless expressions—meaning that every term must have a referent in the world and must be verifiable in order to have meaning. For Carnap, language plays a vital role. Human beings must base their language on logic. Scientific investigation must rely on a rational (meta-language), which treats logic as a foundation for language and knowledge. Through such a logical language, a methodological approach to gaining scientific understanding of the world becomes possible. The world, for Carnap, is of utmost importance because what exists in the world is empirically observable. Hence, logic and language are key to understanding the world in a scientific manner. Which terms are logical and which are meaningless? How can language and logic construct the relationship that allows us to distinguish between true and false, meaningful and meaningless expressions? For Carnap, a meaningful expression is either empirical and can be verified or has a basis in logical-analytical structure. Any other expression is considered meaningless and devoid of content.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025Conceptual Metaphor of Time in Kurdish
Gulchin Azeez Muhammad Ameen, Qais Kakl Tofiq
This study is entitled conceptual metaphor of time in Kurdish. It attempts to indicate the perception and worldview of Kurdish concerning time as a cognitive concept in Kurdish language, in which time can be seen as a moving entity. In addition to that, the study demonstrates the emergence and experience of time concept in related to human perception, psychological and social aspects. Hence, it focuses on the way of reflecting conceptual metaphor of time in Kurdish. The data of the study have been taken from the daily use conversations of the Central Kurdish speakers. The study draws upon cognitive models of time for the analysis of the data within the framework of cognitive semantics which is proposed by Lakoff and Johnson. Moreover, the study identifies the way of reflecting experience as a basic principle of cognitive semantic on the Kurdish individual thoughts as well as the influence of human perception and self-perceptions in Kurdish expressions in which time moving and ego depletion vice versa are shown in a balanced way. Additionally, the way of time perception which is measured by time duration and changing (lengthening and shortening) in terms of inner sensory experience and individual perception is another point presented in this study, along with unfolding the location of temporary events according to time series model and comparing with each other.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025The Problem of Epistemology in John Locke’s Philosophy
Rezhna Faruq Abdalla, Muslim Hassan Mohammed
This article discusses the underlying disagreement between rationalism and empiricism regarding the source of knowledge. Rationalist philosophers, especially Descartes, claim that true knowledge originates from the mind and not from the sense, because it is related to the concept of inborn and the senses deceptive often. Rationalists argue that individuals are born with innate ideas that are true and do not depend on experience. On the other hand, empiricist philosophers, especially John Locke, maintains that knowledge originates solely from experience. According to Locke, the human mind is a blank slate at birth, and is without innate ideas, and the things we know are obtained through sensory input. Although Locke appreciates the role of the mind in processing knowledge, he believes its capacity to generate knowledge independently is limited. Locke asserts that the mind cannot create knowledge without receiving data through the senses first. According to Locke, reason is not a direct source of knowledge but works as a tool to organize and analyze information acquired from sensory experiences. In the end, he claims that although sensory experience is the basis of knowledge, the mind is crucial for creating, verifying, and applying the knowledge. It can be concluded that the mind is not the origin of knowledge, but it has an essential role in interpreting and organizing ideas. Also, it can combine simple sensory signals into more complex concepts. Therefore, it can be argued that knowledge begins with sensory inputs and is then formed and expanded by the mind. This study aims to explore John Locke's ideas about knowledge and the methods by which certain knowledge can be acquired.
Volume 10 · Issue 2 · June 2023A.B Hawri`s poetic experience in Kurdish literature
Mohammed Ameen Abdullah, Diman Mohammed Salah
As is obvious there are many famous poets in Kurdish literature their reputation crossed the borders to be familiar for the other nations, others for any reason couldn`t reach that level That is why focusing on the second group and paying attention to the products they have provided is acknowledged as scientific responsibility, because their product is a valuable Kurdish literature wealth and it`s very important to be preserved. from this point of view, we conducted this research entitled (A.B Hawri`s poetic experience in Kurdish literature),which is the contents of our master`s letter, we`ve highlighted the poet`s live, experience and products, as well as his interpretation and analysis of poetry because he believed that the content of poetry is more important than its form which is the same view that modern poets have about poetry ,he was one of the poets who followed the same innovation in poetry, also we studied his era political and social environment and we knew his perspective about that era`s events through poetry.The we highlighted the literature, intellectual period and his education stage which Hawri went through ,then himself as a teacher was in pursuit of upbringing and educating sons of this country.