Industry
2 articles filed under this keyword.
The Economic Impact of the Zangi State (521H/1127AD – 569H/1174AD) on Ayyubid State (570H/1175AD – 647H/1250AD)
Ahmed Rahda Ahmed, HamaSalh Hassan Khdir
The ayyubid and zangi dynasties were two sem – independent rules within the Islamic world. They were founded during the period in which the abbasid and the suljukians ruled. The center of the zangi state is rule was located in mousil, part of cezere rigion and east of the levant state, and the ayyubid family were living peacefully under the zangi state in balabag city, where they held significant administrative and military positions. Following the death of nuraddin zangi in (569 H/1174 AD), the ayyubid family had the chance to establish their own dynasty. Since saladdin al-ayyubi who was who was nurradin zangis deputy in Egypt، managed to take advantage of the political and military gaps arose due to nuraddins death. Therefor, in (570 H/1175 AD), he established the ayyubid state in Egypt. Since it was founded over the same zangi state lands, the ayyubid state posses many features and similarities of the zangis. Especially in politics، administration, economy, civilization, etc… here, we shed some light on the economic impact which copy the zangi rules in most aspects. They focused on improving agricultural and industrial activities, commerce in Levant and Egypt on the Mediterranean and the red sea. Also, they zakat, taxes and the way they dealt with things captured in battles. They made some reforms to remove the burden of extra taxies imposed by the zangi state.
Volume 9 · Issue 2 · March 2022Economic Life of the Jews of the Sulaimani Brigade (1921-1958 )
Aras Abdurahman Mstafa, Diary Ali Pirot
In the first half of the twentieth century, The Jews formed a part of the Population of Kurdistan, and a large number of Jews in the Sulaimaniyah Brigade spread throughout the cities and villages, as well as the Jews' intelligence about their work and personality and the preoccupation of the Jews only. By work, this has generally made the Jews of all Iraq better off in their economic situation than most other nations, even if the Jews who lived in the villages did not get worse if they did not live better than the Muslims. In the Sulaimaniyah bazaar, they worked daily as Muslims in the city, and a number of Jewish shopkeepers in the bazaar, along with Muslim businessmen, were busy with business daily. In many cities and towns in Kurdistan, Geri was a prominent Jewish profession, and it has been mentioned in the narrations that many Jews have faced gangsters and obstacles between cities and towns. Agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry were other Jewish occupations, and they distributed their time to work, for example, in villages planting agricultural products in summer, and other jobs such as livestock and bending. For winter, although many historical sources point out, Iraqi Jews have generally worked less in agriculture than in other fields such as industry and commerce, so the Jews of Iraq have advanced to Israel. In terms of ownership and land, they were generally small and medium-sized property, and they did not have large property. The Jews were great in the industry, and in the most obvious effects of the departure of the Jews in Sulaimaniyah, it was the remaining goldsmith's career for the Kurds, because the Kurds had not done goldsmiths before. Only the Jews had this job, and Khomeini was one of the jobs that remained for the Kurds after the Jews, in a way that they started working in every Jewish khomeini shop. Knitting was one of the main professions in which Jews in Kurdistan had good experience, knitting as a Jewish industry, in research on Kurdish Jewish culture and in narrating the letters of tourists of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century.