Iran
7 articles filed under this keyword.
The Role and Participation of Women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) (1945-1990).
Kwestan Ahmad Khdir, Hoshmand Ali Mahmood
This research focuses on the role and participation of women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) (1945-1990), which is a period of enormous significance in the history of women's struggle in Eastern Kurdistan in general and within the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan in particular. During this historical phase, censorship and patriarchal traditions deprived women in Iranian society and Eastern Kurdistan specifically of their rights and freedoms. During the final stages of the Second World War, a number of international and domestic factors led to significant changes in Iranian society, politics, and social life, under the leadership of the newly empowered Mohammad Reza Shah. Among these changes was the establishment of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan-Iran and subsequently the Kurdistan Republic (also known as the Republic of Mahabad), where women from Eastern Kurdistan entered the scene for the first time within their own political and organizational frameworks, playing an influential and active role. The primary research question is: To what extent did women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan participate in political, national, and armed struggle in Eastern Kurdistan? What were the internal and external obstacles and factors that impeded these steps? What role did they play in raising awareness in society? This study further emphasizes the roles and responsibilities of women within the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan in political, military, organizational, health, educational, and training domains.
Volume 11 · Issue 6 · December 2024Intersectionality of Female Otherness, Resistance, and Challenges in Ava Homa’s Fountain and Wind Through My Hair
Muli Amaye, Yadgar Ismail Said
This paper investigates how females' otherness is formed amidst layers of oppression related to the abuse of religion, politics, and traditions and how characters resist or rebel in both Fountain and Wind Through My Hair within the story collection known as Echoes from the Other Land (2010) by Ava Homa. It will also investigate the way Kurdish women feel 'othered' exploring their ethnic identity, female identity, societal and patriarchal norms, and mix of state politics and religion, in addition to the way they behave and dress up in society as portrayed in the works. The works showcase the lives of Kurdish women in the face of various intersecting challenges in the patriarchal, ethno-centric, theocratic society of Iran. The paper sheds light on various issues related to women’s autonomy, cultural expectations, and gender inequality. In both works, characters resist and debunk the tradition as othered and marginalized females. The issues can be tackled through both postcolonial and intersectional feminism as the two are in line with the issues of women of developing countries who are identified as minorities and whose identity is suppressed.
Volume 11 · Issue 1 · February 2024Managmet system of the Parthian State (250BC-224AD)
Hilmi Rasool Redha, Ibrahim Abdulla Ahmad
This research entitled (Managmet system of the Parthian State) (250BC-224AD) emphasizes on asoects of administration as well as various aspects of ruling the country. The current research consists of three main parts and a separate list of resources. The first part includes the system of governance and management and the military, which first examines the concept of management and the military, which first examines the concept of management and then explains the system of governance and how to manage the country, then examines the military structure of the Parthians. The second part explains the social and economic system, ehich means it tries to explain the social structure of that ear and then the economic management. Finally, the third part examines the judicial system and laws and how to issue judgments, and then the religious system and religions of the Parthians.
Volume 10 · Issue 4 · December 2023Iranian interference in the Syrian crisis after 2011 and its repercussions on its political system
Saman Shukur Sameen
The Syrian crisis that erupted in 2011 is a pivotal development on which the future of regional and international power balances in the region depends. Because of Syria's importance in international politics due to its geographical location, at the regional and international levels, and from the geopolitical and strategic perspectives, which made it the focus of polarization for regional and global powers, as this country - Syria - became a major hub of conflict and competition between those countries. The reality of the Syrian crisis and the internal causes that led to the outbreak of this crisis in addition to identifying the motives for Iran’s intervention in the crisis and the means it followed to achieve its goals. This crisis has left great repercussions on the performance of its regime - Iran - politically, economically, and socially, and the impact of this intervention on its regional influence and its relationship with major powers. Therefore, according to the researcher's reading of the topic, this study examines the motives for Iran's intervention in the Syrian crisis after 2011 and the repercussions of this crisis on the performance of its political system.
Volume 9 · Issue 3 · June 2022Religious Ceremonies and Beliefs in Ancient Iran’s History Before the Emergence of Zoroastrianism
Nawroz Hamad Ali, Imad Abdulqadir Muhammed Sa’eed
This thesis entitled “Religious Ceremonies and Beliefs in Ancient Iran’s History before the emergence of Zoroastrianism” is an attempt to present and explain the history of the emergence of religious beliefs in ancient Iran from stone ages to the 7th century BC such as the Elamites as one of the tribes of Zagros Mountains who became the first inhabitants of Iran. Also, the Medes were one of the Indo-European tribes that moved to Iran and dwelt there. Through researching about the ways of their lives, types of their worships, and the burial of their deaths we will get some religious beliefs.
Volume 8 · Issue 3 · September 2021Policy Framework for Transatlantic Peace Deal on Iran
Peshawa Mohammed Ali
This research aims to explore the policy framework for the transatlantic peace deal with Iran focused on 2014-2020 era. As there have been calls and initiatives among leading European powers and the US in securing a transatlantic strategy for Iran. In a stable Multilateral Non-Proliferation Pact, The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) led by the European Union (EU) has reported immense success within its first few weeks of adoption (Paolo Magri, Annalisa Perteghella, 2017). It was also hoped that the EU and the United States (US) would open the door to deal with other pending problems with Iran (Adebahr, 2017). Europe and Iran: The nuclear deal and beyond. Routledge.. The Atlantic Ocean Council (ACOE), the European Leadership Network, and the European External Relations Council had planned another scheme abroad in recent months. This scheme takes into account warnings about the unraveling of the JCPOA and various sources of regional instability and government aid to traditional Middle Eastern citizen communities. This study focuses on the advancement of proposals for JCPOA security, regional peace, and improvement for the E3 and the European Union, and individuals who work with the strengthened US Organization to establish contacts with Iran. The research assesses the preparations for lifting of transatlantic sanctions against Iran, as well as the agreements reached between Iran and other signatories. This study follows descriptive analysis depending on data, which is gathered, from a number of scientific publications, published documents, magazines, and reputable websites. Thus, this paper seeks to investigate on the US-Iran peace impacts on the political stability in the region and the main challenges that the peace deal encounter.
Volume 7 · Issue 4 · December 2020The Position of Jimmy Carter's Administration about Iraq-Iran war in 1980 A Historical and Political Research
Nihro Mohammed Abdulqader, Khaleel Ali Murad
Following the demise of the Shah regime, Saddam Hussein capitalized on the deteriorating situation of Iran to attack the country in a bid to achieve a set of goals. He never thought that the war would last eight years. Before Iraq kicked off the conflict, Saddam and other Iraqi leaders had apparently gathered with American officials in Jordan. It is highly likely that Saddam declared war on Iran with the consent of the USA, though both sides categorically have rejected such accusations. Saddam seized the fallout of Iran-US relations to introduce himself as the guard protecting America's interests. Even if the US was not responsible for the ignition of the war, it liked it as Iran at the time had American hostages behind its bars, a crisis which emerged in November 1979. In the meantime, the new Iran emerged to portrait itself as a major foe of the US. Though Jimmy Carter chose neutrality amidst the conflict, it asked for an immediate pause. The equation, however, turned up side down soon after Washington started to assist Iraq. One indication is that, two months before the war started, Baghdad and the US had decided to normalize ties, but announcing it was delayed as the war had been looming in order to avoid miscalculations from other sides. Through the war, the US wanted to destroy the infrastructure of both sides in order to cripple them from emerging as two powerful regional states. Through third parties, Washington was selling arms to both sides. The US had even warned Iran of Iraq's military attack plan. The age of Carter's age came to an end shortly after the war began when he lost the elections to Ronald Reagan and that a new administration took office in January 1981.