Kurd
6 articles filed under this keyword.
The History of the Kurds and the Name of Kurdistan in the Khorasan Region
Arkan Ahmed Hassan, Aras Abdurahman mustefa
Kurds of Khorasan are part of the Kurdish nation and reside in Northern Khorasan. Although the exact time of the Kurds’ arrival in Khorasan cannot be determined, it is clear that they were displaced or they migrated to these areas during several historical periods. Until now, no scientific study or research in Kurdish language has been conducted about the Kurds of Khorasan, and Kurdish libraries show a significant shortage in this regard. However, research has been carried out in Persian by several Khorasani researchers, such as Kalimullah Tawahudi, Ali Rahmati, Muhammed Hussein Papli Yazdi, Ramazanali Shakri. Among them Tawahudi and Rahmati are Khorasani Kurds. Therefore, this research is considered one of the initial efforts in the Kurdish language to study the history of the Kurds of Khorasan. The current study explores the history of Kurdish migration and settlement to the Khorasan region. The study also explores the geographical areas populated by the Kurds (which is known as Kurdistan of Khorasan), Kurdish population and their military and political roles in the region. Another aim of the current study is to discuss the main reasons behind the forced displacement and migration of the Kurds for the region.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025The Turkish State's Attitude Towards the Kurdistan Region
Tahseen Wsu Abdullah, Amin Faraj Shareef
After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Kurds territory were divided into four states. A large part of Kurdistan territory was annexed to the newly established Turkish state (1923). In terms of geopolitics, the Turkish state has always seen this part of Kurdistan as a threat to the security and identity of the state. This study aims to explain why the Kurdistan Region has been seen as an important place by Turkey since its establishment and has formed a major factor in Ankara's foreign policy, whether in the context of Turkey's policy towards Iraq or Turkey's special policy towards the Kurdistan Region. For this purpose, in addition to the relations between Turkey and the Kurdistan Region, the Turkish state's attitude towards the Kurdistan Region has been analyzed from the perspective of the constitution, official statements of the state and the political elite. Since the establishment of the new Republic of Turkey, until the 1990s, Ankara's approach to Iraq has treated the Iraqi Kurds as a threat to the security and identity of the state. Then the formation of power made Turkey look at the Kurdistan Region from a security and military perspective, this view continued until the years (2007-2008), but after this the Kurdistan Region was able to become the largest economic market for Turkey. The content of the research is analyzed within three themes: first, the identity of the Turkish state, second, the Turkish state's view of the Kurds as a nation in general and third, Turkey's view of the Kurdistan Region.
Volume 12 · Issue 2 · April 2025The Image of the Kurdish Individual in the novel Through the Desert by Karl May
Yahman Mohammad Abdulrahman, Gahin Nizar Ibrahim, Luqman Mohmmed Abdulrahman
Imagology is one of the modern and important topics in comparative literary studies, the importance of this topic is in the fact that it is a connecting bridge that introduces two nations to one another via researching each other’s literature. The thoughts, images and obstacles in the mind towards the other are rectified, learning about the other’s literature in reality is a means to gain cultural awareness of different cultures. Imagology is not only thinking about the image of the other but it involves the transference of knowledge and the reciprocation of ideas, and comparison is the mental aspect to open horizons of knowledge and rectifying the prejudices towards the other and reassessing the other in the becoming place. Psychological, political and historical areas of a culture can be learnt via Imagological researching of a literary text. The hypothesis of this research involves how the image of the Kurdish individual has been portrayed in a foreign literary text, namely, (Through the Desert) by Karl May; how the images have been portrayed? This research is titled “The Image of the Kurdish Individual in the Through the Desert novel by Karl May”. The result showed that the image of the Kurdish individual is that of a generous, brave but persecuted individual.
Volume 12 · Issue 1 · February 2025The Language identity in Kurdish proverbs
Pareshan Khalid Sabir, Sirwan Jabbar Amin
Despite the fact that language is an integral part of the personal and social identities of any nation, it contains other dimensions of national identity such as culture, religion, history and politics. It is a known fact that language is a national wealth because language is a source of memory, tradition, thought, feelings and passions of people. It is a historical archive of words, phrases, terms and expressions. In other words, it is the history of those ideas, events and feelings that have become words, sentences and terms that are preserved in language. Every expression in language signifies an idea outside of itself. Therefore, it is safe to say that language of any nation represents its true identity alive. This research has been conducted under the title “language Identity in Kurdish Proverbs”. Many language characteristics can be shown through research on the content of Kurdish proverbs. To do so, those proverbs have been selected that directly or indirectly represent language. In doing so, one can be familiarised with the Kurdish view of language in terms of its use, guidance and education. This research is an attempt to gather information about the Kurds by the Kurds themselves rather than external researchers. For that purpose, descriptive and analytics methods are employed to interpret the content of the proverbs that contain language identity. The incentive of the research is to uncover the verbal role of these proverbs in tracing the Kurdish language identity and in showing their Kurdish perspective on the concept of language.
Volume 11 · Issue 1 · February 2024A Geographical Analysis of the Parties’ Votes in the Electoral Districts of Kurdistan Region for the 2021 Election of the Council of Representatives of Iraq
Pshtiwan Ahmed Hamad, Yadgar Abdullah Ali
The geography of election investigates the results of election, the distribution of electoral circles, voters, census, voter registration, electoral law, and any other geographical factors that directly or indirectly affect the election process. This type of geography is to analyze the voting for the participating parties and candidates in the process. The significance of the present paper is due to its investigation of the election which was brought forward and was a response to the requirements of Iraqi 2021 protests. Additionally, for the first time, it was held in the system of multiple electoral circles in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The election also witnessed a change in the number of circles to reflect greater geographical representation. Consequently, the study explores the influence of changes in the number of election circles on the whole process, people’s participation rate, the voting distribution for the parties, and the difference between each circle’s boundaries and the related areas. Additionally, the study aims at identifying the feasibility of having multiple circles system in the elections and analyzing the increase and decrease trends of the voters’ voting to the participated parties, the parties’ parliament seats, and how these votes are and will be distributed. To analyze the data, the researchers used both spatial and analytical analysis methods. The research findings reveal that a large number of people (48%) did not go to vote on the election day, the number of spoilt ballots was considerably high, and in the system of multiple electoral territories, there is more geographical representation and equality.
Volume 10 · Issue 2 · June 2023History of Kirkuk during the British mandate period
Zana Othman Mohammed, Ranjdar Mohammed Azeez
In the late years of World War I (1914-1918), the Ottoman-controlled regions faced a new condition. The city of Kirkuk, as a part of Kurdistan's territory, was not deprived of these new transformations and events. This research aimed to investigate the history of Kirkuk during the British mandate period. The study found that the arrival of the British in southern Kurdistan, particularly Kirkuk, had a historical background, dating back centuries before the British conquest of the city of Kirkuk in 1918, particularly due to the presence of natural resources in the area. The study also found that Kirkuk residents, as part of Kurdistan's territory, were exhilarated about nationalism after the fall of Ottoman oppression and the arrival of English authorities and that its population had publicly expressed their nationalism desires, for independence and unity with Kurdistan. The study also reveals that the British have tried in every way to cut off the area from Kurdistan and the Kurdish national movement after the national stance on Kirkuk residents became clear. Kirkuk residents have also broadly supported Sheikh Mahmud and announced him as their leader, and they fully cooperated with him in this regard, which is due to the national sentiment that has developed in the city of Kirkuk. In the study, we found that in a referendum conducted by the United Nations to resolve the Mosul state issue, residents in Kirkuk mostly agreed to be part of Iraq, even though there were votes demanding independence. Kirkuk people were also generally dissatisfied with the issue of appointing Faisal asking for Iraq, and stood against it, publicly expressing that they would prefer to unite with Kurdistan when Faisal was appointed as crown king to Iraq.