Language
16 articles filed under this keyword.
A Logical-Analytical Inquiry into Language and the Rejection of Metaphysics from the Perspective of Rudolf Carnap.
Surchi Nadir Mahmood, Hassan Hussein Siddiq
This study employs an analytical approach. Beginning from the logical analysis of language, it aims to reject metaphysics through the lens of Rudolf Carnap's philosophical position. Logic is considered a gateway to philosophy. It serves as a tool to prevent reasoning from falling into error, and at the same time, to produce precise and meaningful expressions. From the tradition of analytic philosophy—starting with Russell, Frege, and Wittgenstein, and continuing with logical empiricists and logical positivists—logic has undergone a significant transformation. Classical logic was replaced with modern logic, which is fundamentally grounded in mathematics. Mathematics, as a basis for constructing logical foundations and logical expressions, plays a prominent role. Mathematical foundations are considered doubtless and absolutely true (abstract and necessary), which is why analytic philosophers sought to derive reliable knowledge from it, and through it, protect themselves from metaphysical and meaningless terms. That’s why analytic philosophers attempted to systematize logic in a way that aligns with the scientific foundations of their era, and to use it as a scientific method by which scientific terms and concepts could be defined. From the perspective of analytic philosophy, anything that cannot be traced back to empirical foundations or cannot be verified by reliable evidence is considered meaningless. Many metaphysical and abstract philosophical problems, in Carnap's view, are not genuine problems; rather, they result from the misuse of language. Empirical verification is the criterion for distinguishing between meaningful and meaningless expressions—meaning that every term must have a referent in the world and must be verifiable in order to have meaning. For Carnap, language plays a vital role. Human beings must base their language on logic. Scientific investigation must rely on a rational (meta-language), which treats logic as a foundation for language and knowledge. Through such a logical language, a methodological approach to gaining scientific understanding of the world becomes possible. The world, for Carnap, is of utmost importance because what exists in the world is empirically observable. Hence, logic and language are key to understanding the world in a scientific manner. Which terms are logical and which are meaningless? How can language and logic construct the relationship that allows us to distinguish between true and false, meaningful and meaningless expressions? For Carnap, a meaningful expression is either empirical and can be verified or has a basis in logical-analytical structure. Any other expression is considered meaningless and devoid of content.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025Comparison Study of Kurdish Language Alphabet to the Kurdistan Newspaper and the Current Form of Kurdish Language
Shukur Mohammed Saleh
The research which is entitled (A Comparison Study of Kurdish Language Alphabet with reference to the Kurdistan Newspaper and the Current Form of Kurdish Language) compares between the first issue of Kurdistan newspaper with the current writing alphabet of Kurdish language, for example, Kurdish Academy alphabet. The study discusses the role of the Kurdish alphabet in the field of journalism. Including the writing alphabet system, Kurdistan newspaper alphabet has been presented in this period and questions such as how writing system was and what kind of alphabetic system was used have been shown. Although the alphabet is the same as the current Kurdish alphabet, there are many differences, which are due to the influence of foreign languages, especially Arabic. Kurdistan newspaper is the first step in academic writing in Kurdish journalism, but it has not been freed from the influence of the Arabic alphabet. The alphabet used to write the Kurdistan newspaper was dominated by Arabic on the one hand, and on the other hand, as it is important to note that Kurdistan newspaper made use of the Arabic alphabet to fill the gaps in the Kurdish alphabet at that time. It used the Arabic letters in a way that influenced the rules of the Kurdish language, thus, producing a codified writing that was an important turning point in the Kurdish language at that time. The paper consists of two parts: practical, theory, conclusions, list of sources and appendix: Section one consists of five topics: - The first topic is the concept and definition of the alphabet, the second topic is the alphabet related to the ethnicity of the language, the third topic is the history of the Kurdish alphabet. Section two consists of six topics: - The first topic is a brief history of Kurdistan newspaper, the second topic is the time and place of publication, printing house, owner and editor of Kurdistan newspaper, the third topic is the role of Kurdish language in Kurdistan newspaper Kurdish in Kurdistan newspaper. The sixth topic is the letters that are not in Kurdish.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025Disrespect in Kurdish Folkloric Lyric
Abdulrahman Abdulghafour Hasan Shingali, Baravan Waheed Hasan
Language and speech, in their most basic definitions, are considered tools for communication. This communication manifests on two levels: respect and appreciation on one hand, and disrespect and humiliation on the other. Each level is used in specific contexts and situations. Respect is shaped by factors such as environment, education level, and an individual's approach to social interactions. In contrast, disrespect encompasses swearing, cursing, and offensive language, both in speech and writing. It is influenced by various factors, including hopelessness, insult, and the insult of another’s character. Disrespect is commonly observed in daily speech, used by individuals across different social statuses for reasons such as mockery, character assassination, trivialization, and criticism. Literature and folklore—including stories, proverbs, music, riddles, and epigrams—are rich with expressions of disrespect. This phenomenon does not emerge out of nowhere but is rather a response to certain behaviors, events, and circumstances. People resort to disrespect to challenge or diminish others’ claims. Notably, disrespect is frequently observed in folklore and riddles due to their nature and characteristics. This research aims to examine the presence of disrespect in language, particularly in riddles, as riddles often stem from unmet hopes and desires, leading to expressions of disdain.
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Language Services
Sakar Kamal Wahid, Talar Sabah Omer
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that, since its inception, has converged with various disciplines and fields. As a modern and integrative approach to knowledge, it offers extensive services to language processing, continuously expanding its capabilities. This growth enhances communication efficiency and accelerates access to information, helping to bridge linguistic gaps globally—particularly for the Kurdish language. This study, titled "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Language Services: The Kurdish Language as a Case Study," underscores AI’s pivotal role in developing and preserving Kurdish through natural language processing (NLP) applications. These advancements have also exposed persistent linguistic challenges in Kurdish. Our research aims to: Explore the scope of human intelligence across its manifestations and levels, Highlight AI’s contributions to the Kurdish language, Evaluate how effectively Kurdish has leveraged these tools for its advancement and preservation, and Assess the current standing of Kurdish within AI-driven language technologies. While AI enables Kurdish to remain vibrant and competitive among the world’s living languages, its AI-supported resources remain limited compared to other languages. This disparity stems from the predominance of individual efforts rather than coordinated initiatives among.
Volume 12 · Issue 1 · February 2025The Language identity in Kurdish proverbs
Pareshan Khalid Sabir, Sirwan Jabbar Amin
Despite the fact that language is an integral part of the personal and social identities of any nation, it contains other dimensions of national identity such as culture, religion, history and politics. It is a known fact that language is a national wealth because language is a source of memory, tradition, thought, feelings and passions of people. It is a historical archive of words, phrases, terms and expressions. In other words, it is the history of those ideas, events and feelings that have become words, sentences and terms that are preserved in language. Every expression in language signifies an idea outside of itself. Therefore, it is safe to say that language of any nation represents its true identity alive. This research has been conducted under the title “language Identity in Kurdish Proverbs”. Many language characteristics can be shown through research on the content of Kurdish proverbs. To do so, those proverbs have been selected that directly or indirectly represent language. In doing so, one can be familiarised with the Kurdish view of language in terms of its use, guidance and education. This research is an attempt to gather information about the Kurds by the Kurds themselves rather than external researchers. For that purpose, descriptive and analytics methods are employed to interpret the content of the proverbs that contain language identity. The incentive of the research is to uncover the verbal role of these proverbs in tracing the Kurdish language identity and in showing their Kurdish perspective on the concept of language.
Volume 11 · Issue 6 · December 2024The Reflection of the Idiom in the Poetic Language by the poet Wali Diwana
Dawlat Mohammed Ahmed, Omer Abdulrehman Omer
Generally, Idiomatic expressions are characterized by great importance in creative texts and poetic texts in particular, because they have special connotations that express the extent of the poet's creative ability since the poets embody the content of their poems implicitly within the texts, in an attempt to increase the artistic taste of the reader. This study is entitled “The Reflection of the Idiom in the Poetic Language by the poet Wali Diwana”. We took the poems of the aforementioned poet as a sample for the poets of his time. In those days, the poets of southern Kurdistan, in general, implicitly expressed the living style and social conditions in their poems. The idiomatic expressions of all kinds were embodied in the poems of the above-mentioned poet, in a special style and technique, and this was reflected in the contents of his poems. The importance of this study turns out to be an applied study, and on the other hand, it opens the way for other researchers in the literary and linguistic fields to raise this issue in their studies.
Volume 10 · Issue 4 · December 2023The Relationship between the World and Language in Bertrand Russell's Philosophy
Aram Qadir Sabir
In the contemporary philosophy and more specifically in philosophy of language, one of the essential issues of philosophical studies is the relationship between language, the World and knowledge about the world. Bertrand Russell as one of the leaders in logical analysis in contemporary philosophy considers logical foundation as significant pillar for language. He defines language, meaning knowledge in the context of logic and he forms the world in the logical facts. From here, a link between language and reality will be created, and thus there is an intention to break the other traditions. Bertrand Russell tried to write many books and essays and his literary heritage has become an important asset in philosophical discourses. This study aims under the Russell’s arguments to analyze the relationship between language and the world. It attempts from a different perspective to reach a different form of existence and world. This purpose helps in language activities in manifesting correct knowledge about the world that it has facts, events, state of affairs, reality and logic. Russell's attempts to connect between language and reality in the world produced many valuable arguments and thesis. This is on the foundation of logical analysis changes language to propositions and changes the world to facts instead of things. In addition, arranges all theories about meaning, descriptions, proper names and knowledge through the atomic propositions. Furthermore, he based his understanding to the external world, existing of things and the relations between them on logical language.
Volume 10 · Issue 3 · September 2023The power of attraction in the pragmatic level at the functional theory
Darun Abdulrahman Salih, Zhawaro Abbas Omar
The title of the research is (The power of attraction in the pragmatic level at the functional theory), the research method is (analytical description), and we have taken the research materials from the everyday language of people. The importance of this study is that it highlights the process of attraction at one of the most important levels of language, the pragmatic level within the framework of function theory, which speakers constantly resort to in everyday life in order to express their meanings and intentions. This research is divided into two parts, the first part is (the force of attraction in the act of speaking), which we have explained this process theoretically, in this section we have discussed the factors affecting the force of attraction among speakers It is in the process of attractive force. The second section is entitled (Attraction at the Pragmatic Level Related to Function Theory). In this section, we have focused on these topics (Function Theory, Schools of Function Theory, Principles of Function Theory, Attraction from the Perspective of Function Theory). We have worked hard on it. The conclusions of this study showed that the Language is a major factor in the process of attraction, and attraction is an intentional act used by the speaker for a specific purpose A number of important factors such as (psychological, religious, political, etc.) are done for the success of the process. Attraction can be used positively or negatively, attraction can be in the interest of the agent and the agent, or vice versa. The theory of the function of attraction is one of the most important functions of language, which can be used by the speaker to influence the other person. Linking words, sentences and expressions to the environment is considered a major step to create a message effect on the other person, and a point to link the process of attraction to the pragmatic level, because the environment is a basis of pragmatic principles They depend on the context of use, as task theory has also pointed out.
Volume 10 · Issue 2 · June 2023Language as an Element of Culture
Darezh Wrya Mohammed
With the creation of human, language has emerged in order to communicate and meet their needs, although it has enhanced gradually in different stages until it reaches this level we have had now, so it can be said that language is one of the characteristics that distinguishes human beings from other creatures, this is mean that language is one of the basic human needs for social life and daily work. In the anthropology filed, language occupies a wide space, since it is the study of human as an intelligent and cultured creature. Moreover, language is one of the basic cultural elements and at the same time the transmitter and disseminator of culture. It is also a means of communication and a builder of relationships, which is important in the field, since the social structure of societies is made based on relationships. Language is of fundamental importance in human life. Although the characteristic of linguistics is that it studies language and analyses it at a deep linguistic level, it also becomes the field of anthropological research as a cultural element. Hence, the subject of the research is how anthropology views the cultural element of language. How does it fit into anthropology in relation to culture and as a cultural genre? The aim of this study is to theoretically show the relationship between anthropology and language in general, to point out the structure and function of language as an important cultural element, and to show the situation of Kurdish language in relation to cultural identity. Language and culture are in a dialectical relationship. Language is part of culture and at the same time the transmitter and protector of culture, since culture is the complex in whole that is received by individuals as member of society, language becomes important, since language is the main means of acceptance. The importance of language in identifying culture. It has been said that the language of a nation or society is the key to identifying their culture, it is also strongly linked to cultural and national identity and is considered a fundamental basis of identity. As a result, language has changed more under the influence of external factors, which has had a relative impact on all other cultural elements and social life
Volume 10 · Issue 1 · March 2023Language and Linguistic Violence in Education Field
Shukur Mohammed Saleh, Nareman Abdwlla Kareem
This study, which is entitled “Language and Linguistic Violence in Education Field”, deals with the use of language in educational field. The use of a violent language entails psychological and physical violence. There are many factors for an individual to have a violent language, including community, family, and school environment. Therefore, this issue has to be addressed seriously in educational settings. Schools should be made like a centre where positive influences to be placed on individual’s language and intellect. The texts studies in schools should be composed in a way that takes into account the feelings of all. Besides, the nation’s philosophy of forming individual’s language and thought is reflected in these texts in terms of individual’s behaviour and etiquette. Hereby, there must plan for building individuals free from hatred and violence. This study is divided into two sections, conclusions, and list of references. Section one is entitled “Language and Linguistic Violence from Social Perspective”. It covers the concept of language and its use; linguistic violence definition; psychological concept of linguistic violence; characteristics of a violent language; the impact of linguistic violence on family and society; and the social factors of linguistic violence. Section two, Language and Linguistic Violence in Education, addresses linguistic violence in education; the connection between linguistic violence and violent behaviour; the relationship between linguistic violence and communication; language plans in education system; characteristics of language in educational field; and language functions.