Logic
5 articles filed under this keyword.
A Logical-Analytical Inquiry into Language and the Rejection of Metaphysics from the Perspective of Rudolf Carnap.
Surchi Nadir Mahmood, Hassan Hussein Siddiq
This study employs an analytical approach. Beginning from the logical analysis of language, it aims to reject metaphysics through the lens of Rudolf Carnap's philosophical position. Logic is considered a gateway to philosophy. It serves as a tool to prevent reasoning from falling into error, and at the same time, to produce precise and meaningful expressions. From the tradition of analytic philosophy—starting with Russell, Frege, and Wittgenstein, and continuing with logical empiricists and logical positivists—logic has undergone a significant transformation. Classical logic was replaced with modern logic, which is fundamentally grounded in mathematics. Mathematics, as a basis for constructing logical foundations and logical expressions, plays a prominent role. Mathematical foundations are considered doubtless and absolutely true (abstract and necessary), which is why analytic philosophers sought to derive reliable knowledge from it, and through it, protect themselves from metaphysical and meaningless terms. That’s why analytic philosophers attempted to systematize logic in a way that aligns with the scientific foundations of their era, and to use it as a scientific method by which scientific terms and concepts could be defined. From the perspective of analytic philosophy, anything that cannot be traced back to empirical foundations or cannot be verified by reliable evidence is considered meaningless. Many metaphysical and abstract philosophical problems, in Carnap's view, are not genuine problems; rather, they result from the misuse of language. Empirical verification is the criterion for distinguishing between meaningful and meaningless expressions—meaning that every term must have a referent in the world and must be verifiable in order to have meaning. For Carnap, language plays a vital role. Human beings must base their language on logic. Scientific investigation must rely on a rational (meta-language), which treats logic as a foundation for language and knowledge. Through such a logical language, a methodological approach to gaining scientific understanding of the world becomes possible. The world, for Carnap, is of utmost importance because what exists in the world is empirically observable. Hence, logic and language are key to understanding the world in a scientific manner. Which terms are logical and which are meaningless? How can language and logic construct the relationship that allows us to distinguish between true and false, meaningful and meaningless expressions? For Carnap, a meaningful expression is either empirical and can be verified or has a basis in logical-analytical structure. Any other expression is considered meaningless and devoid of content.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025The Relationship Between Freedom and Law in Kant's View
Omar Mohammed Ali, Hassan Hussein Siddiq
This paper which is entitled ‘the relationship between freedom and law from Kant’s perspective’ is an attempt to discuss Kant’s concern with respect to the significance and the role of rule in the society. He claims that the priority is for the behavioral rules in that the derivative rules should be harmonic with the behavioral ones. The behavioral rules are logical as humans themselves naturally carry these values. On this basis, these rules play a fundamental role to have a philosophical understanding of Kant. Kant tries to arrange humans’ freedom in the framework of laws in a way that laws do not be barriers in front of humans’ freedom, that is why law by Kant is regarded as the copy of these criteria that the talent of each one is surrendered to in order for them to be suitable with others. In this regard, Kant thinks that laws are not against humans’ freedom, rather they arrange their daily affairs on a condition that they are applicable for all. Henceforth, Kant claims that laws do not restrict the freedom, instead they are means to express freedom because they cause their reaching to coexistence in the society. The method used in the paper is a descriptive analytic one which is theoretically comment on the aforementioned philosopher’s perspective to law and freedom.
Volume 10 · Issue 4 · December 2023The Relationship between the World and Language in Bertrand Russell's Philosophy
Aram Qadir Sabir
In the contemporary philosophy and more specifically in philosophy of language, one of the essential issues of philosophical studies is the relationship between language, the World and knowledge about the world. Bertrand Russell as one of the leaders in logical analysis in contemporary philosophy considers logical foundation as significant pillar for language. He defines language, meaning knowledge in the context of logic and he forms the world in the logical facts. From here, a link between language and reality will be created, and thus there is an intention to break the other traditions. Bertrand Russell tried to write many books and essays and his literary heritage has become an important asset in philosophical discourses. This study aims under the Russell’s arguments to analyze the relationship between language and the world. It attempts from a different perspective to reach a different form of existence and world. This purpose helps in language activities in manifesting correct knowledge about the world that it has facts, events, state of affairs, reality and logic. Russell's attempts to connect between language and reality in the world produced many valuable arguments and thesis. This is on the foundation of logical analysis changes language to propositions and changes the world to facts instead of things. In addition, arranges all theories about meaning, descriptions, proper names and knowledge through the atomic propositions. Furthermore, he based his understanding to the external world, existing of things and the relations between them on logical language.
Volume 8 · Issue 3 · September 2021Critical Thinking Based on Logic
Muslim Hassan Mohammed, Jutyar Ismael Jamal
Logic is the measure and framework of thinking. Critical thinking means meticulous, organized, and purposeful thinking. Critical thinkers are not always critics. Critical thinking plays a role in every behavior, argumentation, and decision. These are accomplished through dialogue, explanation, and observation, in accordance with logical measures. Dialogue and thinking belong to logic. Logic is a means to organize the ways of human thinking. Critical thinking is a skill honed and improved by training and work, given the fact that most people are not born with an inherent skill of thinking critically, but that thinking is often restricted within a limited circle. This contradicts with critical thinking.
Volume 7 · Issue 4 · December 2020The Role of Logic In Construction Judicial Decisions
Shakhawan Khdir Rasul
We also know that the importance of judicial judgments in the consideration that the law is the organization of the relationship between individuals and society, at the social and administrative level, and the rulings because the law is the legal rules and regulates relations in society, by adhering to the rules, it establishes order and achieves stability by establishing a balance between the interests and individuals that are intertwined and conflicting and this is done by identifying the legal positions of each individual, and therefore from this perspective of a philosophical vision consisting of the following proposals, I wonder whether in this type of law can regulate in this type of law Relationships only.