Political
6 articles filed under this keyword.
The Change of Democracy in Iraq
Qadr Watman Rasull, Muhamed Sabr Karim
Re-establishing relations between citizens and governing in states that have been governed by dictatorship for decades is a very difficult process and requires the creation of a favorable environment. On the other hand،, it has its own mechanism and procedures،, which cannot be achieved by the existence of certain elements of democracy،, which complicates the process of democratic change، the dominance of nature and undesirable negative characteristics in the reality of the state and its political society. Examples of the weakness of cultural democracy، the experience of political pluralism and the implementation of tribal characteristics. From here, the political reality of the Rwpublic of Iraq after 2003 is largely a reality dominated by the nature of hegemony. After nearly four decades of domination of several dictatorial political systems whose constitutions contained non-democratic articles and paragraphs or at best the democratic principles of governance and followed the dictatorial form of power on the ground in the most widespread manifestations with the most extreme views. This reality in the governing system will be completed in 2003 after an international military operation. The reorganization of political life in this country will be one of the most important issues of the new post-dictatorship political process.
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025Salih Zaki Beg Sahibqiran: His Life, Political, Military, and Cultural Role (1886-1944)
Hamza Othman Hawez, Hewa Hameed Sharif
Research, investigation, and examination of the life trajectories of individuals who played significant roles in various fields and who, through their efforts and struggles, influenced the course of events during their time and left their mark on the pages of history. This is an important endeavor that aims to reveal historical truths and uncover hidden information. Among these figures, several Kurdish personalities emerged in the early 1920s, with Salih Zaki being one of the prominent figures who left his mark in political, military, administrative, cultural, and many other domains. Beyond his military career as an Ottoman army officer, upon his return to Iraq, he held various administrative positions across different cities and regions of Kurdistan and Iraq, where he played significant roles and rendered considerable services. He also achieved significant accomplishments in the cultural sphere. This study aims to objectively present Salih Zaki's true role, both positive and negative, and indicate the factors behind his development and influence. Using a methodology of presenting and analyzing information, this study attempts to uncover the hidden aspects of his life and position by addressing the following questions: How did Salih Zaki emerge and develop? Despite his loyalty and competence, why was he removed from the position of Kurdistan's military commander? What was his role in cultural affairs, and what were the reasons behind his frequent transfers between cities and rapid changes in administrative positions?
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025Manifestations of Conflict in the Novel " Jano, You Are my Story " by Maysalon Hadi
Hamza Rasul Ibrahim, Sabah Kareem Mawlood
This research aims to examine the Conflicts in the novel “Jano You Are My Story” by Maysaloun Hadi who is regarded as one of the most significant writers in the Arabic era. The novel focuses on three key types of conflicts within the work, which are; political, social, and religious concepts. At first, I elaborate on the concept of conflict throughout the work in terms of what meaning it conveys and its importance. Later, explaining how these conflicts can have impacts on humans and drive them to achieve their goals or defend against their interests. However, the novel begins with a broad overview of conflicts and its functions in literature. Overall, it depicts how the contemporary Arabic literature’s portrayal of issues such as conflict and loss demonstrate that art and reflection of reality and aesthetics. They influence on how more parties attempt to accomplish a goal which is common among humans to feel their integrity. In fiction, these political, social, and religious conflicts can result in an impactful tension that affects both individuals and society. According to Maysaloun Hadi, and among other aspects of the story, conflict is a crucial component that shapes events and the characters' difficulties. To mention, place is more than just a location in her novels; it generally has a big influence on the protagonists' outcomes.
Volume 11 · Issue 4 · August 2024Women's Political and Economic Role in The Empire of Achaemenid
Shalaw Mustafa Abdalrahman, Hassan Qadir Mahmood
Women played a significant role in the political and economic realms of the Achaemenid Empire. This role is due to the rights given to women by Zoroastrianism and later institutionalized into law within the empire's constitution. This allowed women to actively participate in political decision-making and engage in economic activities of their society. Within the royal palace, women wielded considerable power and influence, often serving as key figures in the ascension of kings to the throne. Therefore, when someone became king with the support of his mother or sister or queen, he could not disobey the queen or mother or sister during his reign. Moreover, women in the palace and among the Persian dynasties formed their own groups, safeguarding their economic interests and political positions. The groups have often been used to spy, kill and oppose those who have acted against the interests and orders of senior women Thus, any discussion of the political and economic field of the Achaemenid state would be incomplete without acknowledging the pivotal role and influence of women within these spheres.
Volume 11 · Issue 3 · June 2024The effect of political factors on agricultural land ownership and grain crops in Erbil Governorate 1975-1991
Najmaddin Abdullah Ismael, Mahdi Muhammad Qader
This research is entitled the impact of political factors on the ownership of agricultural land and cereal crops in Erbil province in 1975-1991. During the research, the agricultural situation in Erbil province was of special importance for economic development. These include the industrial and commercial sectors, as agricultural products have become an important resource used as raw materials in the industrial sector, in addition to agricultural activities and products have affected the movement and trade processes and exchange. Whether in domestic or foreign trade. Ownership of agricultural land in Erbil province has been under the influence of the Agricultural Reform Law to regulate and improve agricultural land. Based on several official government data and statistics obtained, the impact of political events in Iraq and Kurdistan on the ownership of agricultural land and grain crops in Erbil province between 1975-1991 is presented.
Volume 10 · Issue 3 · September 2023The relationship between Iran and Russia1848-1896 A research about the political relationship.
Nashmil Sabr Abdullah, Mahdi Muhammad Qader
The failure of Iran's in the wars against Russia, then the agreement of Gulistan in 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 which caused the increase of Russian authority in Iran, according to that agreement Russia got the right to take a number of privileges ،imposition of border agreement and open some consulates. The Russians were able to act as they wished. Iran's authority didn't matter much in managing their plans and works, they followed complete independence. Any protest by Iranian officials and senior officials politically and militarily, Russia would have tried to resolve it through bribes and promises. The result of all the wars and agreements between them was just a big loss and fine by Iran, A wide area of Iran become part under Russian control. this left an impact on all sides especially the capitalist law after it was implemented in Iran. The arrival of( Alexander Griboyedoff) as Russian ambassador in the era of Fath- Ali Shah and then killing the ambassador are clear evidence of Russia's illegal interference in the affairs of that country. Russia was always trying to expand its powers in Iran against its rivals especially Britain. For this reason, whenever getting any privileges by Britain in the same way Russia was trying to get the same privileges. The conflict between Russia and Britain in Iran and their attempts to establish power and more getting their interests were the direct reason for their strengthening and interfering in iran's internal and external affairs.