Revolution
5 articles filed under this keyword.
Organizations of the Kurdistan Laborers Association in Pshdar area during 1975-1989
Qadir Muhammad Muhammad, Sadq Ibrahim Muhammed Salih Abdurahman
In the second half of the last century, organizational activity and arrangement were considered as a part of the political and secret struggle for the parties in South Kurdistan. The organization of the Toilers of Kurdistan, as a political party at this stage, was one of the backbones of the organization's survival, which, together with the armed movement, played an important role after the armed revolution at the beginning of the 20th century’s last quarter. Pishdar, as a geographical center and a part of its social composition that had high national feelings, helped the development and success of the Kurdistan liberation movement, in which its base and presidency were in the border areas. The community’s assistance, in terms of economic or spiritual, had a good effect on the success of the entire process of organized and army activity that formed the core of the revolution of that period. Pishdar organizations, due to Pishdar’s geographical location, played an active role in political movements and protests, especially in the uprising of Qaladze on April 24, 1982. They also helped the Peshmerga forces in collecting food, medicine, and conveying messages of the other areas to the center, especially after the Anfal period and the slowdown of organized activity in the cities because of the pressure from the regime's oppressive institutions, they then become the link between the leadership and center of Komala and the isolated cities. What is the role of Kurdistan Laborers Association in Pishdar region in helping and strengthening Kurdistan libration movement? What were the actions of the organization during (1975 - 1989)? In this research, we depend on descriptive and analytical methods for the sake of documentation of the events, oral history has been used.
Volume 12 · Issue 6 · December 2025Methods of Achieving Socialism
Jabar esmael Ahmed, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed
The realization of socialism, how to achieve it, and the tools of achieving socialism is differ among neo-Marxist thinkers in the twentieth century. The most two obvious trends for achieving socialism are: revolution, and the democratic reform. The thinkers of revolutionary socialism are emphasize rapid and radical change to achieve socialism through the use of armed and violent revolutionary tools, while the thinkers of Social Reform & Social Democracy emphasize on adopting via peaceful way without violence. Social democratic thinkers are divided into two distinct trends: revisionism and determinism. Revisionism emphasizes parliamentary reform, using of democratic ways and elections to achieve workers' rights. The determinist trend emphasizes on the role of history and Marx's historical materialism in achieving socialism, according to the determinists socialism is an inevitable historical stage that occurs after the collapse of capitalism and the turning of society. The Orthodox Marxists such as Kautsky and Plekhanov are among this trend's thinkers. Plekhanov, the Socialist leader in the Soviet Union, emphasized the realization of socialism through peaceful away without armed revolution. For Plekhanov, history played a major role in determining individuals and societies to realize the aspirations of history. He also believed that individuals have a passive role compare to the society, furthermore art and artistic aesthetics play a fundamental role in class consciousness and the subsequent realization of socialism, and the whole process of transition to socialism for Plekhanov occurs during the historical development of society and according to Marx's historical materialism.
Volume 9 · Issue 1 · March 2022Iraq's Economic Situation Between 1988-1991 in Southern Kurdistan
Aras Abdulrahman Mstafa
The economic situation in Iraq between 1988 and 1991 affected the March 1991 uprising in southern Kurdistan، including research that included several important aspects، discussing the economic impact of both the First and Second Gulf Wars، which has caused a major disaster for Iraq's economic infrastructure and the disintegration of Iraq's financial، administrative، military and service institutions، Including the economic crisis، the spread of hunger، poverty، disease، corruption، bribery and many bad subjects that the Iraqi state has suffered from major disasters، all of which have led to the importance of the uprising، this study consists of three parts. In the first part، the impact of the Iraq-Iran war on Iraq's economy is discussed، and in the second part، the war on the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq and its consequences is explained. The third part is the effect of decision 661 that the security council imposed on Iraq as an economic blockade that completely destroyed the economic and social life of The people of Iraq and Kurdistan.
Volume 9 · Issue 1 · March 2022The Legal Dimensions of the March Events in Southern Kurdistan (1991) in the Light of Constitutional Thought
Ibrhim Salih Qadir AL-Barznji
This research entitled “The Legal Dimensions of March Events (1991) in Southern Kurdistan in the Light of Constitutional Thought” is a legal scholarly article that deals with the events of the (uprising) and (Million Migration) of citizens of Southern Kurdistan, which took place in March 1991. This research relays on Analytical Method to present and analyze the opinions of thinkers and scholars of the constitution for the purpose of determining the correct legal nature of these events. As well as from the standpoint of constitutional thought and legal documents that has a constitutional nature and the perspective of the constitutional founders , the research deals with the issue of the constitutional legitimacy of the phenomenon of revolution and mass uprising, and the researcher has interpreted and analyzed the legal implications of the events of March (1991) in Southern Kurdistan, and in conclusion, the researcher came to the conclusion that: These events, in terms of their nature or legal adaptation, are a “revolution” and have had legal implications for the political and legal system in Kurdistan Region-Iraq. As well as had negative legal effects on the sovereignty of the Iraqi state at that time.
Volume 8 · Issue 2 · June 2021Kurdistan Writers' Union Its Foundation, Activities and Dissolution
Dilshad Ali Muhammed, Nawzad Ali Ahmed
The ceasefire between the Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iraq and the Baathist government in 1974 came to an end, and fighting between the two sides resumed. The war lasted another eleven months. At the start of the war, a group of writers and artists reached out to areas controlled by the revolution and formed organizations. Many of them were members of the Kurdish Writers' Union and They were able to issue 12 of their magazine, but the writers' union was established in Baghdad, not in the revolution. After the collapse of 1975 and the resumption of the new revolution in the areas under Peshmerga control, especially in the early 1980s, for the first time in the battlefields of resistance and defense in Kurdistan, a special organization for writers and writers was established, called the Kurdistan Writers' Union.. The Kurdistan Writers' Union's establishment and activities were addressed in this study, and the reason for its cancellation was clarified. The first section of the study, which was split into two sections, focused on the efficiency and explanations for the organization's formation. The publication chosen by the Kurdistan Writers' Union through a series of criteria is the subject of the second part of the study.