Socialism
2 articles filed under this keyword.
Methods of Achieving Socialism
Jabar esmael Ahmed, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed
The realization of socialism, how to achieve it, and the tools of achieving socialism is differ among neo-Marxist thinkers in the twentieth century. The most two obvious trends for achieving socialism are: revolution, and the democratic reform. The thinkers of revolutionary socialism are emphasize rapid and radical change to achieve socialism through the use of armed and violent revolutionary tools, while the thinkers of Social Reform & Social Democracy emphasize on adopting via peaceful way without violence. Social democratic thinkers are divided into two distinct trends: revisionism and determinism. Revisionism emphasizes parliamentary reform, using of democratic ways and elections to achieve workers' rights. The determinist trend emphasizes on the role of history and Marx's historical materialism in achieving socialism, according to the determinists socialism is an inevitable historical stage that occurs after the collapse of capitalism and the turning of society. The Orthodox Marxists such as Kautsky and Plekhanov are among this trend's thinkers. Plekhanov, the Socialist leader in the Soviet Union, emphasized the realization of socialism through peaceful away without armed revolution. For Plekhanov, history played a major role in determining individuals and societies to realize the aspirations of history. He also believed that individuals have a passive role compare to the society, furthermore art and artistic aesthetics play a fundamental role in class consciousness and the subsequent realization of socialism, and the whole process of transition to socialism for Plekhanov occurs during the historical development of society and according to Marx's historical materialism.
Volume 6 · Issue 1 · June 2019Sociological Comparative Study to Vladimir Lenin and Antonio Gramsci's views on the State
Mahir A Aziz, Saleem P Elias
This theoretical study tries to illustrate, evaluate and compare Vladimir Lenin and Antonio Gramsci’s views on the state. In doing so the study will try to answer this vital question: to what extent Gramsci’s ideas were dependent upon those of Lenin and more specifically, to what extent is Gramsci’s analysis of the capitalist state ultimately no more powerful than that of Lenin? It should be emphasised that this study has been done according to a comparative methodology of the history of theory applied in the fields of sociology in general and political sociology in particular. Basically, this study has been done according to an explanatory approach applied in both fields of politics and political sociology. This study divided into eight sections. The first section devoted to the introduction. The second section deals with Lenin’s view on the revolution, power and the socialist state. The third section explains Gramsci’s view on the hegemony of the party and the state. Section four treats Gramsci’s view on hegemony and the civil society. Section five, however, is explaining Gramsci’s view on the proletariat, the leadership and the passive revolution. Section six will be dealing with Gramsci’s view on Western countries and his conception of civil society. Section seven evaluates and reviews both Lenin and Gramsci’s theories of the state. The last section presents the conclusion of the study.