Terrorism
2 articles filed under this keyword.
Protecting National Security in Exceptional Circumstances in the Kurdistan Region and Iraq
Fakhradin Mahdi Jarjis, Weadi Sulaiman Ali
Society is not always in a state of stability; it is continuously subject to change. National security is an influenced by political, military, economic, social, and environmental factors. These changes necessitate dynamic adjustments in the state's approach to maintaining security and societal stability, requiring the adoption of a criminal policy suited to prevailing circumstances. This involves implementing appropriate legal frameworks and legislative measures to safeguard national security, especially during exceptional circumstances characterized by heightened and atypical threats. This study highlights the critical importance of national security for both society and the state, focusing on the legitimacy of legal measures enacted during exceptional circumstances. It also emphasizes the need to protect individual rights and freedoms as core components of the rule of law. The research examines terrorism as a grave crime threatening national security and individual lives, analyzing the legal frameworks and criminal justice measures employed in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region. This discussion is set within the broader context of criminal policy and penal legislation. The study further explores the legal principles that balance crime and punishment by ensuring robust legal and judicial safeguards to protect rights and freedoms. It underscores the vital role of societal oversight in monitoring state and administrative actions during exceptional circumstances, thereby mitigating the risk of power abuse and protecting legally recognized interests. Additionally, it highlights the indispensable role of individuals in upholding and guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms. This study concluded that there is no clear and effective criminal policy in Iraq to address the causes of the insurgency and counter threats to national security in discriminatory circumstances.
Volume 11 · Issue 5 · October 2024An Analytical Theoretical Study of Terrorism According to the Social Action Theory of ‘Talcott Parsons’ as an Instance of Sociological Theories
Bakhan Ahmed Mohammed, Najat Mohammed Faraj
The main focus of sociology is presenting the social life of people and their behaviours, whether in groups or societies. Sociology, usually, is defined as a field of research which studies the social interaction between people and their behaviours. Thus the sociological theories and scholars have given great importance to social action concept. In this study, which is an extract from a PhD dissertation, the terrorism has analysed sociologically according to the Talcott Parsons’ theory of social action. Since terrorism is one of the common social phenomena around the world, it has various factors and reasons that vary according to the communities’ nature of life. Terrorism, also, is a concept which used for any violent acts committed by an organization, an individual or a group. It has been experienced by humanity in many different ways throughout different eras. Therefore this study has tried to determine a theoretical framework for analysing and reviewing this phenomenon besides talking about it according to the reality of society and its most important causes and effects on the life of society and individuals. Because the Parsons’ theory serves the study aims and gives us the opportunity of conducting and analysing the study in a more detailed approach, it has been utilised for the current study. The main aim of the study is to analyse the phenomenon of terrorism from the perspective of “Talcott Parsons' theory of social action as a sociological theory”.