Translation Procedures
2 articles filed under this keyword.
Norms of Translating Medical Terms in English Patient Information Leaflets into Kurdish
Kazi Hassan Saleh, Nishteman Abdukareem Saed
Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) are documents included in medicine packages and provide important information about the medication for patients. This study investigates the translation problems of English PILs into Sorani Kurdish. The aim of this study is to identify the translation procedures used for translating medical terminologies in PILs for lay people. It also aims to reveal which translational norms are operating in Kurdish translations of PILs. To do so, the study employs a corpus of 150 English PILs along with their Kurdish translations. To analyse the corpus, the researcher adopts Toury’s (1995-2012) three-phase methodology within the descriptive approach of translation. It also uses Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1995) translation procedures to determine how translators handled terminological rendering in the Kurdish PILs. According to the findings, nine types of translation procedures were used in translating the terminologies, with borrowing had the highest frequency, and modulation having the lowest frequency. They also revealed that Toury’s initial norms were predominantly operating in the translated PILs which labelled them as adequate translations. The translators’ choice to closely follow the original PILs was indicative of their attempt to meet the expectations of PILs’s target users, thus, revealing Chesterman’s expectancy norms therein. The study concludes that the translation of PILs into Kurdish is not regulated within the medical field and that is mainly related to the absence of an officially regulated body in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It also concludes that while the seemingly established norm of PIL translation into Kurdish highly relies on English borrowings, it is a significant step towards developing Kurdish medical language.
Volume 11 · Issue 4 · August 2024A Comparative Study of English and Translated Kurdish Business Contracts from lexical and Syntactic Perspectives
Alan Abdullah Qadir, Kazi Hassan Saleh
In Kurdish, legal translation as a non-literary translation has received little attention in the field of translation studies. One genre of legal translation that is specifically under-studied is business contracts. This paper analyses and compares features of English and Kurdish business contracts from lexical and syntactic perspectives. It also addresses the issue of LSP lexical and syntactic precision used in the translated Kurdish contracts by translators. To this end, the paper attempts to identify the translation procedures and norms that manifest in translating business contracts from Kurdish into English. As a result, it scrutinizes a set of 20 Kurdish-English business contracts translated by professional licensed translators using Toury’s (2012) three-phase methodology. The translation direction is from Kurdish into English because it is the most practised direction by the translation service providers in Iraqi Kurdistan. The study demonstrates that both Kurdish and English legal languages use similar syntactic and lexical tools in drafting business contracts. It also reveals that initial norms, preliminary norms, and the law of interference are shown in the Kurdish- English translations. It further discloses that transposition, amplification, and couplets are prominently employed to deal with translation challenges. This paper is significant because it is the first attempt to scientifically investigate semantic features of originally written as well as translated Kurdish business contracts. For further research, it recommends a further focus on differences in legal systems and languages between Kurdish and English