Women
8 articles filed under this keyword.
Interpreting the Achaemenid Women’s Multifaceted Roles Through Seal Engravings
shalaw mustafa, Imad abdullah
The civilization and works of art of the growing state of Kurdistan is generally considered as the most majestic and impressive ancient civilizations in the world, specifically in the history of ancient Persian. We can summarize the whole range of administrative activities and artistic works that this civilization possessed, including sculpture, carving, writing, and architecture, within its administrative system. Although the artistic engravings on the walls of palaces, the engravings of graves within mountains, and the art of sculpture are among the prominent features of the Achaemenid state, however, the absence of direct depiction of women’s imagery in any of these places, including the palace walls, Jamshid state, Pasargadae, Shush, has unfortunately left a big artistic gap in the Achaemenid state. However, the artistic seals within that civilization, which are considered one of the important tools of administrative management within the Achaemenid State, have been able to fill that gap to some good extent, which has become a subject of question by researchers. In several seals whose history dates back to this state, some of which were discovered in the region of Jamshid and others in different regions of Achaemenid, various images of women in different times and places were engraved. From these images, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of women’s social, political, and religious roles in the Achaemenid state.
Volume 13 · Issue 1 · March 2026Enigmatic liberation of Displaced Womanhood in Elif Shafak’s The Bastard of Istanbul (2006) and Gharbi Mustafa’s What Comes with the Dust (2016)
Sawza Qader Fattah, Hawzhen Rashadaddin Ahmed
This study presents a comparative analysis of Elif Shafak’s The Bastard of Istanbul (2006) and Gharbi M. Mustafa’s What Comes with the Dust (2016) to explore how these texts – written by two authors from different genders and ethnic backgrounds – depict displacement as a paradoxical tool for female liberation, giving voices to their ongoing struggles. The research examines that women in these two literary works suffer the pain of unbelonging due to dominant exclusionary discourses and that they seek settlement through self-displacement. By means of a critical framework informed by Third Wave Feminism and the postcolonial discussions, this paper examines womanhood in Turkish, Kurdish, and Armenian patriarchal communities in the texts under analysis. Furthermore, the study establishes historical linkages between female experiences – Armanoush and Nazo – being exposed to atrocities during the Armenian Genocide in 1915 and ISIS attacks on Yezidis in 2014. By means of applying comparative tools of analysis, the study investigates how social and historical legacies shape the representation(s) of women, focusing on their shared experiences of rape, slavery, and abuse across different geographical and cultural landscapes. This research argues that these authors utilize the traumatic experience of displacement not only to expose gendered violence but also to chart a path toward reconstructed identity and hard-won autonomy for their female characters.
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025The Role and Participation of Women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) (1945-1990).
Kwestan Ahmad Khdir, Hoshmand Ali Mahmood
This research focuses on the role and participation of women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) (1945-1990), which is a period of enormous significance in the history of women's struggle in Eastern Kurdistan in general and within the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan in particular. During this historical phase, censorship and patriarchal traditions deprived women in Iranian society and Eastern Kurdistan specifically of their rights and freedoms. During the final stages of the Second World War, a number of international and domestic factors led to significant changes in Iranian society, politics, and social life, under the leadership of the newly empowered Mohammad Reza Shah. Among these changes was the establishment of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan-Iran and subsequently the Kurdistan Republic (also known as the Republic of Mahabad), where women from Eastern Kurdistan entered the scene for the first time within their own political and organizational frameworks, playing an influential and active role. The primary research question is: To what extent did women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan participate in political, national, and armed struggle in Eastern Kurdistan? What were the internal and external obstacles and factors that impeded these steps? What role did they play in raising awareness in society? This study further emphasizes the roles and responsibilities of women within the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan in political, military, organizational, health, educational, and training domains.
Volume 12 · Issue 4 · August 2025The Identity Crises of Women and Others
Mohammed Ahmed Hasan, Rasul Hamad Rasul
Women regularly search for their identity in a Male-dominant society. The case is often an issue as the women consider men as a threat on their culture experience; thus, the gender conflicts are existed. The term Others refers back to a cultural authority that doesn't accept any other identities. The aim of this study is an attempt to show the women contemplation for their identity, which has been a chronical issue for women and Others. The identity refers back to human beings' true personality, other dimensions, and the attitudes that differ them from each other. The true identity of one has its individual features that differ from others; besides, within a group makes the group features to be different than other social groups. The pronouns such as (I, He and She) are true dimensions of building identity, besides the individuals have the capability of building different identity. The study contains two chapters. The first chapter is under the title (Identity and Literature issues of Women). This chapter is theoretical and includes two sections. The first section explains the term identity, and the second section explains the features of the women works in literature. The second chapter is the methodological and practical part, which includes the identity issues and its differences. The chapter includes three sections: first section is about woman issues as an individual, section two is about identity and Others with their conflicts, section three is specified for social Identity and Others in the novel.
Volume 11 · Issue 5 · October 2024Women From the Viewpoint of Westerners in the time of Aylul Revolution (1961-1975)
Hero Abdulla Omer, Rasoul Muhammed Rasoul
Western writers have appreciated the role of women who had a crucial position in their own societies. This perspective is related to the nature of their society, which the west have always valued women. They believe in the significant role that women could play in society and influence on revolutions and events in different eras and circumstances. The Aylul Revolution of Iraqi Kurds, as a turning point in their contemporary history, has been a matter of debate to the Westerners. They visited the areas of Iraqi Kurdistan which had been liberated by the revolution and paid attention to the role that people from different communities, played, including women. Women had been delt as significant members of society. Thus, the Westerners have expressed their views on women from different aspects of life. While that times were very tough for women and there were lots of obstacles and challenges, they complemented and helped men during the revolution.
Volume 11 · Issue 5 · October 2024Muslim women's work
Hussein Muhammad Ibrahim, Bakhtyar Najmaddin Shamsaddin
Islam's view of women and their rights is a multifaceted view. Islam’s view of women includes all their aspects and roles, therefore respecting their rights in society as human beings also as a mother, a sister and as a daughter. For each of these women’s status (human being, mother, sister, girl), Islam assigned the rights and fair duties to them and saved them from the oppression of ignorance that has been done to them. Islam also has raised their status and given them the right to participate in building society and improving their levels and abilities. The ruling on women working outside the home is one of the issues that is debated in Islamic centres, Jurisprudence and religious centres have conducted detailed research in this area. If we look at human society today, we see that many women have proved their skills in their work and expertise. They have an active partnership in the development of societies in all areas, even some of those areas that cannot be done without women and without women's participation are close to disability and immobility. At the same time, the work of women in societies has created some problems for society, and women themselves have increased their obligations because of their work and has caused some social problems, including increased crisis and delay in marriage as well as some crimes and other problems. This research aims to discuss the ruling on women working outside the home and determine the conditions and guidelines of this issue and the appropriate places that exist for women to work and the impact of women's work in the economic development of countries and societies. It raises all these from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence.
Volume 11 · Issue 4 · August 2024Women's Political and Economic Role in The Empire of Achaemenid
Shalaw Mustafa Abdalrahman, Hassan Qadir Mahmood
Women played a significant role in the political and economic realms of the Achaemenid Empire. This role is due to the rights given to women by Zoroastrianism and later institutionalized into law within the empire's constitution. This allowed women to actively participate in political decision-making and engage in economic activities of their society. Within the royal palace, women wielded considerable power and influence, often serving as key figures in the ascension of kings to the throne. Therefore, when someone became king with the support of his mother or sister or queen, he could not disobey the queen or mother or sister during his reign. Moreover, women in the palace and among the Persian dynasties formed their own groups, safeguarding their economic interests and political positions. The groups have often been used to spy, kill and oppose those who have acted against the interests and orders of senior women Thus, any discussion of the political and economic field of the Achaemenid state would be incomplete without acknowledging the pivotal role and influence of women within these spheres.
Volume 10 · Issue 4 · December 2023The Cultural role of woman in Sulaymaniya City (1975_1990)
Amanj Hassan Ahmed, Avan Ahmed Abdulla
This paper entitled ""The Cultural role of woman in Sulaymaniya City 1975_1990"" aims to introduce the role of woman in Sulaymaniya and analyze it through a scientific methodology. Years between 1975_-1990 is considered as an important stage in the history Sulaymaniya since many activities have been till the present time. Moreover Sulaymaniya at that period of time was developing socially, intellectually, and culturally. Furthermore, women were practicing new ideologies and practicing new concepts of freedom which made woman's feeling compared to the other areas in Kurdistan wider. The reason for this shifting beside the pervious mentioned reasons; is that people were more open minded .Therefor, the existence of ,many women figures who broke the traditional norms of life had a great influence on the forms of thinking; among those were the talented writers. University, institution, journals, and the musical groups widened the space for women and enabled them to ride their horses. The establishment Sulaymaniya high school's musical group was the start point for women to practice their freedom and participate in artistic activities.