History Petroleum and Bitumen and Their Uses by Muslims in The Abbasid Age (132-656 AH / 749-1258 AD)

Abstract

know humans Petroleum and tar since ancient times, especially the people of the Levant in Mesopotamia and Persia, before the advent of Islam and the beginning of the Abbasid era. The Muslims used Petroleum and bitumen in the fields of making ships and boats, and the Muslims used Petroleum in the industry as burning weapons of war, medicine and lighting at night, and the area of ​​covering the walls of the bathhouses with bitumen and road tar... Therefore, we chose this topic to research the importance of the material and minerals, Petroleum and bitumen in the lives of Muslims and the scarcity or absence of a study and research on the history and uses of Petroleum and bitumen in this historical obstacle. This research consists of an introduction and entrance and the two axes , with the most prominent results and a summary of the research in both Arabic and English languages and a list of sources and references. The first axis is devoted to defining the term Petroleum, bitumen and its industry in Islamic sources in the Abbasid era. As for the second axis, we talked about all the wells and wells of Petroleum and tar in all the areas under the hands of Muslims and where Petroleum and tar are extracted. In the third axis, we presented the importance of Petroleum and bitumen and its most important uses for Muslims in the Abbasid era.