Issue 2

The Impact of Place on Personality in Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills: An Eco-critical Study

Yousif Najat Awla

This study uses the ecocritical approach to examine the place’s impact on personalities in Ishiguro’s (1954- ) first novel A Pale View of Hills (1982). The research is based on the major tenets that have been elicited by some ecocritical figures. First, the paper throws light on the fact that a certain place has the power to define and direct the characters’ feelings and thoughts. In other words, it is an attempt to portray the interconnectedness of place with characters. Then, it clarifies that the physical setting is more than just a mere stage to be performed on. The study also analyzes the link between man’s essence and his/her surroundings. Next, it tries to probe beneath the fact: how the experience of displacement and dislocation has impacted the writer, his fiction, and the main characters. In addition to the emotional disturbance, the study also highlights the consequences of displacement on the characters. Afterward, the research sheds light on the human’s reciprocal relationship with the land. The study raises these questions: how do people view cities and countryside? Are they affecting the characters similarly? Most importantly, how are people’s life and death linked with their surrounding environment? The research points out that stronger forces, outside ourselves, determine who/what we are. Moreover, it focuses on the place’s power to make people nostalgic about their past. Later, it ascertains what is meant by the concept of “ur-place” and “territoriality”; also how a certain place can be a land to attain man’s unattainable dreams. It is worth mentioning, this study promotes ecocriticism, which is one of the most humanitarian science and literary approach. Last but not least, it also aims to shift the people’s concern and consciousness toward the places’ significance and urges them to change their perspective to the surrounding environment, practically.

The significance of Stage Directions in Aristophanes' Peace

Shokhan Rasool Ahmed

Abstract This study is principally concerned with the staging of Aristophanes’ Peace. John Dee (1527-1609) was the first person to design a clever stage-effect for Greek drama, Aristophanes’ Peace, and made a giant beetle that could move from the air down to the stage. The nature and status of stage directions in this play will also be investigated, paying particular attention to the status of stage directions in printed text, and whether these stage directions were originally written by the playwright himself or were revised or supplied by editors, scriveners or members of the theatre companies. The paper will also evaluate how the technology of the Elizabethan playhouse facilitated the appearance of dung-beetle on stage. There was a great demand in the Elizabethan era for plays about spectacular tricks. People at that time were delighted in the dexterity of the supernatural mysteriousness of the magician and witches, and moreover there was a popular appetite for spectacles within such a play. One of the most widespread themes in legend and Elizabethan stage is the flying of supernatural entities. Dragons and dung-beetles are physically manifested differently on Elizabethan stage compared to Medieval and Jacobean stages. Flying of dragons and beetles had a remarkable fiery effect in theatre to create a new genre of spectacle in presenting princely power and martial values to the audience. The special effect of John Dee’s flying scarab for a Cambridge performance of Aristophanes’ Peace also prompted ‘great wondering and many vain reports spread abroad of the means how that was effected’ (Jefferies, 2011). In Aristophanes’ Peace, Trygaeus rides on the back of a giant dung beetle to the heaven in order to arrange peace for the Greeks. The flight scene offers an element of slapstick comedy to the play and makes a comical history out of the flight of the giant beetle. John Dee’s stage directions in Aristophanes’ Peace are very elaborate and clear which help the reader imagine how the play was staged (Hall & Wrigley, 2007). The findings of this study would be beneficial for the researchers, the students of English department and theatre companies.

Analysis of Social Deixis in A Night in Khanzadʼs Life

Diman Ezzadin Khidhir, Suhayla Hameed Majeed

Abstract Pragmatics is branch of linguistics that studies language in context, therefore, there should be a relation between language and context that surrounds the utterance. One of the manifestations of this relation is social deixis. Social deixis is the linguistic expressions that show the status of the speaker, the addressee, or a third person or entity referred to, as well as the social relationships holding between them. Social deixis deals with forms of address and the way are used by the communicators. This study aims to identify and analyse social deictic expressions in the play "A Night in Khanzad's Life" written by Hama Kareem Hawrami. This study helps the reader to understand the theme of the play more clearly through the use of social deictic expressions. It is concerned with both types of social deixis and how each type is related to the social identity, relative power and social relation between the characters.This study uses descriptive and qualitative method, because it identifies and analyzes both types of social deixis (relational and absolute) in the texts found in this play. The study is based on Levinson's theory on deixis (1983). The texts are taken from the play "A Night in Khanzad's Life".The steps to analyze the play are reading the play, finding the types of social deixis, analyzing and classifying the types. The dominant type that is used by the writer in this play is relational social deixis.

Using Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis in Evaluating Teachers’ Performance Level of High Schools (12th grades) in Kurdistan Regional Government

Luqman Sleman Omar

The Ministry of Education – Kurdistan Regional Government (MOE-KRG) currently depends only on the students’ grades in the evaluation of the teachers’ performance level in all subjects as low, medium, or high performance. Relying just on one variable to determine teacher’s performance is not fair and this problem must be resolved statistically through finding new proposed statistical model. Therefore, this study tries to find some variables that are available in MOE-KRG for all high schools in order to use them in the proposed model to predict teachers’ performance level instead of the old one. This study aims to predict teacher’s performance level of high schools (12th grades) in KRG who teach Kurdish subject, and also analyze the effects of variables that have impact on the evaluation of teachers’ performance level depending on the data that are available in the MOE-KRG. In this paper Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) method is used to find a proposed model for evaluating teachers’ performance in Kurdish subject using the data of all scientific high schools in KRG (646 high schools). The teachers' status was analyzed by selecting nine variables related to the high schools: sector (governmental or non-governmental), geographic location, type of education, status of school (exemplary, non-exemplary), gender of student, year of school establishment, number of classes, number of teachers and student’s average marks in Kurdish subject. It is concluded that four of these variables (student’s average in Kurdish subject, number of classes, geographical location and status of school) have significant effects on teachers' evaluation in 12th class of scientific high schools, and the overall percentage of correct classification is about 87%, it that means the Ordinal logistic regression model has an ability to predict teacher’s performance level very well.

Uttered Kurdish digit recognition system

Saman Muhammad Omer, Jihad Anwar Qadir, Zrar Khalid Abdul

Speech recognition is a crucial subject in human computer interaction area. The ability of a machine to recognize words and phrases in spoken language is speech recognition and then convert them to a machine-readable format. Digit recognition is a part of the speech recognition system. In this paper, three spectral based features including Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC), Linear predictive coding (LPC) and formant frequencies are proposed to classify ten Kurdish uttered digits (0-9). The features are extracted from entire speech signal, and feed a pairwise SVM classifier. Experiments including each individual feature and different forms of fusion are conducted and the results are shown. The fusion of the features significantly improves the result and shows that the different features carry complementary information. The proposed model is experimented on the dataset that have been collected in Kurdistan. Key words: Speech recognition, MFCC, LPC, Formant frequencies, uttered digits, SVM

Semantic Study of Polysemy of CAN/COULD

Sangar Hassan Najim, Anjuman Muhammad Sabir

The polysemous phenomenon exposes the diversity of meanings within the same lexeme, English modals auxiliaries have more than one interrelated meanings (i.e. they are polysemous). This paper describes three meanings of CAN (plus its derived form COULD) : possibility, ability and permission. The flexibility of meanings in CAN/COULD has been applied on English journals in different fields (i.e. politics, literary criticism, science-tech, sport and health).The paper concludes that the meaning of CAN/COULD denotes possibility is more frequent in the Science-Tech than in the other fields.

An Approximate Solutions of two Dimension Linear Mixed Volterra- Fredholm Integral Equation of the Second Kind via Iterative Kernel Method

Talaat Ismael Hasan

Abstract: In this work, we reformulate and apply iterative kernel method (IKM) for solving two dimension mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equation of the second kind (MVFIE-2). The suitable algorithm for IKM is suggested and the programming for of the algorithm of the technique is written by Matlab programs. The computer application for the algorithm is tested on a number numerical examples. The results which are obtained by this technique compared with exact solution and some new theorems are proved; for decision the results computing the least square error (LSE) of the IKM and running time (RT) for the program.

Kurdish EFL Learners’ Spelling Error Types and Sources

Jamal Ali Omar

Abstract The current study investigates the types and sources of spelling errors of Kurdish EFL learners. To this end, 82 argumentative articles written by university-level students were analyzed to identify the spelling errors. The process of classification and identification of the error type in the research was based on Cook’s (1997) familiar categories of errors. The results obtained showed that the type of errors were omission, insertion, substitution, transposition, space accuracy and capitalization. Those errors were originated from various sources among which instructional, overgeneralization and pure were prominent. It was also concluded that letter/sound correspondence creates problem for the learners. Interpretation of the results implies that pedagogical decision and further research is required in the learning context of Kurdish EFL learners.

Evaluation of Water Quality and the Efficiency of Ifraz-2 Water treatment plant-Units

Imad Ali Omar

Abstract: Water treatment plant (WTP) is essential for providing clean and safe water to the habitants. There is a necessity to evaluate the performance of (WTP) for proper treatment of raw water. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the quality of treated water by investigating the performance of Ifraz-2 (WTP) units located in Erbil City, Iraq. For assessment of the (WTP) units, samples were taken for a duration of five months from different locations: raw water (the source), post-clarification processes, post-filtration processes, and from the storage tank. Removal efficiencies for the units, and for the whole (WTP) were calculated and presented. Obtained removal efficiencies for the sedimentation unit; filtration unit; and the entire Ifraz-2 (WTP) were 91.51 %, 64.71 %, and 97.29 %, respectively. After the process of disinfection and storage, the valued of the turbidity of the treated water were ranged from 1.2 to 9.7 (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) NTU. Besides, water quality index (WQI) for the (WTP) was studied and calculated for 14 physicochemical water quality parameters. WQI for Ifraz-2 (WTP) was 51.87 and it is regarded as a good level. Also, operational problems have been detected and reported during the research period, especially during sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Suitable solutions have been reported to the operational team.

The democratic deficit in the European Union (EU)

Abdullah Kadir Faqe Ibrahim

ABSTRACT: Changing the nature of the EU through treaties from economic to political has raised many questions concerning the democratic deficit. The main question is whether there is a democratic deficit in the EU? if so, how could it be reduced? This article addresses the theories of some notable EU Scholars regarding the democratic deficit and analyses their solutions for the issue. The first section examines the concept of democratic deficit in the light of the arguments of Hix, Majone, and Moravcsik. According to Hix, the EU suffers from a lack of accountability, weak parliament, and indirect legitimacy. In contrast, Majone and Moravcsik believe that the EU does not need to be legitimized in a similar way of democratic states because it is considered as a regulatory state. The second section studies the democratic deficit between the redistributive policies where there are winners and losers similar to majoritarian, and regulative policies where there are no losers even if all are not winners. The final section explores the solutions provided by the abovementioned scholars with highlighting the view of Hix. Accordingly, the scholars unanimously agree on the existence of democratic deficits to some extent as the EU acts like both intergovernmental and supranational organisation concurrently.

الدِّلالاتُ المعْنَويَةُ لِصيغَةِ(أَفْعَالٍ) في القُرْآنِ الْكَريمِ

Muhiadeen Muhammad Said

Abstract: This study aims at investigating the Quranic words which are formed using the metrical unit "Formula afeal function on Sensual meanings”. It is well-known that understanding semantics in Quran is based upon understanding the connotation of its lexical items in addition to the structures used in it. The current study also enriches the Quranic and linguistic studies. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it locates the words which are formed using the metrical unit "Formula 'afeal" then reveals the semantic and morphological meanings of this group of words. It also sheds light on some linguistic phenomena that are usually related to such kind of studies. The study throws light on the role of context in determining the semantic meaning, regarding attentively both synonymy and polysemy and referring to some examples of collocation.

دور الإعلام الجديد في تعزيز أنماط المواطنة في إقليم كوردستان العراق

Kawa Ezzadin Abdulrahman

Abstract New media have a powerful force on the course of events and means of pressure on the political authorities. The aim of the research is to know the role of new media in promoting citizenship in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, in order to achieve that was chosen party cadres reached (120) cadres in the five Kurdish parties, and to measure this objective was adopted measurement patterns of citizenship and the one who will be the final formula (18) items in all political, economic and social area. Researchers haveextracted honesty and consistencyfor each of the terms; the appropriatestatistical methods have been used. The most important outcomes of the research are new media produces a culture of political participation, unites economic policies and contribute to spreading the culture of equality.

ملامح كردية مباشرة في روايات ( محي الدين زنكنه )

فائق مصطفى أحمد & هاوزين عبدالخالق غري

Summary Moheddin Zangana, the writer and playwright, lived in an Arabic environment, which influenced his written language. His writings were written on a variety of subjects and imitated the life aspects of the society in general, written in Arabic and were creative in it. The novelist, was not far from the idea of ​​his Kurdish community, but established his life to serve this community through his pen, was his novels took place in the cultural centre , his novels were not superficial, but the details of the oppressed life of the Kurds, known for his lucid and easy style, which were expressing the issues of his community which formed a large area of ​​his life, these stories were not just stories and personalities, but exceeded the limits of reality and entered the world of imagination of the writer to express the members of his oppressed community that suffered from persecution and deprivation, deprived of the most basic rights, and most importantly is the right of self-determination. In his novels, Moheddin Zangana, was able to present his idea through Kurdish names and figures. The Kurdish images are repeated in his novels, including Kurdish areas and mountains, in addition to Kurdish customs and traditions, which confirms his belonging to this society, which fought all the difficulties in achieving its goal. Features related to the Kurds, especially the features that dealt directly with the Kurds.

أسلوب القرآن في بيان الأحكام الشرعية التكليفيّة

محمد عبد الباقي إبراهيم

Abstruct: This research ( The Style Of Al- Qura’n in the Statement of the Legislative and Commanding Adjudication ) is talked about the Holy Quran does not have a special way to explain the orders of the rightful which it has within the laws and the books of understanding ( Fiq). It has some different clauses and expressions, because of this Quran talks about duty in some ways that talks about doing duty. Or the duty is obliged to do on human, or talks about how they get desert in order to doing the duty, or the duty is away to get goodness. And God asks to give up them and keep away from doing these forbidden things which they are reasons to get God’s intimidation and threating human to go into Hell and no doing God’s orderings and go close to Evil (Shaeettan). And doing these things which God tells human and deserts them because of not doing some works and not punish them because of doing their duties, this is called unsavory ( Makrwha). And so there are some other works that God lets human to make their decision to do or not, and without pay attention between doing or not doing. This is called Halal ( Mubah). It means without blaming and complement on it.

چه‌مكی ئه‌ده‌ب و ڕه‌خنه‌ی ئه‌ده‌بی‌ له‌تێڕوانینه‌كانی ( كامیل حه‌سه‌ن به‌سیر)دا.

هاوکار قادر رەسوڵ

ABSTRACT The current study entitled The Concept of Literature and Literary Criticism in Kamil Hassan Basirs’ Views” is a critical study that deals with Kamil Hassan Basirs’ literary views and criticism as far as theoretical basis is concerned. Therefore, the study revolves around what is called ( critical criticism). The purpose behind choosing his works is related to his well- informed knowledge regarding literature in general and criticism in particular. Furthermore, it serves to be a scientific reflection on the works of a treasury and outstanding critic in the country considering that his works have not been paid much attention within the field of literary criticism as well as in an academic setting. The aim behind this study is to review and evaluate, on one hand, Basirs’ views which have a remarkable position within literary essays in general and critical essays in particular. On the other hand, his views carry his own forms and distinguishing features. For this reason, the researcher has found it necessary to take his views into consideration under the concept critical criticism. The method of the study is analytical descriptive. It consists of two main parts. The first part sheds some light on Basirs’ views regarding poetry, poets and specifying the role and the participation of Kurdish literature in Kurdish society. The second part is devoted to the terms and concepts concerning criticism in Basirs’ viewpoints. It also studies the qualifications of the critic and the requirements of the scientific criticism. The paper ends with the conclusion in which some important points are concluded.

لێکدژی و دوانەی خۆشەویستی و نیشتمانپەروەری لە رۆمانی "ئەڤین و شەوات" ی سدقی هروریدا

محمد امین عبدالله & پەخشان علی احمد

Summary This research is about the novel of (Avin and Shawat) by the novelist (Sidqi Hirury). It consists of introduction, abstarct, and two parts; in the abstarct a summary of the novel and general introductaion are discussed technically. In the first part, love and patriotism are argued and the effect of these two topics on the heros of the novel (Sardar) and (Chnar). In the second part, we try to make a balance between this novel (Avin and Shawat) with another Kurdish novel which is (Zhani Gal). Although the time of writing of these two novels is more than half-century and the events happens in two different times and it reflects two different districts and cities (Duhok and Sulaimany) because of Kurds situation and Kurd's individual in both times and districts were under invaders control, that is why lots of events and tragedes exist and similar in both novels.

پەیووەندی نێوان زمان و خەسڵەتەکانى کەسایەتى

لیــا حسن محمـد

Abstract Research was devoted to focus and show the relationship between language and personality traits of the individual, as well as stressed that the means of social communication, especially in the expression of self and understanding of others, and language has the main role in building the personality of the individual, because it An important means of cognitive, mental and emotional construction of the individual. This research examines the role played by language in building, forming and defining the personality traits of the individual, as well as to address the factors and theories that explain the acquisition of language in the individual, and the relationship of language with the psychological aspect, because there is a strong relationship between linguistics and linguistic psychology, and in another aspect I felt that Turning to some aspects related to traits and personality, theories and characteristics, for this divided the research into two chapters: Chapter One: Dedicated to the various linguistic aspects related to the formative aspect of the individual personality. Chapter II: Dedicated to aspects of traits and personality and theories and various things related to them. At the end of the research, reference was made to the findings. Keywords: language, traits, personality.

كارلێكەری پەیامی هەڵمەتەكانی راگەیاندن لەنێو دەنگدەران لە هەڵبژاردنی پەرلەمانی كوردستان (30/9/2018) توێژینەوەیەكی روپێوییە، لە نێو جەماوەری شاری هەولێر، كەناڵی 24K وەك نموونە

ئاریانا ئیبراهیم محمد, شیلان یاسین خضر

پوختە: لەبەرەبەیانی مێژووەوە مرۆڤ گرنگی پەیامی بانگەشەكردنی زانیوە، كە لەرێگای ئامرازەكانی پەیوەندییەوە، لەبەردەستدایە بۆ گەیشتن بەجەماوەر و متمانەپێهێنانیان. وتاربێژی و گفتوگۆی دوو قۆڵی ئاشكرا یان بە نووسین (گوتاری نوسراو) ئامرازی كۆنی بانگەشە كردنن، كە لە سیاقی بانگەشەی سیاسی و ئایینیدا بەكاربراوە. بۆیە ئێستا لەو سەردەمەدا بانگەشە بۆتە هەڵمەتی سەرەكی راگەیاندن و وەك چەمكێكی نوێ لە ئامرازەكانی راگەیاندن بەكاردێت. لە پێناو ئاگاداركردنەوەی جەماوەرو ئاراستەكردنی جەماوەر بۆ وەرگرتنی هەڵوێستێكی دیاریكراو. لەسەرەتادا ئەم چەمكە لەسایەی تێكەڵبوونی راگەیاندن لەگەڵ بەشە مرۆیی و زانستییەكانی دیكەدا، لە زۆر بواردا دووبارە دەبۆوە، وەك هەڵمەتەكانی هۆشیاركردنەوەی تەندروستی، هەڵمەتی هۆشیاركردنەوەی كۆمەڵایەتی، بەكارهێنانی مانای هەڵمەت لەبواری سیاسیدا لەكاتی هەڵبژاردنەكاندا، لەكەش و هەوایەكی دیموكراسیدا....هتد. لەم سەردەمەدا هەڵمەتەكانی راگەیاندن بووە بە زانستێكی سەربەخۆ، بە توێژینەوە دەوڵەمەند دەكرێت و كتێبی لەسەر دەنوسرێت و بڵاودەبێتەوە. ئەم توێژینەوەیە، توێژینەوەیەكی روپێوییە توێژەر ئامانجیەتی كاریگەری پەیامی هەڵمەتی راگەیاندن لەنێو دەنگدەران بەتایبەتی لە هەڵبژاردنی پەرلەمانی كوردستان (30/9/2018) لەنێو جەماوەری شاری هەولێر بخاتەروو كەتیایدا K24 وەك نموونە وەرگیراوە. توێژینەوەكە لەسێ بەش پێكهاتووە: بەشی یەكەم: تایبەتە بە میتۆدنامەی توێژینەوە و چەمكەكان. بەشی دووەم: تایبەتە بە كارلێكەری و پەیامی هەڵمەتەكانی راگەیاندن. بەشی اسێیەم: لایەنی پراكتیكی توێژینەوەكە لەخۆ دەگرێت. لە كۆتاییدا توێژەر پێشنیازی ئەوە دەكات لە هەڵبژاردنەكانی داهاتوو پتر بایەخ بە پەیامی هەڵمەتی راگەیاندن بدەن و بەشێوازێكی زانستیانە پێشكەشی بكەن، چونكە پەیامی هەڵمەتی راگەیاندن زۆر كاریگەرە لەسەر دەنگدەر.

ڕەنگدانەوەی نووسینەوەی مێژوویی لە گۆڤاری گەلاوێژدا

توانا ڕەشید كەریم

Reflection of Historical Writing in Galawezh Magazine The study aims at highlighting the importance of Galawezh magazine, which was issued during 1939-1949, in the process of historical writing, with its ten years of historical inventory in the fields of (Kurds and Kurdistan history, Second World War, the press history, developments and internal events in Iraq, etc).This magazine was characterized by an active presence in following up the historical material and political developments at a sensitive stage in the history of the Kurds, Iraq, and the world. Building on this, the research is divided into two sections: the first one deals with the historical development of Galawezh magazine through its objectives, form and contents, meanwhile the second one is dedicated to the role of the magazine in historical writing through the most important fields that the magazine worked for and how to deal with historical topics. Finally, the researcher has come up with a number of conclusions, mainly: The historical subjects occupied a high proportion in the magazine writings, especially in the field of history of the Kurds, which in turn contributed to the development of the historical writing movement in Kurdistan. The magazine also followed the rapid political developments witnessed by Iraq and the world.

ڕەنگدانەوەی سەبکی عێراقی لە شیعرەكانی حەریقدا

بەرزان علی پیرۆت, هێمن جاسم محمد

The title of the research is (The reflection of Iraqi Style on Hariq‌s poems) In Persian language the word (Sabk) stands for the word (Style) in English and (Shewaz) in Kurdish. Persian Literature stylistically is divided into (Khorasani Style, Iraqi style and Hindi style). style is the lingual, ideological and literary characteristics that is common in a certain period, and poets follow it. As Persian literature has had strong influence on Old Kurdish Literature, so in this research it has been tried to explain the lingual, ideological and literary characteristics that (Sirus Shamisa) has invented it of Iraqi style on Hariq. The content of the research consists of two parts, the first aspect is about (concept of style, definition of style and the reasons of coming out Iraqi style, the second aspect is about (The characteristics of Iraqi style in terms of (lingual, ideological and literary). The second part is about practicing Hariq‌s poems and determining the characteristics of Iraqi style with poetical examples.

دادوەری (قضاء) (لە دەوڵەتی مەروانیدا 380-489ك/990-1069ز)

عطا عبدالرحمن محی الدین & دیمن حسیب أحمد

Abstract Such as other dynasties in midlle agesThe State of Marwaniy (Marwanid Dynasty) ، particularly in 4th-5th Hijry(10th-11th Gregorian) centuries، was run their own statehood as best possible way. This is due to following and applying the adminstartion system which was integral to the highes level and central adminstrative system of the Marwaniy‌s state. Marwaniy state was interested of justice as it put judges for every cities and twons. The Judge position in Marwaniy state was taken from Abassi administartive system، but Marwaniy state hadn‌t Chief Judge position as existed in Abassi and Fatimy ruling system. The Chief Judge was manged all judges across the state acting as Justice minister in modern ruling systems. The judges in Marwaniy state was selected according to his expreinces، knowleges. However there was some judges from certain clans selected to be a judge based on inheritance، but not anyone from Marwaniy royal family hadn‌d selected as a judge. There was some judges took responsibilty to run two cities in the same time، judging and staying 15 days in each cities. As well as some of the Judges have been fired from judgung due to different reasons.

"ریپۆرتکردن" وەک ئامرازێک بۆ کپکردنی رای جیاواز لەبارەی دینی ئیسلامەوە ) پەیچ و ئەکاونتە ریپۆرتکراوەکانی "فه‌یسبوك" بە نمونە (

Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Hersh Rasool Murad, Hardawan Mahmoud Kakashekh

These days, media new tools made an open public sphere to send messages to abroad easily, and those tools are good mediums for developing and growing debating and exchanging different ideas such as social media, particularly Facebook which is a free medium for everyone with their different backgrounds. This study is an attempt to discover actions by users who try to implementing religious censorship on different ideas and views, which they use Facebook standards and Terms for reporting pages, accounts and posts on Facebook. This study consists of three parts, the first part is methodology of the research, the second part is theoretical framework of the research which focus on explaining social media, reporting terms and conditions on social media, different views and criticizing of religion. In this part the role of Facebook in expanding different view and freedom of beliefs and religion views will be explained. The last part of this study will focus on analyzing ideas and views of page and account owners who been reported because of criticizes religion as a sample of the study which they been interviewed. In conclusion the results and recommendations of the study will be enlightened.

هێرمنيۆتيزه‌كردنى بوونگه‌راييانه‌ى مێژوو له ‌ڕۆمانى (كه‌شتيى فريشته‌كان)ى به‌ختيار عه‌لى- دا

ئیبراهیم عبدالرحمن محمود & ئارى عوسمان ڕۆستهم

Abstract: This research, which is entitled "Existentialism Interpretation of the history in the story of Angel Ship's by (Bakhtiar Ali)) represents an effort to the study of the historical event through the context of the novel in terms of Existentialism philosophy and based on the Existentialism method of intrtpretation because the novel (Angel`s Ship) is considered as the biggest novel attempt by it`s author so far. The research consists of two sectons and the most important objective that the researcher has reached. The first section consists of two axes. The first one deals with the terminology of history and the ways to define it according ti the scientific criteria while the second one deals with the most important philosophical doctrines and their perspectives with defining it`s terminology. The second section of the research consists of four axes. The first one deal with clarifying the author`s perspective and how to comprehend and present history. The second one is about the historical human existence and the ways to reach this existence. The third one deals with the subject of controlling the history and the human status in this field. The fourth one consists of the concept of beauty nd how to lead it to the safety, followed by the results that have been reached with the list of the different references and abstract in both languages: Arabic and English.

Religious Attendance and Political Participation in Kurdistan Region

Jalal Ahmed Abdullah

Abstract Studies in the western countries have shown that political participation has a very strong correlation with religious tendency. Those who are members of religious institutions or those who go to pray in their holly sites tend to be more active politically and become members of civil society compare to those who do not have religious tendency. While in the eastern countries, there have been studies that prove the more religious people are, the less politically active they are. This study, tries to explore the relation between religious tendency and political participation in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The quantitative data have been collected in the cities of Erbil, Sulemani and Duhok with the sample of 354 cases who have been chosen in multi-stage randomly. Gender, Age, Education level, and social status were among the measurement that was used along with 19 more questions on political participation and religious tendency in the questioner. The study found that participants’ religiosity is negatively correlated with their political participation, the type and direction of the relation between two variables, does not change depending on the forms of the political participation.

بیرکردنەوەی ناعەقڵانی لای خوێندکارانی زانکۆی ڕاپەڕین

پێشەوا بابەكر برایم, سیڤان عمر اسماعیل

وێژینەوە گرنگەی بابەتی بیركردنەوە لەوەدایەكەزۆر لەسایكۆلۆجستەكان وبەتایبەتیش پێشەنگەكانی قوتابخانەی مەعریفی باوه‌ڕيان وايه‌‌ بيركردنه‌وه‌ يان به‌گشتى مه‌عريفه‌ ڕۆڵێكى سه‌ره‌كى و گرنگى هه‌يه‌ له‌ چۆنيه‌تى ده‌ركه‌وتنى ڕه‌فتارى مرۆڤ، يه‌كێك له‌ شێوازه‌كانى بيركردنه‌وه‌ بيركردنه‌وه‌ى ناعه‌قڵيه‌ كۆمه‌ڵێك بيرو باوه‌ڕ كه‌ له‌ ناو ئه‌واندا زۆرلێكردن ، ئه‌رك و ڕه‌ها گه‌راى به‌شێوه‌يه‌كى به‌رچاو بوونيان هه‌يه‌، وه‌ده‌ببێته‌ هۆى ده‌ركه‌وتن و تێكدانى هه‌ست و ڕه‌وفتاره‌كان، ئه‌م توێژينه‌وه‌يه‌ هه‌وڵێكه‌ بۆ زانينى ئاستى بيركردنه‌وه‌ى ناعه‌قڵانى له‌لاى خوێندكارانى زانكۆ به‌شێوه‌يه‌كى گشتى، هه‌روه‌ها زانينى ئاستى بيركردنه‌وه‌ى ناعه‌قڵانى له‌لاى خوێندكارانى زانكۆبه‌پێى گۆڕاوه‌كانى(ڕه‌گه‌ز، قۆناغ،كۆلێژ) ئه‌م توێژينه‌وه‌يه‌ له‌ چوار به‌ش پێك هاتوه‌ به‌شى يه‌كه‌مى تايبه‌ته‌به‌ ناساندنى چه‌مكى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ به‌شى دووه‌مى تايبه‌ته‌ به‌لايه‌نى تێۆرى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ به‌شى سێيه‌مى تايه‌به‌ته‌ به‌ لايه‌نى مه‌يدانى توێژينه‌ونه‌كه‌ به‌شى چواره‌مى تايبه‌ته‌ به‌شيكردنه‌ونه‌ى ئه‌نجامه‌كان خستنه‌ ڕووى پێشنيار و ڕاسپارده‌كان ، هه‌روه‌ها توێژه‌ران ميتۆدى وه‌صفى به‌كارهێناوه‌ له‌توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌دا ،كۆمه‌ڵگاى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ى پێكهاتوه‌ له‌ كۆى خوێندكارانى زانكۆى ڕاپه‌ڕێن، مشته‌ى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ى پێكهاتوه‌ به‌شێوه‌ى هه‌ڕه‌مه‌كى هه‌ڵبژێردراوه‌ كه‌له‌ (200)خوێندكارى كۆلێژى زانست و كۆلێژى په‌روه‌رده‌ى بمه‌ڕه‌ت قۆناغى يه‌كه‌م قۆناغى چواره‌م، ئه‌و كه‌ره‌سه‌ى به‌كار هاتوه‌ بريتيه‌له‌ پێوه‌رى بيركردنه‌وه‌ى ناعه‌قڵانى(خلافى،2016). گرنگترين ئه‌و كه‌ره‌سه‌ته‌ئاماريانه‌ى به‌كار هاتوه‌ پێكهاتوه‌ له‌ ناوه‌نده‌ژمێره‌ى و هه‌گبه‌ى ئامارى (spss)ئه‌لفا كرۆمباخ، گرنگترين ئه‌و ئه‌نجامانه‌ى كه‌ توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ به‌ده‌ستى هێناوه‌ بريتيه‌له‌ ئه‌وه‌ى كه‌ بيركردنه‌وه‌ى ناعه‌قڵانى هەیە له‌لاى نموونه‌ى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌، به‌ڵام هيچ جياوازى نيه‌ به‌پێى گۆڕاوى ڕه‌گه‌ز و كۆلێژ.له‌كۆتايشدا پێشنيارو ڕاسپارده‌كان خراونه‌ته‌ ڕوو.

بنیاتی ڕووداو له‌ ده‌قی شانۆیی (هاڤاڵی به‌ئه‌مه‌گ) ی (میدیا زه‌ندی) دا

عطا رشید حسین

Abstract: This paper gives a detailed introduction to create the structure of event. Finally, We can conclude the following points: -Narration is an important point of this play ,in other words ,narrator's role to practite the style of the writer and her ideology in this text . -The techniques of Narration clarify all events as a classical style (series). -The elements of the text are (time , location , characters , event,…).It is well known that event of text is the most important element to create an artistic play. In addition, the event simplifies the hidden points of the play and life. -The writer narrates serial events using a simple poetic language to convince the readers about social and real events. This is not a weak point of this play but the simple language is necessity of this text. -The dramatist (writer) could use the technique of drama to express her poetie aim (i.e Literary and Artistic) elements in the same text (play). -The events of plot in this text, both sides (main events and secondary events)are quoted from people's daily life mixing realism and imagination. In this way, the dramatist uses a real poetic style to express Social problems in society,it means all elements have been accomplished in dramatist's mentality and her imagination as a literary style and fantastic text.

کاریگەريى زيحافه‌كان لە سەرمۆسیقاى تەفعیلەکانى حه‌شووى دێڕى شیعرى کلاسیکى کوردى

نوزاد وەقاص سعید & هیوا نورالدین عزیز

ناسنامه‌ وه‌ك لێكه‌وته‌یه‌كی تاراوگه‌

یادگار ڕەسوڵ حەمەدەمین & كەیفی محەمەد عەزیز

Abstract: The abstract of this paper is part of a PhD. Thesis, and for the purpose of publishing an extracted study, we presented Identity as an Exile Aftermath with Reference to some Kurdish novels as its title. The impacts of identity towards the details of exile has been shown in the AbdullAllah Sarajʼs WNGA , Farhad Peerbalʼs Hotel Awrupa, Ahmad Malaʼs Panahanda, Deedar Maseefiʼs Elshya and Rewas Ahmadʼs Zhin. This paper focused on the conditions of being exile, people's daily lives with those who are indigenous peoples and those who, just like them, are exiled .Further, it points out how they showed their identity as a way to defend themselves not to lose their identity among the foreign nations over there. They employed identity as a tool for their existence. For this purpose, those who have been exiled used their individual identity as well as their national identity. Key words: Assimilation and Integration, Discrimination, Association, Self-Identity, National-Identity.

نمونه‌ گه‌لێكى په‌رستراوه‌كان له‌ بڕواى ئايينى عێراقيه‌ دێرينه‌كان و هاوتاكانيان له‌ جيهانى ده‌وربه‌ر

Muhamad Amin Ali

Abstract This study entitled “ Example of idols in religious belief among ancient Iraqis and their counterparts in the surrounding world”, highlights on some natural phenomena affecting the population of ancient Iraq and other areas, which became sacred and goddess later. The study also attempted to address the natural phenomena and the nature, characteristics and functions of these idols, in addition to focusing on other things related to these idols. In addition to six axes in addition to the findings of the study.

Affixal Regualrity and Generality in Kurdish

Roza Raza Tahir

The present study aims at analyzing the regularity and generality of derivational affixes in Kurdish. The study chooses ten affixes so as to discover their regularity and generality which are (-y, ba-y, -āna, -i:n, -awa, -āndn, bê-, nā-, -ar, and –ai:y). It will be shown that regularity and generality are strongly tied to productivity. So, the study illustrates the degree of productivity of each affixes so as to show which one has the highest and the lowest degree of productivity.