Volume 10
Issue 4
- Published
- 29 December 2023
- Articles
- 40 articles
- Access
- Open Access
Table of Contents
-
01
Social Science Original Research pp. 1-20
The Impact of Civil war on the Balakayati and Warte Region 1993-2000
Azad Ali Maulud, Luqman Braim Ahmad
Balakayati and Warte region, an area of a considerable magnitude, It is located in northeastern part of Hawler province. Throughout the latter part of the nineties of twentieth century, the region had become the battleground of civil war between the political parties of Southern Kurdistan. Those wars have left a profound and lasting negative economic, societal, and educational impact. Which tens of people were killed and the social contacts were hugely damaged. On the other hand, Internal wars and conflicts had extermly impacted on education and health sectors, and led to poverty and destruction. It is worth mentioniy thet, this topic is neglected by history researchers. Therefore we decided to conduct research on this significant issue. This research paper includes an overview about Balakayaty and Werte, moreover two sections connected to economical and social negative impacts on the district.
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02
Social Science Original Research pp. 21-46
The Role of Intercultural Dimension in Developing EFL Students’ Negotiation of Meaning in Salahaddin University-Erbil
Runak Ibrahim Hama, Nada Jabbar Abbas
The recognition of the intercultural dimension as a key component in language learning and teaching has been one of the most significant changes in the last few decades. The nature of the experience of teaching and learning languages has significantly changed as a result of this transition. This quantitative study presents the results of an investigation of the role of the intercultural dimension in developing EFL students’ Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) and negotiation of meaning at Salahaddin University-Erbil (SUE). The aim of the study is to find out teachers’ and students’ perceptions about the intercultural dimension in language teaching and to discover the role of the intercultural dimension in developing students’ negotiation of meaning. That is to say, to what extent does being aware of other cultures, especially the target culture develop students’ knowledge, skills, awareness and attitude to effectively and meaningfully negotiate? This study attempts to find out whether EFL teachers in SUE integrate culture into classes or not. For the purpose of data collection, a total of 148 EFL students and 30 EFL teachers in the College of Education, College of Languages, and College of Basic Education at Salahaddin University-Erbil were selected as the study participants. Instruments such as teachers’ and students’ questionnaires were used to collect data from the participants. The result of the study revealed students’ and teachers’ positive perceptions towards the intercultural dimension of language teaching. Also, the findings confirmed that the intercultural dimension in language teaching develops students’ knowledge, skills, attitudes, and awareness of students’ own culture and others which are fundamental for students to negotiate meaningfully and effectively with speakers of other cultures. The result also revealed that despite teachers’ positive attitude towards the intercultural dimension in language teaching they do not fully integrate culture into their classes due to the shortage of time and being obliged to follow and finish the curriculum
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03
Social Science Original Research pp. 47-79
The Cultural role of woman in Sulaymaniya City (1975_1990)
Amanj Hassan Ahmed, Avan Ahmed Abdulla
This paper entitled ""The Cultural role of woman in Sulaymaniya City 1975_1990"" aims to introduce the role of woman in Sulaymaniya and analyze it through a scientific methodology. Years between 1975_-1990 is considered as an important stage in the history Sulaymaniya since many activities have been till the present time. Moreover Sulaymaniya at that period of time was developing socially, intellectually, and culturally. Furthermore, women were practicing new ideologies and practicing new concepts of freedom which made woman's feeling compared to the other areas in Kurdistan wider. The reason for this shifting beside the pervious mentioned reasons; is that people were more open minded .Therefor, the existence of ,many women figures who broke the traditional norms of life had a great influence on the forms of thinking; among those were the talented writers. University, institution, journals, and the musical groups widened the space for women and enabled them to ride their horses. The establishment Sulaymaniya high school's musical group was the start point for women to practice their freedom and participate in artistic activities.
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04
Social Science Original Research pp. 80-99
Cognitive flexibility among students Kindergarten department in Kurdistan region universities
Sozan Muhammed Rasu, Ban Sabah Yahya
The University is considered an important academic center to prepare students for a better future. University students will face many changes during their studies, which may affecting their overall performance, study and decision-making. Their problems and adaptation mean high cognitive flexibility, as some students cannot adapt to their problems. This study aimed to determine statistical differences in cognitive flexibility among kindergarten students in Kurdistan Regional University. Knowing the different levels of cognitive flexibility statistics among kindergarten students according to university variables (Salahaddin, Sulaimani, Raparen, Halabja , Garmian). The determine statistical differences in cognitive flexibility between first and third- grade students of kindergarten departments in each of the Kurdistan Regional University. the researcher uses a quantitative descriptive method because it is appropriate to the nature of the research. Sample selection The researcher random sampling from the kindergarten department, which consisted of (345) students and they divided into five universities (Salahaddin, Sulaimani, Raparen, Halabja , Garmian), the researcher was able to prepare the measure of cognitive softness using the measure (Al-Mayahi, Razi, 2019), and the researcher used the SPSS program as a method to analyze the data. Results of the study cognitive flexibility among kindergarten students is at a high level, there is a difference in cognitive flexibility according to the university variable, there is no difference in cognitive flexibility between first and third grade students in kindergarten in each of the universities in the Kurdistan Region. Based on the results Obtained by the researcher, the researcher makes some suggestions and recommendations to the places related to the research.
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05
Social Science Original Research pp. 100-125
The role of Advertisement in Promoting Marketing in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Dana Othman Hussein, Omer Hassan Aliasghar
Tourists will have a significant impact on these purchases and sales as a result of these well-designed and eye-catching advertising that appear and care about marketing. The general public services should provide the relevant details regarding the tourist destination as well as the amenities and services provided to them. Tourists will gain from participating in this tourism program; completing this task will not be unpleasant because it is a service. Tourism, unlike other things, is not always available, the items supplied to visitors cost more than that amount of money. The price of the services and the tourism sergeant will undoubtedly satisfy the visitors. Here, the visitor must return many than once in order for us to have a nice guest and also become a market catalyst for unpaid warm marketing. Previously, spreading the word about a place was done by "word of mouth," which meant telling friends to visit, but now we are all on the same scope. With the strength and effectiveness of the marketing campaign for visitors, we shouldn't lose sight of the importance of an honest letter or marketing campaign that accurately describes the amenities and services offered by an institution or service provider.
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06
Social Science Original Research pp. 126-153
News Frames of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Websites
Farooq Jameel Kareem
This study aimed to reveal the news frameworks of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the (Rudaw) and (BBC) Arabic websites. The study adopted the content analysis method within the descriptive approach, as its sample consisted of all news materials published on the two websites during the first week of the war, for the period between (24/2/2022) until (2/3/2022). The total sample during the mentioned period amounted to (183) news for both sites. The study reached several results, most notably: There are statistically significant differences in the framing of the news of the Russian-Ukrainian war by the both websites. (Rudaw) focused on news briefings, while (BBC Arabic) focused on news reports in the first place. The two sites did not rely on media sources from the two sides of the conflict, while Rudaw obtained information by monitoring the accounts of senior officials of the two sides of the conflict on social media (18,55%). The results also show that the both websites depend on their correspondents and delegates in the manufacture and transmission of news with a very small percentage. While news reports were prepared by the both websites' correspondents from other countries such as the United States, Germany and Britain, not on the battlefield or on the territory of the two warring countries. With regard to the persuasive frameworks used in presenting the news, the results showed that Rudaw was more reasonable and neutral, while BBC Arabic was biased towards sympathizing with the Ukrainians and portraying them as an oppressed people. The main reason for this difference may be the reflection of the official and political position of the funder of both sites, as Rudaw refrained from any attempt to make an impact and attract the attention of the recipient, as it tried in (90,72%) of its news to convey facts and information only, leaving the decision and interpretation to the recipient. Contrasted with (BBC Arabic), which used several terms such as: occupation, invasion, crime, violations, in order to convince the public of its tendencies towards sympathy with the Ukrainians.
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07
Social Science Original Research pp. 154-174
Conceptual Metaphor in English Economic News Reports
Naz Jamal Mohammed, Hoshang Farooq Jawad
When the world of economy developed, various reports have been written and published via TVs, radios, websites and the like. The writers of economic news mostly use abstract concepts which usually seem boring and misinterpreted by ordinary people. To make them interested in such news, figurative language is manipulated. One of these rhetorical devices dominantly used in this genre is conceptual metaphor (CM) which is regarded as a vehicle in perceiving the world around us. The present study highlights its salient roles and implications in selected English economic news reports. It aims to identify, analyze, qualify and quantify the patterns of conceptual metaphor: structural, ontological and orientaional, adopted in English economic news reports. To do so, three economic news reports have been selected from Mail Online and U.S. News. The former is a news website in the United Kingdom and the latter is a news website in the USA. The data have been chosen randomly for each type of conceptual metaphor and have been analysed accordingly. The results indicate that the most dominant pattern of conceptual metaphor is a structural metaphor and the least frequent is an orientational one.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper7 1 views Read article -
08
Social Science Original Research pp. 175-200
Comparison between the Computer Curriculum in public schools in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq and Jordan
Saber Bakr Mustafa, Begard Omar Hassan
This study aims to analyze and compare three computer curriculum Text books, which are the information technology book for the seventh grade in the Kurdistan region, the computer book for the first intermediate grade in Iraq, and the computer book for the seventh grade in Jordan, in order to know which fields in the books have the greatest space and importance, and the areas that It has the least space and importance. To achieve the objectives of this research, all the topics in the three books have been analyzed. The research community consists of three books (Information Technology/Kurdistan Region, Computer/Iraq, and Computer/Jordan). To implement the objectives of the research and collect information, the classification form was used as a research tool consisting of 175 sections, and after the issuance of the validity and reliability of the research tool, this form was divided into 100 experts in the field of computer in universities and governmental and non-governmental institutes in the Kurdistan Region, as well as education teachers in basic public schools. After taking the opinions of experts, analyzing them and emptying the research tools, statistical formulas were used, such as (percentage, arithmetic mean), the most important results of the study were presented.
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09
Social Science Original Research pp. 201-224
Role of Political Environment on Content Editing in Kurdish Satellite Channels
Ibrahim Saeed Fathulla, Kawa Eizzadin Abdulrahman
This research in time with the wide range of the democracy and ethics duty spreads in KRG Television station out any requires on the journalist's, day after day everything gets change, but the action will request more awareness of how to collect and editing the information and how to broadcast it. the objectives of this research relate to a warning about how the media content influences the political environment on the KRG satellite Channels. For this reason, this research depends on the survey methodology, a survey to find out the opinions of all academic experts in the field of public university media departments in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq, duration from February, 2 till May 4, 2022. The characteristics of the research think that all media channels and journalists can’t consist of professional skills (values, measurements). On the other hand, the researchers come to the conclusion that the political environment affected the media content, as. At the same time, besides the demography of the research, there are no differences in measurements that will reveal the positive direction.
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10
Social Science Original Research pp. 225-245
The impact of the efficiency and effectiveness of financial control bodies on improving the financial performance of government institutions
Omar Hussien Abdalrahman
The research aims to identify the impact of the efficiency and effectiveness of financial control on improving financial performance in public institutions in Sulaymaniyah Governorate، and this study followed the descriptive analytical method. The study population consisted of workers in the financial and supervisory affairs in public institutions in Sulaymaniyah Governorate، and the study sample consisted of individuals who practice control and audit work in the Department of Financial Supervision Bureau in Sulaymaniyah Governorate، and (34) questionnaires were distributed from which (30) questionnaires were retrieved valid for analysis. The statistical figure represents (88%) of the study sample. Among the most prominent recommendations of the study is the need to develop a plan of priorities for the application of procedures and standards for financial control، defining a set of indicators to follow up the efficiency and effectiveness of the practices of the procedures of financial control bodies and their achievement of control objectives. This study also found that appropriate legislation and qualified cadres have a positive impact on improving financial performance in the financial departments of public institutions. Based on the previous results، the study recommends improving the legislation that governs the work of financial oversight bodies، as well as the supervisory legislation that governs financial operations and organizes their procedures in public institutions، and also recommends working to provide appropriate cadres to carry out financial control tasks for external financial regulators، financial departments and internal control units in public institutions، and preparing the budget in a way that leads to the largest possible reduction in deviations.
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11
Social Science Original Research pp. 246-268
The method of writing history According to Hisamaddin Naqshbandi
Shwan Othman Mustafa, Shamal Ahmed Mhamad Salh
We cannot call everyone who writes history and records events a historian، because the work of a historian is difficult and responsible. It requires a certain scientific curriculum and approach based on a number of spiritual tools such as honesty، objectivity and impartiality. Hassameddin Naqshbandi is one of the prominent Kurdish historian who played an important role in writing Kurdish history in the middle ages in general and the Islamic period in particular، even as an expert in Islamic history in his historical writings and publications، within the framework of his historical research in all three historical periods (medieval، modern and contemporary) he relied on analysis in the transmission of historical texts، in addition to describing historical events in an objective manner Religion، regionalism and nationalism in this field، not only worked as an ordinary historian، but at the same time he was a proofreader، critic and worshipper. This research consists of two main works of hassamedin Naqshbandi and the second is about his method of writing history.
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12
Social Science Original Research pp. 269-277
Intertextual Criticism: Unveiling Literary Connections in Elif Shafak's Works
Hozan Othman Ahmed
This paper explores the concept of intertextual criticism and its application in the works of renowned Turkish-British author Elif Shafak. By examining the intricate web of literary connections in Shafak's writings, this study aims at uncovering the intertextual tapestry woven within her narratives. The methodology involves close reading and analysis of selected works and a comprehensive survey of intertextual sources. The critical approach utilised is a comparative study, which examines the influences, allusions, and references to other literary works in Shafak's novels. The discussion highlights intertextuality's thematic, structural, and cultural implications in Shafak's works. Ultimately, this article concludes by emphasising the significance of intertextual criticism in enhancing our understanding of Shafak's unique literary contributions.
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13
Social Science Original Research pp. 278-301
The concept of poetry in the poems of Sherko Bekas
Luqman Raouf Ali
This research works on the concept of poetry, so the concept and definition of poetry have been discussed in general according to different stages, but in particular the concept of poetry has been worked on and introduced by Sherko Bekas, and this introduction is the first text. Poems that talk about the concept and recognition of poetry in all the poet's divans have become the material of the study, in order to present the opinion and definition of poetry from the poet's point of view, along with bringing back the poet's view of poetry in the dialogues with him, later comparing them, for the purpose of uniting, or having differences in their opinions.
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14
Social Science Original Research pp. 302-321
The Relationship between the World and Language in Bertrand Russell's Philosophy
Aram Qadir Sabir
In the contemporary philosophy and more specifically in philosophy of language, one of the essential issues of philosophical studies is the relationship between language, the World and knowledge about the world. Bertrand Russell as one of the leaders in logical analysis in contemporary philosophy considers logical foundation as significant pillar for language. He defines language, meaning knowledge in the context of logic and he forms the world in the logical facts. From here, a link between language and reality will be created, and thus there is an intention to break the other traditions. Bertrand Russell tried to write many books and essays and his literary heritage has become an important asset in philosophical discourses. This study aims under the Russell’s arguments to analyze the relationship between language and the world. It attempts from a different perspective to reach a different form of existence and world. This purpose helps in language activities in manifesting correct knowledge about the world that it has facts, events, state of affairs, reality and logic. Russell's attempts to connect between language and reality in the world produced many valuable arguments and thesis. This is on the foundation of logical analysis changes language to propositions and changes the world to facts instead of things. In addition, arranges all theories about meaning, descriptions, proper names and knowledge through the atomic propositions. Furthermore, he based his understanding to the external world, existing of things and the relations between them on logical language.
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15
Social Science Original Research pp. 322-342
Nali al-Shahrazouri's creed opinions on prophecies Analytical research
Zana Nagy Abdullah, Sabah Muhammad Al-Barzanji
Throughout the history of the Kurds, we have had many scholars and writers whose peers are few among the Kurds. Among them, a poet by the name of Mullah Khader—nicknamed Nali—rose to appearance. More significantly, he has been recognized as one of the primary figures in the development of Kurdish literature written in the Sorani dialect in the nineteenth century and the Kurdish classical poetry school. Therefore, as part of our accountability, we performed an excellent research of the terminology and idioms employed in his book by scholars and theologians. After many years, we no longer see writers and academics among the Kurds and other nearby nations caring for his literary works. As a result, we are carrying out this tremendous and historic duty in compliance with our religious and literary responsibilities. There is no doubt that in light of his being influenced by his readings of Arabic and Persian literature, which are rich in theological and religious subjects, including dogmas, he composed many poems against doctrinal and theological issues, including the prophetic aspect, issues of prophecy and the message, his view of the prophets and messengers, not to mention the hadith of the prophecy of our master Muhammad (PBUH), his understanding of it in The miracle, which motivated him more to compose many verses about this chapter and put them in his collection, is reflected in the strength of his strong faith, cultural and intellectual ties that he drew from the luminaries of the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic hadiths (PBUH). So; We seek, through this study, to know the extent to which he was affected by the faith, as well as to add high-end knowledge to the product of the Kurdish people's thought about one of their most prominent poets, and to answer many questions about what is raised about the literature related to faith and important verbal references. We realized that he was an inspiring poet and a man of knowledge in this field, and he had the upper hand in how to select the doctrinal and verbal terms and their consistency in a verse, even on several occasions, he fell into purely verbal discussions with his peers. It is worth noting that the study included two main topics and several demands, with reference to the most important results that we reached. By God, we ask that we were able to add new information, even by a line, to the history of our Kurdish thought.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper15 0 views Read article -
16
Social Science Original Research pp. 343-356
Alienation and Power in Doris Lessing’s The Fifth Child
Jwan Adil Mohammed
In her novel "The Fifth Child", Doris Lessing illustrates the rigidity of a patriarchal society. The analysis of masculinity in this study shows that society as a whole, in addition to its criminal subcultures, are maintained by the masculine law and order, which encourages prejudice against those who do not fit into the norms of society, believe in authoritarian social systems, and favor rational solutions to moral judgments. Therefore, Lessing has fostered the complexities of social relationships between husband and wife from various socioeconomic strata in terms of a crippled child, Ben. Her unbiased insight into the thinking of society’s underprivileged women as well as those who represent the oppressive established society sheds light on various aspects of patriarchy. For this purpose, the current study intends to investigate Lessing’s treatment of women’s alienation and power. It aims to look at psychological conflicts, social alienation, and social status and power through the art of characterization and plot construction.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper16 1 views Read article -
17
Social Science Original Research pp. 357-377
The Discourse and its References in Maha Hassan's Novels - Selected Models
Sara Zaid Mahmood, Latif Muhammad Hasan
This research was written under the title (The Discourse and its References in Maha Hassan's Novels - Selected Models). It aims at clarifying the concept of discourse and its references in the works of the Syrian-Kurdish novelist (Maha Hassan). This topic has been chosen due to the fact the previous studies have not tackled the mechanism of discourse formation and its references in the work of this novelist, and her vision of the world that she conveyed to us through narrative discourse techniques, including: the narrator and his/her listener, which are studied in this research. The importance of the research lies in addressing topics relating to Man and our Modern Age including: migration, women, identity, sense of belonging, center and margin, and others. In this study, the researcher draws on the (formative structuralist) approach, which links literature to the product and society, and shows the dialectical relationship between narrative discourse and society. It also focuses on the relationship of the artistic structure of the literary work with reality and social awareness because the novel as a literary work, particularly that of Maha Hasan’s, is closely related to society and its transformations. In conclusion, the researcher arrived at several results, including: there is a clear difference in the experiences of (Maha Hassan) as a novelist in Syria and in France. Migration provided her with a suitable atmosphere to reveal her Kurdish identity, and it also provided her with the freedom to express her vision to the public, and to express her feminist bias.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper17 0 views Read article -
18
Social Science Original Research pp. 378-401
The Level of Psychosocial Support of Parents for Children during Kindergarten
Hazhar Qadir Ibrahim, Rangin Abubakr Pirot
The objectives of this study are to realize the level of psychological and social support of parents through the study sample in general and to comprehend the level of psychological and social support based on some variables, such as gender of children, types of kindergarten (public or private), economic status of family. Thus, to achieve the aims of the study, a scale of 19 items was prepared with each section consisting of three options. After extracting the psychometric characteristics (reliability and validity), the research scale was carried out through interviews with the sample of 318 children between the ages of and (5-6) in the kindergartens of Ranya city. Later, the interview forms were collected and the results were analyzed using the SPSS program. The results revealed that the level of psychological and social support generally exists, and based on the variables, no major differences of psychosocial support were noticed in the study sample, except for the gender variable which was higher among girls. Finally, some recommendations and suggestions were presented.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper18 0 views Read article -
19
Social Science Original Research pp. 402-423
The effectiveness of a counseling program in reducing emotional deprivation in children
Sara Ismail Othman, Omer Yasin Ibrahim
This research aims to identify the effectiveness of a counseling program in reducing feelings of emotional deprivation among children. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used a quasi-experimental approach, and the study sample consisted of (24) children who were randomly distributed to the experimental group (12) and the control group (12). The researcher prepared a measure of emotional deprivation consisting of three dimensions (psychological, social or relationship status, cognitive). The method of apparent honesty, and the stability was measured using three methods, the first (retest) with a value of (0.88) for the emotional deprivation scale, the second (Alfa Cronbach) and the value of stability was (0.86) by the Alpha Cronbach method, and third, the researcher extracted a proven value in a way (splitting midterm) and its value was (0.82 The researcher reached the following results:. 1- There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in the pre-test and post-test of emotional deprivation. 2- There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in the pre and post tests in the emotional deprivation scale according to the age group variable. 3 - concluded that the counseling program had an effect in reducing emotional deprivation among children in favor of the experimental group, so the researcher presented some recommendations and suggestions.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper19 1 views Read article -
20
Social Science Original Research pp. 424-448
Philosophical Pessimism in Contemporary Kurdish Poetry with the Example of the Poems of (Jamal Ghambar, Barzan Hastyar, Abdullah Pashew)
Zhiro Kamil Ajal, Idrees Abdulla Kurdish
This research is entitled "Philosophical Pessimism in Contemporary Kurdish Poetry with the Example of the Poems of (Jamal Ghambar, Barzan Hastyar, Abdullah Pashew)". The paper discusses philosophical pessimism as a multidimensional subject in modern Kurdish poetry and the root of pessimism in Kurdish and other languages. Specific concepts and themes of pessimistic philosophy such as nihilism, death-loving and doubt have also been theorized and practiced. Finally, we have reached several conclusions that philosophical pessimism in contemporary Kurdish poetry is a pessimism that has emerged under the influence of a number of literary movements such as Surrealism, Absurdism, Dadaism and Nihilism. However, philosophical pessimism in Kurdish poetry is more of an intellectual than an ideological issue for most poets.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper20 0 views Read article -
21
Social Science Original Research pp. 449-471
The Aesthetics of deviating of word structure of Nawzad Rafaat’s poems
Shakhawan Farhad Mohammed, Ibrahim Ahmed Shwan
This research entitled “The Aesthetics of deviating of word structure of Nawzad Rafaat’s poems” is a phase to display and identify the literary devices that estimate aesthetics as a criteria genre of poetry in which it reveals the beauty of poems. It is also a definite attempt to highlight the deviations made on word structure used in the poems. In addition, that demonstrates the poets’ active methods, ability, energy, conversational skills and expressions in using deviations to embody and express aesthetics in his poems.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper21 1 views Read article -
22
Social Science Original Research pp. 472-491
Iranian interference in the Syrian crisis after 2011 and its repercussions on its political system
Saman Shukur Sameen
The Syrian crisis that erupted in 2011 is a pivotal development on which the future of regional and international power balances in the region depends. Because of Syria's importance in international politics due to its geographical location, at the regional and international levels, and from the geopolitical and strategic perspectives, which made it the focus of polarization for regional and global powers, as this country - Syria - became a major hub of conflict and competition between those countries. The reality of the Syrian crisis and the internal causes that led to the outbreak of this crisis in addition to identifying the motives for Iran’s intervention in the crisis and the means it followed to achieve its goals. This crisis has left great repercussions on the performance of its regime - Iran - politically, economically, and socially, and the impact of this intervention on its regional influence and its relationship with major powers. Therefore, according to the researcher's reading of the topic, this study examines the motives for Iran's intervention in the Syrian crisis after 2011 and the repercussions of this crisis on the performance of its political system.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper22 0 views Read article -
23
Social Science Original Research pp. 492-514
Coronavirus from Slavoj Žižek's perspective: From Capitalism to Communism
Muslim Hasan Mohammed, Nawdar Zeyad Ridha
The world system has followed capitalism. According to Slavoj Žižek, capitalism is facing many crises. One of the crises created by this system is the coronavirus pandemic. Since capitalism thinks only in terms of profit and the market, it cannot overcome this pandemic with its own rules. Moreover, the main culprit is the political model of capitalism, neoliberalism, as it becomes increasingly barbaric through privatisation, corporations, media and social media. Meanwhile, the coronavirus has instilled fear in people's hearts and expanded the power of the state over citizens. Žižek argues that all these help to sprout socialism and pave the way for a new form of communism. This stems from the fact that capitalist mechanisms and tools cannot prevent a crisis such as the coronavirus. Instead, states, organisations and individuals must resort to communism. This communism embodies more cooperation and coordination, because in times of crisis, neither the state alone and without the cooperation of members of society can overcome the crisis, nor can any state face the crisis alone. However, it is important for the state to avoid implementing a particular ideology, as ideology can lead to totalitarianism and restriction of freedoms. In return, Žižek says that if countries move beyond the nation-state stage and move towards a post-nation state by implementing a new form of communism, our liberation, survival and defence will grow and become stronger. Žižek is also interested in the concept of catastrophe and believes that catastrophe helps to rebuild and revive. Although the coronavirus has caused catastrophe, it carries the seeds of revival.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper23 0 views Read article -
24
Social Science Original Research pp. 515-535
Marketing of agricultural products in the Law for the Protection and Development of Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, and its Evaluation in Islamic Jurisprudence
Fakher Maqdid Ahmed, Ahmed Muhammad Taha Al-Balisani, Sherzad Aziz Suleiman
Marketing of agricultural products is the main factor for the continuity of dealing in the production of any crop or not, and it has an important role in encouraging farmers and urging them to improve the quality of their production; Which leads to an increase in demand, and then activates this cycle of the economic cycle. Muslim jurists, in the past and in recent times, talked about rules relating to the market, marketing operations, its organization and control, and the supervision of all economic operations in it. On the other hand, the parliament in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq spoke about the process of marketing agricultural products through some articles in the law on agricultural development issued in “2008 AD” No. “4”, under the title “Law for the Protection and Development of Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region – Iraq”. This research evaluates the legal articles relating to marketing of agricultural products contained in the Law "Protecting and Developing Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq" in the light of Islamic jurisprudence; This is in terms of the extent to which those articles agree with Islamic jurisprudence. The first topic is devoted to the concept of agricultural marketing, its elements, and objectives. In the second topic, light was shed on the texts related to the marketing of agricultural products contained in the Law “Protecting and Developing Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq”, then the research showed the most important criteria for agricultural marketing in Islamic jurisprudence, and then compared and evaluated the legal texts contained in the said law in Islamic jurisprudence. At the end of the research, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, including: that what was stated in the law on “Protection and Development of Agricultural Production in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq” about marketing agricultural products is a good thing; However, it is not sufficient on the subject, as compared to Islamic jurisprudence, it shows that what is stated in it is much less than what was stated in Islamic jurisprudence on this subject.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper24 1 views Read article -
25
Social Science Original Research pp. 536-566
A Relevance Theory Analysis of Joe Biden's Interview on ABC’s Late-Night Talk Show
Suhair Safwat Muhammed, Aso Ali Mohammed
This research aims to conduct a relevance-theoretic analysis of an interview with American President Joe Biden on ABC's late-night talk show. Relevance Theory was developed by Sperber and Wilson (1986/1995) as an inference-based framework for understanding the cognitive interpretation of language. The model posits that in any given circumstance, the recipient must consider what others say relevant. The recipient must consider what others say is as relevant in any given circumstance. The descriptive-qualitative approach was used to illustrate how Biden constructs his sentences to provide the listener with sufficient evidence to grasp his intended meaning and how the listener employs comprehension strategies to understand the speaker's underlying meaning. Therefore, the research first reveals that Biden conveys his communicative goals clearly and gives enough supporting evidence for the receiver to deduce some of his intentions. Second, for effective communication, both parties must share cognitive context.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 567-592
Aesthetics of Poetic Language in the Dewan of "Nawhi"
Omed Raheem SHamsadin, Mohammed Majid Abdullah
This research, entitled "Aesthetics of Poetic Language in the Dewan of Nawhi", is an attempt to highlight the aesthetics of poetic language in general and the aesthetics of poetic language in particular in the poems of a little-known poet of Kurdish literature It is grammatically defined in the structure of Noah's poetic language, which includes both lexical and syntactic levels. Through examples of his poetic texts, the aesthetic aspects and levels of the poet's poetic language, ability and poetic experience have been identified and presented. To conduct this research, the method (analytical description) has been used to reveal the purpose and content of poetic texts and analyze them grammatically. To achieve the goal, the research is divided into an introduction and two topics, which theoretically discusses the concept and definition of poetic language and in practice covers the structure of Noah's poetic language in terms of grammar. Finally, the results are summarized in several points.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 593-623
Effect of using educational media in familiarizing children with their rights in kindergartens in Sulaimaniyah
Khanda Ali Hama Amin, Saber Bakr Mustafa, Yohan Othman
The aim of this study was to determine the level of familiarity of kindergarten children with their rights ,as well as the effect of the use of educational media in familiarizing children with their rights ,and it is affected by variables such as (gender ,age, children' s ranking in the family). The researcher used an experimental approach, the research community was the (Kurd Genesis / 1 ) kindergarten in the western education directorate in the center of Sulaimaniyah .The sample of study was (30) kindergarten children aged between (4,5) years, were purposely selected , the tool used was individual interviews. The results of study showed that the level familiarity of kindergarten children with their rights is low ,it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the pretest and the posttest ,and the difference was in favor of the posttest, indicating that the use of educational media had an effect on familiarizing children with their rights.It was also found that the variables (gender ,age ,children' s ranking in the family) had no affect on creating with children' s rights.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 624-658
Analysis Hydromorphometric of Qandil River Baisn
Hikmat Abdul-Aziz Hammed Al-huseiny, Yadgar Mustafa Ibrahim
The watershed of the Qandil River is located in the northeast of Sulaimani province and the east of the Kurdistan Region. Physio-graphically, the study area is considered to be a rugged mountainous area, astronomically located between the latitudes (36 13 14–36 31 15) north and the longitudes (44 53 52–45 06 13) east. The area of the watershed is (219 km2) The main objective of this study is to identify the environmental characteristics of the study area and draw specific maps for each of them in order to take the necessary steps to analyze the hydromorphometric area. At the beginning of the study, the natural environment of the watershed of the Qandil River and its effects on hydromorphometric factors such as (Geology, altitude, and climate were analyzed. This is by analyzing the characteristics of each of these genders and their effects at different levels at the level of water resources. In the second part, focused on each of the most important geomorphology and morphometry of watersheds of the Qandil river watershed, which consists of two watersheds. In the first topic, after preparing the map of the river irrigation network, the most important geomorphological features of the watersheds are discussed, such as main rivers, branches, irrigation systems, streams and their types. In the second topic, the most important morphometric measurements were doing for watersheds. On this topic, emphasis was placed on the study of their characteristics (area, shape, altitude, and river network). The results of the study show that the natural characteristics of the study area play a major role in the richness of water resources and the rapid flow of streams, tributaries, and the main river of the watershed.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 659-676
The role of hotel training in evaluating the performance level of employees
Afaf Yousif Noori, Barez Muhammed Wsman
Hotel training is crucial to equipping staff with the knowledge and abilities they need to advance their performance and boost the standard of specialized hotel services، which will have positive effects on the professional، financial، and social spheres. The purpose of the study is to identify the training policies، programs، and standards used in Sulaymaniyah's four- and five-star hotels as well as the standards used to assess employee performance. It also seeks to pinpoint the major issues and roadblocks that prevent the four- and five-star hotels from implementing efficient training programs. The research covered both theoretical and practical issues، and the descriptive analytical approach was employed. On the theoretical side، a number of books، theses، and Arabic publications that focused on hotel training were used as references. The measurement tool (the questionnaire) was created and provided to a random sample of guests in those hotels on the field side. The validity of the hypotheses was examined using the SPSS statistical processing application and a five-point Likert scale. The research produced a number of recommendations and conclusions، the most significant of which is that there is uncertainty in the activation and implementation of hotel training policies in the public and private sectors، and that programs tend to be generally focused on generalization rather than specialization and diagnosis، as well as the absence of hotel professional centers in the public and private sectors. Moreover، there aren't any facilities for professional training dedicated to the growth and development of hotel staff. The necessity to pay attention to the function of hotel training in boosting the performance level of employees in Sulaymaniyah hotels as one of the dimensions to improving the performance of hotel services in Sulaymaniyah is one of the most crucial recommendations. The more readily available these programs are، the higher the level of performance of employees in Sulaymaniyah's hotels. This is in addition to working on the supply of appropriate training programs to increase the performance of the staff level of hotel services.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 677-698
Being in Plato’s idea
Zryan Hamza Aziz, Sarkar Hamarashid Said, Kaifi Abubaker Hamad
Human beings own an intelligent and conscious existence. This distinguishes human beings from other creatures. Human beings are characterized by thinking and asking questions about existence in general, their own existence and the universe. No other creatures possess such an intelligence. We ask why am I here and what is the source and nature of my existence? How did this world come into existence? and many other questions, which have become a problem and occupied the human mind. Before and after the rise of philosophy, the question of existence has been an important issue and an essential problem of all time. Consequently, man has been searching for the truth and answers to his questions. Man's consciousness is imperfect, which has become the source of his desires for self-completion and perfection. This imperfection is an incentive for continuous efforts to comprehend the meaning of existence. Throughout the ages, philosophers have sought the nature of the question of existence according to the times in which they lived. The answers to this question have varied, each interpreting it in a different way. Plato interpreted the question of existence under the influence of a number of schools and philosophers. The absolute existence of the Elites became the basis of the idealistic theory of eternal change, in which Heraclitus' philosophy became an important characteristic of the perceived world and material appearances, and benefited from Pythagorean numeracy. Plato's theory of existence is similar to his theory of knowledge, in a way that rises from the senses to the mind, and divides existence into two parts on this basis: The presence of objects and the presence of consciousness. Plato presents his theory of the origin and creation of the universe, which can be called "Plato's geometric nuclear or mathematical theory" about the nature of existence and the distinction between apparent existence and exemplary existence. In Plato's view of absolute existence, the "idea" and the general existence is the existence from which all things in the world originate.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 699-715
Erasing discourse identities of narrative hegemony Reading in the novel (The Virgin of Sinjar) by Ward Badr Al-Salem
Saman Jalil Ibrahim Mohammed
This research is an attempt to study identity in the novel “The Virgin of Sinjar” by Ward Badr Al-Salem in the light of a group of rhetorical dominions that practiced erasing all its details and composition towards the Yezidi Kurds, especially that the space of the novel has considered the human component as the axis of the geology of the narrative text, and for this the novel came to bear these dominations through a series of narrative sequences that employed the discourse within the circle of erasure. The nature of the research required an introduction in which he explained why we chose this novel to be the sample of the research, and paved for him with a preamble in which I talked about identity representation, followed by two sections, the first section was called “Erasing the Yazidi Identity,” while the second section was marked “Erasing the Kurdish Identity.” Both sections included several manifestations, including a conclusion, and a list of sources and references for the research. This study is based on textual critical reading by tracing the applied procedures of cultural criticism revealing the manifestation of identity representations behind rhetorical dominions in the textual structures of the novel.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 716-741
Operational Risk Assessment and Its Role in Mitigating Damages in Commercial Banks: An Analytical Study of Expert Opinions in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq.
Shakhawan Babakr Hassan, Halmat Rasol Smiel
The aim of this study is to measure and analyze operational risks and identify the most important causes of operational risks in banks in the Kurdistan Region, based on the opinions of experts in this field. Operational risks affect all banking services and operations, such as internal systems, external events and human factors, which can cause significant losses for banks. Therefore, banks need to adopt evolutionary approaches to competition and risk management. To conduct the research, a selection of banks operating in the Kurdistan region was chosen as a case study area to identify the most significant causes of risks in banks. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology was used, relying on (SPSS.V.22) software as one of the standard economic methods for analyzing information obtained from a questionnaire administered to selected banks operating in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq. The study found a significant inverse relationship between operational risk assessment and the reduction of harm in commercial banks. This means that the higher the operational risk standards adopted, the lower the likelihood of injury in banks. Additionally, most banks have a plan for identifying and defining operational risks, and that many of the respondents confirmed the presence of operational risk definition and identified in the bank's approved plan for managing operational risks by the board of directors. This indicates that banks recognize the importance of identifying and managing operational risks as part of overall risk management. Data analytics and results should help increase this awareness and improve business risk management processes and procedures.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 742-752
The impact of an aerobic exercise rehabilitation program on stroke patients' ability to walk more comfortably and some physiological indicators
Faraidun Qadir Hama rash, Saber Mohammad Khaled, Ahmed Saeed Ahmed
Since stroke is the third leading cause of mortality worldwide, numerous studies must be done to attempt and determine what causes it, how to diagnose it quickly, and how to treat it properly to prevent advanced stages or total disability. The list of most frequent neurological system injuries includes stroke, which leaves victims with motor disabilities. Walking is one of the most frequently used motor skills since it is so integral to daily living, and a stroke frequently results in issues with how the body moves generally, such as the ability to walk. As we know, physical exercises, including aerobic exercises, are nothing more than operations to subject the vital systems of the body under the influence of physical exercises that lead to the occurrence of physiological and morphological changes that result in an increase in body efficiency and his ability. The injured person is treated by taking care of the manifestations of weakness of some muscles, ligaments, and joints. The current study sought to determine how an aerobic exercise-based rehabilitation program affected stroke patients' ability to walk and several physiological parameters. The study's findings showed that the rehabilitation program using aerobic exercises affects the improvement of walking skill and some physiological variables among stroke patients. The researchers used the experimental approach in a one group design, and the sample size was ten patients with stroke who were referred to a physiotherapy center in Koya city.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 753-796
The Extent of Consideration to the Cultural and Environmental Principles by the Digital Televisions in the Kurdistan Region
Hawre Mahmood Rasool, Salam Nasreddi Sulaimani, n Muhammad
Digital media is significant in diverse fields of human life, cultural structure in general and environmental culture in particular. It has a special theme in society. This is related to the effects of digital media on the individuals and society in all different areas of human life either negatively or positively. Therefore, taking any field into consideration more than others, it would mean structuring and developing this field by the society. This paper focuses on the degree of concerning the cultural and environmental principles by the digital televisions in the Kurdistan Region. It aims to determine to what extent have the digital televisions concerned about the principles of cognitive, social and structural principles of environmental culture. For each of these principles, it determines the issues that are dependent on each of these principles and defines the extent of their coverage by the digital televisions of the Kurdistan Region. In order to explain how different environmental contents are in the media products and what environmental issues each of these contents concerned. The methodology of the current paper is the analytical method to the media products of four digital televisions during a season in three months. The environmental products of the targeted televisions were divided into three groups and several dependent units were analysed for each group. The research reached several results, the most important among them were the level of caring about the environmental importance was in a good level in terms of evaluating the quality and quantity of their media products during the targeted time of the research. And many environmental products were published within the time of researching. Although the broadcast of the aforementioned environmental products was not only for the purpose of environmental relevance and the channels broadcasted these environmental products for other purposes. However, these products became the recipient's influence on the environmental cultural structure, as well as the researcher's analysis tools.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 797-811
The Political Economy of Class Formation and Class Structure in the Southern Kurdistan: 1991-2021
Dilshad Sabri Ali, Eyyub Kerimi
This article examines the dynamics of class formation from a historical sociology perspective after the formation of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), roughly from 1991 to 2021. It then reviews the KRG period (1991-2021) to trace the process of class formation in the newly-born government. After that, the researchers explore the pattern and nature of class structure and the state in the Southern Kurdistan from 1991 to 2021. This article presents the role of the world economy and the Southern Kurdistan political parties in class formation. For example, the government relied on the selling of natural resources such as crude oil, and a small proportion of people received a tremendous amount of wealth from the government by utilizing political power, and their class position changed to a new one, which is a bourgeois class. As this is a historical sociology study, the following theories will be used: Dependency theory and the world-systems theory are essential in this article because they will evaluate the relationship between classes and compare the Southern Kurdistan with other countries in the capitalist world system. The qualitative methods which have been used in this article include critical analysis of written sources and secondary data, including official statistics of the KRG.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 812-841
Negative concept of bound morphemes according to use theory
Muhamad Qadr Muhamad Amin
This research is about (Negative concept of bound morphemes according to use theory). It is an atttempt to determine those morphemes which carry the negative concepts. It means they convey a weird and awkward meanings, that a speaker use them purposely to show the negative aspects of human nature. In spite of their negative meanings, in some circumstances they carry normal concepts. In this study, based on the available examples, depending on the data and figures, the precentage of both of them will be showed. This research will answer the following questions: What are those morpheme concepts which expresse the negative meanings? Which one of these concepts is more powerful and productive, and which one is the weakest? Are prefixes more productive, or suffixes? The purpose behind choosing this subject is to show the importantce of those morphemes and their negative meanings, compared to their normal use, which has an important scientific results.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 842-864
The spread of dialects and languages between branching and fading in the light of botany
Sabah Rashed Qadr
The languages that spoken on the earth are between growth and decay, for this it has many factors. The type of destruction dependent on historical circumstances. (Baker, 2003) assumes that, as a historical result of the confrontation of two nations in two very specific circumstances in combining elements of the two languages and creating a new language, The Morphological differences play a role in the resistance of languages to extinction, When they neighbor each other while they have different morphological classes (for example, Kurdish and Arabic). Therefore, for the above reasons, it is often more favorable to preserve the language in all its dialects than to try to standardize it. This research is entitled (The spread of dialects and languages between branching and fading in the light of botany). The foundations of this idea belongs to the views of botanists about the way plants grow in relation to different environments. Converting this idea to the field of dialectology appeared by the linguist (Hudson). Linking this model to plant developments in different environments is the focus of analysis in this model, and the research delves into its explanations in some linguistic phenomena and manifestations that have not been addressed in previous models and theories, such as the separation of dialects from their languages, and the remaining of speakers of a dialect in a confined area, far removed from its dialect or their original language? Can languages in their speakers' resistance in linguistic conflicts, be likened to the secretions that plants produce in the face of all the dangers and pests that pose a danger in their growth process and in different environments? The research tries to answer all the questions، that have been closed to satisfactory solutions.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 865-886
Teachers’ Perceptions Associated with Student Considerations in The Flipped Learning Model
Abubakir Muhammad Mahmood
This study explored primary school teachers' opinions on the effects of Flipped Learning (FL) depending on the grade level and subject matter taught in an EFL environment in Kurdistan. Teachers of a Bradost Private School in Raniyah participated in the study. Data were gathered by using a survey tool borrowed and modified by the researcher. 18 teachers participated randomly. Consequently, due to the additional technology needed outside of the classroom, the participants thought that certain students could find it challenging to access. The results show that the mean scores in the area of parent involvement and parent or teacher conferences, the participants strongly agreed that in an FL, video lectures make the class more transparent to parents, and they also believed that discussions with parents focused more on learning than they do on classroom behavior. Accordingly, they believed that time created for in-class activities in the FL allowed for more active learning and increased higher-order thinking for students, based on the following construct mean scores, with instructional considerations in the FL, in the areas of personalized learning, pupils to teacher interaction, active learning, and time for learning. They believe that FL gave teachers more time to improve and tailor education for students. Additionally, they cited favorable opinions of flipped learning in comparison to traditional classrooms.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 887-906
The Cancellation of Documentary Credit in Iraqi Trade Law Compared to the Standards of the International Chamber of Commerce (UCP 600)
Ali Taha Akrem, Younis Othman Ali
This research is about (the cancellation of documentary Credit in Iraqi Trade law compared to the standards of the International Chamber of Commerce (UCP 600)). It is an analytical and comparative study, it is a scientific attempt that sheds light on how to cancel the documentary credit and its impact and effects in accordance with international standards in the International Chamber of Commerce (UCP 600), and compares it with the Iraqi Trade Law to identify deficiencies in Iraqi law. In order to be able in the near future to complete the legal deficiencies in Iraqi law and to comply with international standards. Documentary credit is an important method in the field of international trade that makes commercial movement fast between countries and eliminates fear and anxiety among merchants and those doing business because fear and anxiety ultimately slow down commercial activity. Undoubtedly, the law must take its course to regulate these activities in the best manner. Also, in the end, this research presents a set of results and suggestions, such as the solution to readers and researchers, which must be taken into account upon amending the Iraqi Trade law in the future.
10.26750/Vol(10).No(4).Paper39 0 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 907-923
Impact Of Social Media Advertising on The Profitability of SMEs In Sulaymaniyah City
Karwan Ali Qadir, Naji Afrasyaw Fatah
Nowadays, companies are allocating more budgets to be spent for marketing processes, so they can recognize their products and services by customers to reach the highest sales revenue. However, companies worldwide have taken advantage of social media platforms; in particular, SNS to promote and market their products. As such, the main purpose of this study is to assess and explore the influences of social media advertising on the profitability of Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Sulaymaniyah. The study population considers the total SMEs registered in the Sulaymaniyah Chamber of Commerce & Industry - SCCI. However, the selected sample is a purposive sample, which includes those managers of companies who advertise intensively on social media platforms, which are considered by researchers as the best representative of the research population. Based on the findings of the regression and correlation analysis, it appears that; in general, social media has helped the improvement of the sales of goods and services of SMEs and therefore; led to an increase in the profit of SMEs in Sulaymaniyah. The results of this current study motivate the researchers to recommend SMEs in the SULAYMANIYAH that more promotional schemes should be launched and planned to promote e-marketing business by using social media advertising.
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