History
9 articles filed under this keyword.
Historical Concepts and Their Teaching Challenges from Teachers' Perspective in Basic Education (Third Cycle) in Sulaymaniyah City
Awat Karim Mustafa, Sabir Bakr Mustafa
This research examines historical concepts, which comprise important terms and expressions related to historical events and occurrences that influence the thinking and values of the students and become integral components of students' cognitive structure. These concepts play a vital role in guiding students' lives. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive-analytical method. The researcher designed a survey questionnaire to collect data about teachers' perspectives on historical concepts and their teaching challenges. After validating the reliability and consistency of the designed form, which consisted of 41 items, the research population comprised teachers from central Sulaymaniyah province, with a sample size of 408 teachers. After conducting statistical analysis of the collected data using the One Sample t-test, results showed that the calculated t-value (95.018) was greater than the table t-value (1.990), with degrees of freedom (df) of 399. This proved that according to teachers' perspectives, the concepts present challenges and they are unclear, leading to confusion among students. Additional challenges include insufficient allocated class time and a lack of appropriate teaching assistances are challenges of the teachers. Also, the large number of concepts in the curriculum and the incompatibility of some concepts with students' age levels create some other problems. Moreover, there is a continuous need to update knowledge and teaching methods. To address these challenges, several key points require attention. First, new technology and modern teaching methods should be implemented. Second, it is important to provide continuous training course for teachers to develop their capabilities.
Volume 12 · Issue 6 · December 2025The Effect of Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) Strategy on Academic Achievement in History Among Eleventh-Grade Students.
Rawa Salih Mohammed, Hemn Mahmood Ahmed
This study aims to determine the effect of using Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD)strategy on the academic achievement of eleventh-grade students in History. The researcher followed the experimental approach, relying on two experimental designs (an experimental group and a control group).The research population consisted of all eleventh-grade female literary students at Arenko High School for 2024-2025. The study sample included 43 female students, randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group was 20 students, which they were taught using LRD strategy, and the control group was 20 students, which they were taught using the traditional method. The study's balance included previous year's History grades, Raven IQ test scores, parents' academic achievement, and students' ages in months. The researcher identified the educational material in Chapters 4 and 5 of the New and Contemporary History textbook. He developed behavioral objectives based on Bloom's levels (remembering, understanding, applying, and analyzing) which they were 130 behavioral objectives. He also prepared lesson plans for the academic subjects consisting of three daily lesson plans per week for each research group. The researcher has identified the data collection tools to achieve the research objectives via achievement test, which they were (50) items of multiple-choice type, and its validity was confirmed by presenting them to a group of experts, after calculating the ease or difficulty coefficient, discriminatory power and reliability of the test by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed (0.87), which is a high rate, and thus the final test consisted of 43 items. After the end of the experiment, which lasted 12 weeks, the researcher applied the tools to the study sample. After collecting and analyzing the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the researcher reached this result, there were statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the two research groups in the academic achievement test in favor of the experimental group. In light of the study results, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.
Volume 11 · Issue 6 · December 2024History of songs and music in Sulaymaniyah city(1784-1990)
Adil Mohammed Karim, Ehsan Shakr Zalzala, Azad Hama Abdola
This research deals with the history of song and music in Sulaimani, from the beginning of its establishment to the last decade of the twentieth century (1784-1990). This paper consists of three parts, conclusions and a list of references, The first part is the introduction which contains the research procedure. The second part consists of two basic discussions, each with several branches. The first discussion, the pre-registration phase, the researchers present their discussion through two pieces of evidence. The first evidence is the content of the poems about song and music, while the second evidence is the travel memoirs of the orientalists. In the second discussion, which is the post-recording stage, the researchers try to present the contributing factors that have become a factor for the embodiment and further development of the art of singing and music in Sulaimani, such as: Establishment of military flute, opening of schools and the arrival of bow machine and recording companies, establishment of radio broadcasting house, establishment of the first music institute, establishment of television, opening of music courses, establishment of musical groups in Sulaimani and Sulaimani Institute of Fine Arts etc,... The third part, the Results and, recommendations, suggestions and list of sources, also a summary of the study in English are presented.
Volume 11 · Issue 6 · December 2024The level of acquisition of historical concepts for tenth and eleventh grade literary branch students from the perspective of history teachers
Ahmed Ali Hama, Salam Abdulkarim Abdullah, Awat Ahmed Rashid
The purpose of this research is to prepare an appraisal criterion about the pitch of acquisition of historical concepts in the first and second parts of the history book of tenth and eleventh grades of literary branch students. At the same time, displaying the problem of foreshowing the concepts to students by some of teachers in Chamchamal Education Directorate. In order to hit the aim of the research, the researcher used the attributive analysis content method of. First of all, the researcher differentiated all of the historical concepts of the three vessel (pure, interim and spatial) of the first and second parts of the history book of the tenth and eleventh literary branch. Then preparing (60) multiple questions, which (30) questions were prepared for tenth grade students and (30) questions for eleventh grade students for both genders of males and females of the academic year (2022 - 2023). The tenth grade students of literary branch in Chamchamal education consisted of (621) boys and (399) girls, generally, the students of both genders in the tenth grade of literature consisted of (1020) students who were divided into (17) schools. However, the students of the eleventh grade of literature in Chamchamal consisted of (288) boys and (271) girls. In total, the students of both genders in the tenth grade of literary consisted of (559) students who were divided into (20) schools in the abuttals. Thus, the total number of students in the tenth and eleventh grades of literary brunch in governmental schools of the Chamchamal Education Directorate, The number of students in the region reaches (1579) students. It includes (909) male students and (670) female students. Then the researcher assigned the validity and stability of the devices according to Person's equations, arithmetic mean, test (T. test), after verifying the validity of the tool, The researcher used the statistical program (SPSS). As a result, The researcher discovered that all the historical concepts of the first and second parts of the history of the tenth and eleventh grades with all of the three vessel (pure, interim and spatial) and can be used as a criterion and get benefit from them for the other researches.
Volume 11 · Issue 5 · October 2024The Impact of Alai Suri Kurdayeti Magazine in Disseminating National Awareness
Sirwan Mahmood Rasheed, Mohammed Kareem Saeed
This paper, titled "The Impact of Alai Suri (Red Flag) Kurdayeti Magazine on the Propagation of National Awareness," delves into an examination of the content within Alai Suri Kurdayeti Magazine during the period of the mountain struggle and the revolutionary era, spanning from 1981 to 1982. Despite the protracted history of the Kurdish people's struggle for their national rights, the establishment of a comprehensive national identity remains an indispensable intellectual and vital requirement within Kurdish society, intrinsically tied to the notion of national consciousness. The manifestation of a national identity fundamentally hinges on shared national principles, a common language, culture, religion, history, collective aspirations, and unified political and legal principles, all of which necessitate a heightened state of national consciousness. Throughout the history of the Kurdistan liberation movement, diverse strategies have been employed to attain this identity, with media engagement serving as one prominent avenue. During a particularly sensitive period in Kurdish history within South Kurdistan (1981-1982), the Kurdish Socialist Party (PASOK) issued Alai Suri Kurdayeti Magazine. This publication, apart from accomplishing its political objectives, aimed to acquaint Kurdish society with various facets of life and intellect. Its purpose was to cultivate national thought and consciousness while alerting the community to the imminent threats they faced.
Volume 10 · Issue 4 · December 2023The method of writing history According to Hisamaddin Naqshbandi
Shwan Othman Mustafa, Shamal Ahmed Mhamad Salh
We cannot call everyone who writes history and records events a historian، because the work of a historian is difficult and responsible. It requires a certain scientific curriculum and approach based on a number of spiritual tools such as honesty، objectivity and impartiality. Hassameddin Naqshbandi is one of the prominent Kurdish historian who played an important role in writing Kurdish history in the middle ages in general and the Islamic period in particular، even as an expert in Islamic history in his historical writings and publications، within the framework of his historical research in all three historical periods (medieval، modern and contemporary) he relied on analysis in the transmission of historical texts، in addition to describing historical events in an objective manner Religion، regionalism and nationalism in this field، not only worked as an ordinary historian، but at the same time he was a proofreader، critic and worshipper. This research consists of two main works of hassamedin Naqshbandi and the second is about his method of writing history.
Volume 7 · Issue 3 · August 2020A Look Into The Historical Novel
Jutiar Omer Salih, Hama Dler Amin Mohammad, Kawan Othman Arif
The historical novel— also referred to as ‘historical fiction’ in this paper— is a popular genre of literature and currently one of the rich areas for research within the fields of literature and literary criticism. Although historical novels are usually densely written and filled with factual details, they can effectively bring a historic period to life in engaging and memorable ways. Historical fiction has received so much attention over the years and it has been greatly discussed by scholars, yet one can hardly find a comprehensive definition for it that includes all the characteristics of the genre. This paper investigates the reasons behind this and analyzes some of the definitions of historical fiction in an attempt to form a working definition for the genre. It also studies whether research guarantees the success of a historical work of fiction or not. The paper also explains the purposes behind the production of historical fiction. Clearly, this genre has a long history in world literature also and to have a thorough understanding of it, one may need to look at its background and key practitioners as well. A section of this paper attempts to do that in detail. Besides all the difference historical fiction has made to the world of literature as well as the lives of its readers, several of its aspects have been criticized by scholars. Looking at the criticism is another way to better understand this particular type of narrative.
Volume 7 · Issue 2 · April 2020History writing by the Kurdis in Iraq (1958-1968) is among the books printed in Kurdish language.
Bashdar Omar Rafeeq, Mohammed Abdullah Kakasur
The issue of writing history by Kurdish authors in Iraq between1958-1968 is analysed and explained which is about those printed books in kurdish written and published by Kurdish authors in Iraq. We have concluded that eight history books were published in Kurdish language from 1958 to 1968. Among them, seven of them were written and published from 1958 to 1962 and only one book was published in 1968. This devision of publishing those books has been due to politicial reasons and the emergence of Ailul revolution in 1961. On the one hand, it was due to the political unrest which was a stumbling block for the writing process for authors. On the other hand, however, it was due to the Aylul revolution that led to the restriction of the writing and publication processes by the Iraqi government. The historeans were peoples of different backgrounds in Kurdistan including politicians, army, religious people, school teachers, poets, and scholars. This show the desire of writing history by peoples of different backgrounds in the Kurdish society. Regarding the academic and scientific quality and the methodology of adopted at that time in writing history books, although it cannot be compared by today’s history books, but it was rather narrative and simple. In addition, very few references were usually used in writing those books. This was due to the fact that the history books authors were not historians.
Volume 7 · Issue 1 · January 2020Criticism of Historicism by Karl Popper
Badinan Mohammed Rasool, Hassan Husen Sdiq, Jamal Fathulla Taib
Karl Raimund Popper is one of the influential and prominent philosophers in the 20th century, who had a crucial role in the natural and social sciences. Whatever he discussed was the subject to study and engaged many researchers and intellectuals in it. This thesis is another paper which shows an effective and a wide range of Popper's philosophy field. Popper`s criticism of Historicism is one of his characteristics that he is known for. In addition, it can be said that his two books entitled the (The poverty of Historicism, and The Open Society and It`s Enemies) have been dedicated to this purpose. In this thesis (Criticism of Historicism by Karl Popper), the focus is on Popper`s criticism of Historicism and it attempts to display his perspective on this issue objectively.