Kurdistan Region
30 articles filed under this keyword.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of AI Integration in Higher Education
Pawan Asghar Talib, Kawa Abdulkareem Sherwani
This study utilized Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to investigate English language instructors' perceptions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in higher education within the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, examining how these educators discursively construct their understanding of AI tools, the underlying ideological positions and power dynamics within their discourse, and the institutional and professional identity concerns that surface through their AI-related narratives. Through purposive sampling, 30 English language instructors from Salahaddin University participated in semi-structured interviews lasting 45-60 minutes each. Data analysis followed Fairclough's three-dimensional CDA framework, utilizing both manual coding and NVivo 12 software with inter-rater reliability of 0.87. Four predominant themes emerged with notable frequency: AI tools viewed as pedagogically constrained (89% of participants), concerns about professional vulnerability (76%), ethical integrity challenges (93%), and institutional governance inadequacies (100%). Data saturation occurred after 25 interviews. Results demonstrated that instructors predominantly framed AI tools through deficit-based discourse, establishing themselves as indispensable human educators while voicing concerns about professional marginalization. This research contributes to educational technology scholarship by revealing how faculty in semi-peripheral regions manage technological transformation through discursive resistance mechanisms, promoting contextually appropriate, educator-focused AI integration approaches.
Volume 13 · Issue 1 · March 2026Legal Guarantees for The Protection of The Financial Rights of Public Employees in The Iraqi Kurdistan Region.
Rabar Muhammad Mahmood, Mustafa Hussian Rasool
Public employment is one of the most vital areas within administrative law. It plays a central role in the structure of public administration, particularly when it comes to defining who holds positions in government service—commonly known as civil servants. Civil servants form the backbone of the administrative system. The efficiency and success—or failure—of government operations largely depend on how well these employees perform their duties and how effectively they apply the law in practice. Their performance directly impacts the protection of public rights, especially financial rights guaranteed under existing laws. When someone takes on a public role, the law grants them a set of rights and benefits. One of the most significant of these is the right to financial compensation. Once a civil servant is legally appointed, they become entitled to all the financial and professional rights defined by the legislature for that role. This makes the system governing civil servants’ financial rights a cornerstone of public administration. It's built on a legally defined relationship between the employee and the state. In Iraq and the Kurdistan Region, these financial rights are determined strictly by law, leaving the government no room to alter them arbitrarily. This legal certainty ensures that civil servants’ financial entitlements are protected and upheld.
Volume 13 · Issue 1 · March 2026The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Agility in the Relationship Between Strategic physiognomy and Strategic Excellence
Wrya Najm Rashid, Othman Kareem Mahmood, Lask Arsalan Bayiz
This research aims to study the mediating role of entrepreneurial agility in the relationship between strategic physiognomy and strategic excellence, in light of the organizations’ efforts to achieve excellence in their strategies in the current competitive environment to ensure their distinction from competitors, and due to the scarcity of studies that addressed these variables in private universities, therefore, to achieve the research objectives and test its hypotheses, the descriptive analytical approach was used by designing a questionnaire form that was developed by the researchers based on previous literature and after conducting a set of validity and reliability tests in line with the objectives of the current study, and data were collected from (98) leaders in (5) private universities in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, represented by the universities of (Komar, Cihan, Human Development, Tishk, and Goizha). A set of statistical methods, such as dispersion coefficients and structural equation modeling, were used to analyze the data using statistical software (Amos v. 26, SPSS v. 26). The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of a positive correlation between the study variables (strategic physiognomy, entrepreneurial agility, and strategic excellence), as well as the existence of a significant impact of strategic physiognomy and its dimensions on strategic excellence. In addition, the impact of strategic physiognomy on strategic excellence increases when entrepreneurial agility is present as a mediating variable. Hence, a set of conclusions were indicated that would help in proposing a number of recommendation, the most important of which is the need for private universities to focus on achieving strategic excellence through practicing the dimensions of strategic physiognomy by their leaders, as well as ensuring entrepreneurial agility within them.
Volume 12 · Issue 6 · December 2025The Impact of Media Discourse on The Reciepients Kurdistan Region
Bahaddin Mohammed Abdulrahman, Dlshad Ali Mohammed
This research deals with a topic related to the interactive relationships between Kurdish media discourse and its recipients, as they, that is, those relationships, constitute a structural problem on the communication process and what is intended from it, with its societal details and diverse effects. This means that the problem of this research is (the lack of clarity about the different effects and levels that this discourse places on the recipient in the Kurdistan region), through the following basic research questions: What is the type and level of cognitive effects of Kurdish media discourse on its recipients in the Kurdistan region? What is the type and level of behavioral effects of Kurdish media discourse on its recipients in the Kurdistan region? What is the type and level of emotional effects of Kurdish media discourse on its recipients in the Kurdistan region? The research is considered descriptive research appropriate to discover the nature of the structural variables that it collects, that is, those variables, using the questionnaire survey method to address those basic questions posed in the field, Among the most important results achieved by the research are: The presence of cognitive, behavioral and emotional effects on the Kurdish recipient by the Kurdish media at different levels. The recipient’s different levels of acceptance of influence according to his educational and cultural background.
Volume 12 · Issue 6 · December 2025Analysis Of Political Article in Kurdish Media, Specifically About the Referendum Case in The Kurdistan Region- 2017
Ibrahim Samin Ali, Mohamed Khadr Mouloud
This study is titled " Analysis of political article in kurdish media, specificaly about the referendum case in the kurdistan region- 2017"، it is a descriptive-analytical research in which the method of content analysis has been used in order to obtain data and information. The research community includes the newspapers "Xabat and Kurdistan New " as two daily newspapers that published political articles during the referendum process. The sample of this research is (159) political articles in each of the newspapers (Xabat and Kurdistan New) during a period of one month from (25/8/2017) to (24/9/2017). The main objectives of this study are: Identify political articles in the Kurdish newspaper published during the 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum. Presenting the analysis and content of the political article in the Kurdish newspaper during the referendum on the independence of the Kurdistan Region in 2017. Determine the political article in the Kurdish newspaper on the issue of the Kurdistan Region's independence referendum in 2017. Among the most important findings of the study: The Kurdish press is very interested in press coverage case the referendum on the independence of the Kurdistan Region in 2017 The types of articles published in Kurdish newspapers during the referendum were in addition to the editorial and column articles such as journalistic analysis and investigative journalism. In terms of the direction or objectives of the political article in the Kurdish newspaper, it was more than an attempt to announce the referendum process and convey information to readers.
Volume 12 · Issue 6 · December 2025The Effect of the Economic Crisis on Internal Policy and Foreign Relations in the Kurdistan Region (2014-2024)
Kamran Ahmad MohammedAmin, Chro Rashid Ali
From 2014 to 2024, the Kurdistan Region confronted a significant economic and financial crisis that immensely affected its national policies and international relations. This situation is crucial for regional decision-makers as it scientifically analyses the impact of the economic crisis on policies and relations in the Kurdistan Region that audit and review decision-making institutions to develop strategic and effective solutions to tackle economic challenges and foster development within the region. To reach this goal, researchers utilized quantitative methods for data analysis in certain areas. Ultimately, they reached several conclusions. Financial strains from the Iraqi federal government—especially due to budget cuts and declining oil prices—along with other economic issues since 2014 have exacerbated the economic crisis in the Kurdistan Region. This has led to significant negative effects on service sectors, resulting in increased poverty and unemployment rates. This study includes three discussions along with several recommendations. The first discussion focuses on a theoretical analysis of decision-making processes. The second analyses how economic factors influence internal policies within the Kurdistan Region, while the third investigates the effects of these economic conditions on Foreign Relations.
Volume 12 · Issue 6 · December 2025The Role of The News Program on Iraqia Kurdish Channel in Shaping Public Opinion on Events in The Kurdistan Region
Daria Abdulwahab Latif, Ako Esmail Qadr, Kosrat Taha M. Shari
On development of public opinions on the accidents that happen in Kurdistan region, The study relied on the descriptive approach, using the newspaper survey tool to collect and analyze it by survey form, The population of the research incudes:( Kurdish writers in politics field) are taken as a sample for the research. The most important goal of the research is knowing the role of Iraqi channel on development of public opinions about the accidents and events that happen in Kurdistan region and to which extent they provoked public opinions on the recent subjects and accidents. the most important outcomes that the researchers achieved include: Kurdish Iraqi channel did not give much attention to the events and accidents of Kurdistan region and hence could not become an effective channel on development of public opinions. Even though Kurdish Iraqi channel is a Kurdish channel, but it cared very little about the different accidents and events that happened in Kurdistan region, when in fact it could actually give more attention and importance to the political, economical, social and health events and that happen inside Kurdistan region.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025Identity and Symbols of Ancient Artistic Sculptures in Kurdistan Region
Hawkar Shukur Mahmood, Aras Ismail Khider
This research studies specific areas to discuss the identity of ancient sculpture and its artistic significance and Symbols in the Kurdistan region. The term "Stone Bar" refers to both two-dimensional and three-dimensional engravings on the face of rocks and mountains, achieved by taking small and suitable pieces of rocks and carving them to create sculptures with distinct artistic identities and meanings. Generally, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Mesopotamia), namely the Kurdistan region and its surrounding areas, has inherited numerous rock carving artifacts. In addition to rocks, in some other civilizations, wooden carving artifacts have been left in this area due to the ease of obtaining wood from trees and transforming it into household tools and artistic materials at that time. Sculpture, on the other hand, refers to any statue created through construction or the addition of parts made from various raw materials, aimed at expressing different artistic themes and projects. This research represents an intellectual and aesthetic exploration of expressions and the discovery of identity and artistic meanings in ancient sculpture works in Kurdistan. The research also relies on artistic, social, archaeological, and geographical dimensions of the archaeological areas from which the research sample is drawn. It involves examining, recording, and analyzing the characteristics, shapes, signs, and symbols of the research sample's sculptures, as well as the method of classifying their identities and artistic meanings. This is done in order to open new avenues for achieving the original artistic identity of ancient sculptures in Kurdistan.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025The Influences of Social Media on Changing Social Values of Women in The Kurdistan Region.
Sazian Talb Salih, Karwan Ali Qadir
The main problem of this study, which is entitled (The effects of social media on changing social values of women in the Kurdish region) is that there is a vague and lack of understanding of the effects in which the use of social media platforms haS on the women in the Kurdistan Region. As such, the study attempts to achieve several aims specifically understanding and examining the influence of the use of social media platforms on changing social values of the employed women in the Kurdistan region, in addition to exploring the most values in which could be affected by these platforms. In terms of the approaches, this study is both quantitative and qualitative, as the data that were collected from the tools, are both numbers and information. Moreover, the researcher has explained and interpreted the collected data to provide a deeper understanding of the topic and results. The structure and topic of the study have required the use of survey method and for data collection the researcher resorted to the use of questionnaires forms, which were sent to the sample of the study(1088 participants) online through Google form and hardcopy, from all the four provinces of Kurdistan Region (Erbil, Sulaimani, Duhok and Halabja).Furthermore, the size of the sample was determined based on the data that the researcher gained from statistics authority in the KRG. The figure is (143560) female employees in the offices of the Kurdistan Region, of which (0.5%) is taken. The most obvious finding of the study is that social media has had a significant impact on changing social values among women in the Kurdistan Region (42.2%) and most of this impact is negative.
Volume 12 · Issue 5 · October 2025Effects Of Political Discourse That Electronic Journalism Has on Voter in The Kurdistan Region
Mohammed Dler Amin Mohammed, Ali Faraj Ali
The aim of this study is to understand the effects of political discourse that electronic journalism has on voter in the Kurdistan Region. The descriptive approach was followed in this study, and the survey tool was used for a random sample of voters in the Kurdistan Region, numbering (688) people, relying on an electronic questionnaire tool that was formulated through Google Form. A non-random, intentional sample of election office officials from six major political parties in the Kurdistan Region participating in the elections was also used through scientific interviews. The study reached a number of conclusions, including: A large percentage of the study sample reads news via the Internet. The percentage of reading political discourse or political discussions by the study sample is average, while the percentage of reading political discourse through electronic journalism is low. The study sample is interested in the media content of political discourse on electronic journalism in general and video clips in particular. The study sample's trust in the political discourse of the electronic press is satisfactory, and the percentage of criticism directed by the study sample towards the political discourse of electronic press is high. The political discourses published in electronic journalism had a moderate influence on study samples’ voting decisions for candidates or party lists .Finally, the study found that political discourse published in electronic journalism had a moderate effect on participants’ engagement in election campaigns.