method
9 articles filed under this keyword.
The Dimensions of Method Between Dialectics and Hermeneutics
Kurdistan Majid Saeed, Hameed Aziz Saeed
Since the dawn of Greek philosophy, method has played a vital role in the formation, transmission, elucidation, and expansion of knowledge. Each new problem arising within philosophical thought brings forth new doubts and questions, prompting philosophers to devise innovative approaches to inquiry and reasoning in their search for answers. Engaging with the notion of method, therefore, does more than alter the path toward truth; it directly shapes the very structure and orientation of philosophical thinking itself. This research, employing a comparative–analytical framework, examines two major philosophical methodologies dialectic and hermeneutics by tracing their historical emergence, theoretical foundations, and subsequent evolution. The discussion of dialectic focuses on the perspectives of Plato, Kant, and Hegel, interpreting it as a mode of attaining truth through contradiction, dialogue, and the dynamic interplay of ideas. The hermeneutic section, grounded in the works of Schleiermacher and Gadamer, explores the process of understanding and interpreting texts and human phenomena a process deeply intertwined with history and language. The relevance of hermeneutics, particularly in the human and social sciences, has been steadily increasing.by elucidating the historical and theoretical intersections and distinctions between these two methods, this study demonstrates that, despite their independent intellectual trajectories, dialectic and hermeneutics have significantly influenced one another in modern thought and, in some domains, function as complementary approaches. Consequently, the transformation in how these methods are understood and applied has not only redefined the modes of philosophical reflection but also reshaped the logical and methodological foundations of philosophy itself for method stands as one of the essential pillars of logic and a decisive factor in guiding the course of philosophical inquiry
Volume 12 · Issue 6 · December 2025Loss of the Native Language Role of the Mother Tongue
Salam Raheem Rashid
Loss of the Native Language Role of the Mother Tongue: The Threat of the Second Language (English) to Overtake the First Language (Kurdish) is the title of my thesis. The rationale behind this title is to account for the influence English has on Kurdish in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Today in most of the private schools of KRI, the language of instruction is English. Including nursery, kindergarten, primary and secondary stages, this has not only made English the formal instruction language, but also the main language of communication among the students studying at these schools. The explanation the school administrators provide to justify this shift is not convincing. The resent work consists of two chapters. The first chapter, titled Failure of Learning English Effectively in the public Schools, is dedicated to the methods of Second Language learning through school curriculums. We argue that these methods of have not been given the required importance in the public schools. The second chapter, Loss of the Native Language Role of the Mother Tongue, is a theoretical account of the threats English is losing on Kurdish in KRI through the curricula the private and exemplary schools are using.
Volume 12 · Issue 3 · June 2025The Method of Induction and Logical Criticism
Darstan Abdulrahman Hussein
Currently, a method has become the fundamental for all researches. Whether they are practical or theoretical. It relies on a method or another. The induction method as an experimental method is collecting some quotative facts and then extracting a general result from them. The induction method which begins with several steps that observation, experimentation, hypothesis, and experiment to the theory. Some philosophers criticized this method, including David Hume. Karl popper. Hume’s criticism for the induction method was that if a part of the decision was correct it does not mean that all the decisions are correct. For instance, no one can deny that fire is burning, and this has been proven in the past and present experiments. But there is no evidence to prove that fire can burn in the future. According to Hume Humans learn from experience when they pay attention to the frequent events in an infinite way. As we expect that is to come will be like what we have seen in the past and now. The cause for creating this is that we are used to do this. It is not related to any rules and logical scientific principle. As long as the rule of nature is an ongoing process. So we can’t get the aim by the induction method so we can’t predict the future through it. Although Popper claims that the principles of induction method are incorrect, providing the assumption that make them believe that the future and past should be alike. Popper believes that we don’t need to talk about repetition but it needs to talk about the correct situation or mistakes. In order to show the wrong theories and eliminate them. For this reason, Popper set a method of (The possibility of refuting) he said that we cannot prove that the sun will rise tomorrow but we can say that the sun rises every day, provided that if the sun doesn’t rise one day, the theory will be rejected. Despite the criticisms and different ideas on induction method, it is still used in the research field.
Volume 11 · Issue 5 · October 2024Doubt Method Between (Al-Ghazali and Descartes)
Kaify Abubakr Hamad, Jutyar Ismael Jamal, Aram Qadir Sabir
This research, The Method of Doubt between (Al-Ghazali and Descartes), interprets and explains the similarities and differences of the two philosophers on the issue of knowledge from doubt to certainty. In order to understand the truth and different dimensions of this issue, which belongs to two different worldviews and eras in the medieval Islamic and modern European world, the theses and arguments of both philosophers on doubt as the beginning and path to knowledge and certainty are discussed. This is done by highlighting their main views on their chain of reasoning, how arguments begin with the precedence of doubt until they reach the truth. Although most of their arguments are similar, but they differ in the way they get rid of doubt and reach certainty. This radical difference is that Descartes reaches certainty and truth through doubt, within rational thinking, and his Cogito (I think, Therefore I am), but Al-Ghazali in his Sufi Philosophical journey (Mysticism), he waits for the truth to be revealed to him by God (Allah) and put into his heart as a bright and illuminating light, which is a kind of enlightenment of the heart. However, despite the methodological differences between both of them in the Rational and the heart knowledge, doubt and the method of doubt for both are steps towards achieving certain knowledge beyond all doubt, to access emphatic knowledge, but each gives different status to consciousness and emotion, as well as to mind and heart. As a result, we find that the experiences of both philosophers in sustaining preconceptions and methods of arriving at truth are important and unique, even though they belong to two different philosophical and religious worldviews.
Volume 11 · Issue 1 · February 2024The Method of Russian Orientalists for Research in Kurdish Literature
Mohammed Ahmed Hasan
Our research entitled (The Method of Russian Orientalists for Research in Kurdish Literature) is an attempt to study the critical method they have followed for research in Kurdish literature. In this study we want to answer several questions: What was the research method of these orientalists for Kurdish literature? What are the scientific values of research methods? What is the significance of these studies for the history of Kurdish literature? Our study consists of two main parts. The first part, entitled Origin and History of Orientalism, consists of three topics. First topic; what is orientalism? It is an attempt to interpret the terms and concepts of Orientalism. The second topic is entitled History and Development of Orientalism. In this section we have interpreted the history of orientalism emergence. This section is a theoretical section. The second part is called the Method of Russian Orientalists. It consists of two topics. The first topic is the identification of the research methods of Russian orientalists, and the second topic is the scientific value of these methods. This practical section exemplifies the research of orientalists such as Abkarovich Urbili, E. A. Smirnova, Zare Osb, E. Yi Vasilyeva, M. S. Lazarev, M. B. Rodinko, and Alexander Zhaba. Finally, the results of our research are defined in several points, with a list of sources according to the Harvard system.
Volume 11 · Issue 2 · April 2024Cyclical comparison of succession of civilizations by Ibn Khaldun and Spingler
Darstan Abdulrahman Hussin
Civilization and history are two autonomous notions while there is an important correlation between them. We are not able to say anything on civilization without looking back at history. One can say civilization creates history and history rewrites civilization. It is the duty of history to explore and study civilization and the reason for their creation thoroughly. According to Spengler’s analysis the interpterion of civilization and history in his famous book (The decline of the West). He believes that the principal of history is civilizations. History is inconceivable in its true meaning, without civilization. He mentions that each civilization has its own figures. This philosopher believes that like all the other creatures civilization is born and alive and passes through all stage of live, youth, old ages and death. Which is a current role of history. Conversely, Ibn Khaldun considers that history is a science among the sciences, it has its own methods that the historical events can be clarified historically and each accident can be attributed to its actual intention. The historians must use different methods. They must have a critical idea. He believes that human society is developing just like an alive creature. Whenever a society becomes historic, another society takes its place. This cycle goes through several stages, migration stage, invasion stage and urban stage. Consequently, these theorists have an alive cycle analysis for the stages of civilization. They believe that as human beings civilization are born they grow and then they breakdown. Nonetheless, they have different opinions, Spengler claims that history isn’t a science. Conversely Ibn Khaldun has tried hard to identify history as a science. According to Ibn Khaldun, the nations are trying to improve life from migration to civilization. But then again according to Spengler the nations are basically belong to the civilization.
Volume 10 · Issue 4 · December 2023The method of writing history According to Hisamaddin Naqshbandi
Shwan Othman Mustafa, Shamal Ahmed Mhamad Salh
We cannot call everyone who writes history and records events a historian، because the work of a historian is difficult and responsible. It requires a certain scientific curriculum and approach based on a number of spiritual tools such as honesty، objectivity and impartiality. Hassameddin Naqshbandi is one of the prominent Kurdish historian who played an important role in writing Kurdish history in the middle ages in general and the Islamic period in particular، even as an expert in Islamic history in his historical writings and publications، within the framework of his historical research in all three historical periods (medieval، modern and contemporary) he relied on analysis in the transmission of historical texts، in addition to describing historical events in an objective manner Religion، regionalism and nationalism in this field، not only worked as an ordinary historian، but at the same time he was a proofreader، critic and worshipper. This research consists of two main works of hassamedin Naqshbandi and the second is about his method of writing history.
Volume 7 · Issue 3 · August 2020The use of etymology method of learning second language vocabulary
Muhammed Majeed Saeed, Bakhan Sarhad Abdulrahman
This research is entitled (Using Etymology to Teach Second Language Words). It consists of an introduction and two main parts and conclusions. Overall, this research is about the method of etymology, how it plays an important role in teaching and learning second language words while learning the language in such a way that the word's origin helps the learner to understand the verbal meaning sooner. And to guess the meaning of those words have the same roots. In this study, more of the English word was used, as many English words are available in the root language.. Finally, the results of this study are discussed.
Volume 6 · Issue 2 · September 2019An Approximate Solutions of two Dimension Linear Mixed Volterra- Fredholm Integral Equation of the Second Kind via Iterative Kernel Method
Talaat Ismael Hasan
Abstract: In this work, we reformulate and apply iterative kernel method (IKM) for solving two dimension mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equation of the second kind (MVFIE-2). The suitable algorithm for IKM is suggested and the programming for of the algorithm of the technique is written by Matlab programs. The computer application for the algorithm is tested on a number numerical examples. The results which are obtained by this technique compared with exact solution and some new theorems are proved; for decision the results computing the least square error (LSE) of the IKM and running time (RT) for the program.