Power
3 articles filed under this keyword.
The Exchange of Gifts between the Mamluk Rulers and the Islamic Forces
Jwtyar Khalid Hassan, Ahmed Radha Ahmed
In the second half of the seventh century of the Islamic calendar and the second half of the thirteenth century AD, the political relationship between the Mamluk state in Egypt and Levant and the Islamic leaders in the area was significantly improved. Such relationships, known as ‘Diplomatic relationships’, were established through the exchange of delegations and letters as well as signing memorandums of understanding, which in effect directly influenced political and military decisions. The Mamluk rulers paid special attentions to their gifts which were an integral part of their diplomatic ties; valuable gifts affected important political aspects, The value and significance of the Mamluk state's gifts had an impact on several important political aspects, such as the annual renewal of the Kaaba's covering by the sultans. This was intended to solidify and legitimize Mamluk authority over the entire Islamic world as the primary representative of Muslims. On the other hand, it served to strengthen diplomatic relations with neighbouring regions, resolve conflicts between states and political forces, and endeavour to establish security and safety among the parts of the Islamic state. This was to ensure that Muslims could conduct their economic transactions. They also sought to demonstrate their power and prestige through the sending of valuable and rare gifts, such as jewelry, gold, cosmetic items, and precious stones, which was a suitable way to showcase the power and wealth of the Mamluk state.
Volume 13 · Issue 1 · March 2026Chairs And Thrones in Zagros from The Second Millennium B.C.
Darya Siamend Mamend, Kozad Mohamed Ahmed
This research is an unveil of the photographic documents on the chairs and thrones of some specific areas in the Zagros, we have selected the best examples among them and analyzed the structure of their designs, from this point of view the history of the beginning of our predecessor’s power can be identified and revealed clearly, by depending on the sites left on the archaeological remains, we have shown the different designs of chairs and thrones in the area. In spite of the fact that the region has experienced many political changes in the second millennium BC, it has always stood against attacks and occupations by the powerful states of Mesopotamia at the time, precisely the Assyrian state, but the carved sites on the (milestones on the stones in the foot of the mountains, metal pieces and seals, are undeniable evidence of the power of the Zagros peoples and the sitting of their kings, emir and rulers on the chairs thrones of kingdom, these sites are often recorded with cuneiform inscriptions containing the names of gods, kings and rulers, which gives us a clearer understanding of the siting people on the chairs and thrones
Volume 10 · Issue 4 · December 2023Alienation and Power in Doris Lessing’s The Fifth Child
Jwan Adil Mohammed
In her novel "The Fifth Child", Doris Lessing illustrates the rigidity of a patriarchal society. The analysis of masculinity in this study shows that society as a whole, in addition to its criminal subcultures, are maintained by the masculine law and order, which encourages prejudice against those who do not fit into the norms of society, believe in authoritarian social systems, and favor rational solutions to moral judgments. Therefore, Lessing has fostered the complexities of social relationships between husband and wife from various socioeconomic strata in terms of a crippled child, Ben. Her unbiased insight into the thinking of society’s underprivileged women as well as those who represent the oppressive established society sheds light on various aspects of patriarchy. For this purpose, the current study intends to investigate Lessing’s treatment of women’s alienation and power. It aims to look at psychological conflicts, social alienation, and social status and power through the art of characterization and plot construction.