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The Effect of Attribution on Altering the Semantics of the Verbal Sentence
Zainab Abdalrahman Aziz, Azza Adnan Ahmed Ezzat
Sematic studies are various and diverse, given the different perspectives on the lexical material under investigation, ranging from phonetics to morphology to syntax. Certainly, meaning changes with variations in grammatical attributions. In this study, we have examined the changes that occur in sentence meaning. There were 25 roots that began with the letter alif. We analyzed changes in meaning depending on whether the predicate or the subject was rational or irrational, male or female, child, or adult, singular or plural. This was done by examining the derivatives of these roots and their occurrences in sentences, which were over two hundred examples in total. It was confirmed that a complete separation between linguistic levels is nearly impossible. Since information should not be redundantly repeated in different forms, these levels must be intertwined, with some falling under others. The findings show that the most significant factor influencing meaning change is a shift in the subject, followed by a change in the object. Changes in the subject had effect on meaning depending on whether it was rational or irrational, masculine or feminine, an animal, plant, place, or other entity. Equally, changes in the object, upon which the verb is applied, followed the same patterns as those seen in the subject. Taking into consideration the complexity and variety of Arabic sentence structures, in the third part we compiled examples where meaning changed, sometimes because of the subject and due to the object in other occasions.
Volume 7 · Issue 2 · April 2020History writing by the Kurdis in Iraq (1958-1968) is among the books printed in Kurdish language.
Bashdar Omar Rafeeq, Mohammed Abdullah Kakasur
The issue of writing history by Kurdish authors in Iraq between1958-1968 is analysed and explained which is about those printed books in kurdish written and published by Kurdish authors in Iraq. We have concluded that eight history books were published in Kurdish language from 1958 to 1968. Among them, seven of them were written and published from 1958 to 1962 and only one book was published in 1968. This devision of publishing those books has been due to politicial reasons and the emergence of Ailul revolution in 1961. On the one hand, it was due to the political unrest which was a stumbling block for the writing process for authors. On the other hand, however, it was due to the Aylul revolution that led to the restriction of the writing and publication processes by the Iraqi government. The historeans were peoples of different backgrounds in Kurdistan including politicians, army, religious people, school teachers, poets, and scholars. This show the desire of writing history by peoples of different backgrounds in the Kurdish society. Regarding the academic and scientific quality and the methodology of adopted at that time in writing history books, although it cannot be compared by today’s history books, but it was rather narrative and simple. In addition, very few references were usually used in writing those books. This was due to the fact that the history books authors were not historians.