Simko's Political and Military Movements from the Beginning Till the end of World War 1 (1909-1918)

Abstract

This research is an attempt to concentrate on the Simko’s political and military movements from his initial revealing as a regional leader until the end of the First World War (1918). Simko, the son of Ali Agha, was an indigenous people belonging to the Ps Agha tribes from Abdo Congregation in the Shkak Tribe. After his father was died, he officially has been elected as the leader of Shkak tribes in 1909 due to a having a predominant power of his family and good historical relationship of his ancestors in the region. The aforementioned leader has developed the movement on the basis of the military proficiency and retaliation principle during the preliminary stages and he has been in a continuous conflict with the Iranian authority during that time. Whereas, Iran in general and the Eastern Kurdistan in particular, were passing in the worst and the most deteriorating circumstances due to existence of the western forces in the region and initiating the conditional revolution which had a long and varied history from ideological and political perspective. Moreover, this stage was an important phase for Simko Shkak so as to reveal him and his followers as outstanding revolutionary forces in the region as he could understand from his militants, mitigated the congregational ideology and increased his requirements. Undoubtedly, his authority (Simko Shkak’s Power) has been gradually empowered due to having a cluster of expectation and variation in the initial stages of the movement; however, he had no clear situation and perspective for the Ottoman Empire and the Russian forces during the different stages of the war in the region. According to the historical documents despite of starting as an oppositional forces to the Iranian, Russian and Ottoman Empire, Simko has also faced to conflict with Benjamin Marshamoon, who was an Assyrian leader from Hakary region in 1915 who has been supported by the Russian forces and settled under the Simko’s authoritative districts in the East of Kurdistan. This situation has increased the disagreements of Simko’s forces and had bad consequences on the unity of the Kurdish forces at that time and resulted in the killing of the Benjamin Marshamoon by Simko, and this was led to declining the Kurdish revolution in the East and empowered the Iranian governmental systems.