Schools and educational centers for American Missionary and their effects on the educational situation in the Ottoman Kurdistan in the nineteenth century
Keywords:
School, American Missionary, Kurdistan, Education.Abstract
After American missionaries arrived to the regions of Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the 19th century and when they started their activities, the Kurds as one of the nations who were living within the Ottoman Empire, attracted the attention of missionaries. Therefore they opened their office in the Kurdish cities and started their activities. As it has been known that most of the activities of American missionaries were intellectual and educational activities, as a result they opened many schools, professional schools and even they established universities in some cities of Kurdistan, many girls and boys studied in these schools.
This study is about (American Missionaries’ educational centres in Kurdish cities in Ottoman Empire in 19th century). This study attempts to illustrate the impact of these schools that were established by American Missionaries and how they were operated. This paper is divided into three parts. First part is about the appearance of American missionaries’ activities in the region of Kurdistan. In this part we will try to briefly describe how they came to Kurdish regions and how they worked and what were their activities. The second part is about the American missionaries’ educational centres in Kurdistan. It endeavours to show the educational activities of American missionaries in Kurdistan regions, and then it will illustrate the importance of these educational centres in Kurdistan regions. The third part is about the effect of American missionaries’ educational centres on the situation of education in Kurdistan. It will evaluate the impact of these educational centres on the education in Kurdistan and on the situation of education in Kurdistan.
References
Akalin, Berrin.( 2015),Ottoman-American Relations, Francis Hopkins Smith and Armenian Issue, Journal of International Education and Leadership Volume 5 Issue 1 Spring.
Anderson , Rufus. (1872),History of the Missionary of the American Board to the Oriental Churchs,Vol.1, Bostn.
Avarogullari,Muhammet and Yildiz, Ozgur,(2015),
Role of American protestant Missionariens Late Ottoman Empire Educational System,Turkish International Perodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish ,V,10/9.
Dennis, James .(1893),Foreign mission after century, New York.
Dennis, James. (1903) ,Missions and social progress, Vol.(3),pub. Fleming H. Revel company Madison.
Dogan, Mehmet Ali .(2013),American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM)and Nominal Christians, Elias Riggs (1810 -1901),and American Missionary Activites in the Ottoman Empire.
Erban,Cegri.(2000),Ottoman Official Attitudes Towards American Missonaries, International Confrence on ‘the United States and the Middle East: Cultural Encounters,Yale University.
Fulya Damla Kentli,(2009), Foreign Schools in Turkey: Parents’ Reasons to Choose, Ozean journal of social sciences.
Karabekmez , Meryem,(2012), The Role of Provincial Directors of Education in the Formation of Modern Ottoman Schooling ,1881-1908,(Master of Science in History) the Graduate School of Social Sciences, Istanbul Sehir University .
Kennedy, W. Judd.(2008),American Missionaries in Turkey and Northern Syria and the Development of Central Turkey and Aleppo Colleges, 1874-1967,College of William and Mary Publish.
Gokce، Feyyat.(2010),Minority and Foreign Schools on the Ottoman Education System.e-intarnational journal of of educational research Volume: 1 Issue: 1- Summer.
Goodell,William.(1883),Forty Years in the TurkishEmpire ,NewYork.
Moritz, Wanger. (1856),travel in Persia, Georgia and Kurdistan, Vol.(3),Hurst and Blacket, London .
Ozutuk,Ayhan and Yildiz,Ozgur,(2013),Religious and Educational Activities of American Protestant Missionaries in Bursa,Cumhuriyrt International Journal of Education,V,2, No1.
The One Hundredth Annual Report of the American Bord Commissioners for foreign missions ,(1910),Bostn.educational research ,V,1.
Thomas ,Laurie.(1853),Dr Grant and the Nestorian,Edinburge.
Umit, Devrim, (2014), The American Protestant Missionary Network in Ottoman Turkey,1876-1914,International,Journal of Humanities and Social ,V ,4,No,6,.
احمد، ابراهیم خلیل.( 1982)، تطور التعلیم الوطنی فی العراق (1869-1932 ) .
الاسدى ، ناهدة حسين علي,الارساليات التبشيرية الامريكية في العراق و موقف الدولة العثمانية ,المجلة السياسية و الدولية .
اسماعیل، عامر بلو.( 2009)،التعلیم التبشیری الامریكي في الموصل منذ اواخر العهد العثماني حتى عام 1932,مجلة التربية والعلم ,المجلد 16, العدد2 .
الامير، ا.د. ليلى ياسين.( حزيران 2005),النشاط التعليمى للارسالية المريكية في البصرة 1912- 1958 , دراسات التاریخیة , العد الاول .
توفیق ، هوگر طاهر.( ٢٠١٢) الکرد والمسالةالارمنیة(١٨٧٧-١٩٢٠)،اربیل: ئاراس.
عباس ،محمد احمد.(2010),البعثات التبشيرية في كردستان في نصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر,(رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة),كلية اداب, جامعة صلاح الدين.
عيسى، د. عبدالرزاق عبدالرزاق.( 2005 )التنصير الامريكى في بلاد الشام 1834 -1914 ,القاهرة.
غنيمة, حارث يوسف .(1998), البروتستانت والانجيليون في العراق، مطبعة الناشر المكتبي ، بغداد .
هاشم ، د.سوادي هاشم .(حزيران 2006),النشاط التبشيري الامريكي في شمال غرب بلاد فارس 1833-1870 ,دراسات الاقليمية , السنة 3,العدد 5 .
هياجنة، ايمان عبدالرحمن وملكاوى ،حنان سليمان .( 2014) التبشير الفرنسي الكاثوليكي في ولاية الاناظول في القرن التاسع عشر(النشاط التعليمى نموذجا ),دراسات ,العلوم الانسانية والجتماعية ,م(41) ملحق 2 .
