Issue 2

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-23

   Elements of Short Poems by (Mudrik Zhali)

   Ahmed Mahmood Abdullah, Hawshen Slewa Eessa

   This research is entitled: ( Elements of Short Poems by (Mudrik Zhali)) .It consists of third sections, which are an attempt to define and use the content, form and Elements value of poetry. It has several concepts in contemporary Kurdish poetry, especially among contemporary poets in the last century in (Koya) city. This present research has scientific significance and value in the field of regeneration and highlighting the poet's ability and talent in this field. For this research, we used an analytical and descriptive method. It consists of third topics: The first topic: Experience of the poet (Mudrik Zhali).. The concept of haiku. The second topic: Elements language, poetic music, poetic image, and symbols in poet’s poetry. The third topic: Reading poetry of (The Eves of the Memories of the Impossible Love).With abstracts of the research in Arabic and English and a list of references.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 24-55

   Comparison of Mahwi's and Plato's Philosophical Texts on Theology

   Saya Rashid Ahmed Raq, Chaware Neamat Saleh, Abdelrahman Jalal Othman

   This study deals with the comparison between Mahwi’s poems and Plato’s philosophical texts on theology. It draws the assimilations and the differences between both views by analyzing Mahwi’s selected poems and Plato’s selected works including; The Timaeus and The Republic. It shows how a Kurdish poet delivers a philosophical idea within his poetry, and that great poetry is often deeply philosophical. The paper also proves that there is a strong relationship between literature and philosophy. However, many do not see the correlation between them, but if we look back into history, we see that some philosophers delivered their philosophical ideas through one of the literary genres. Such as Voltaire, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Maulana Jaladini Romi, and Plato himself at first attempted to write tragedy in verse and he was reading great Greek poetry.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 56-80

   The Speech Acts in Nali and Salim’s Two Poems

   Hersh Chato Hussein

   This study is under the title of “The Speech Acts in Nali and Salim’s Two Poems”. It is an attempt to analyze these two poems in a pragmatic point of view, particularly in terms of speech acts. The significance of speech acts is not to recognize linguistic meaning of words in sentences and utterances, but it is according to the sender’s purpose in the context that they occur. Thus, the language of poetry as a way of using language, especially classical poetry, is not an ordinary language. Consequently, the paper hypothesizes that the speech acts have to be embodied in the poems accurately because there is supposed to be a hidden and invisible meaning in every verse behind its expression and form. The scope of the study is to examine the two poems, and it is benefited from their investigation that has been done in their anthology. In addition, whenever needed, the speech acts are identified in short because much has been mentioned about them in the scientific research institutions.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 81-102

   Generosity Maxim in Leech's Theory in Pshdar Area: Socio-Pragmatic Perspective

   Ibrahim Mahmood Ibrahim, Salam Nawkhosh Bakir

   This paper is entitled ‘’Generosity Maxim in Leech's Theory in Pshdar Area: Socio-Pragmatic Perspective, which aims at showing generosity among individuals including showing generosity in this specific area for the purpose of finding out its roots people, because generosity maxim is minimizing self to others, and indicating such factors as religion, education , non-education, and gender affect the utterance. The principles of politeness which have been recognized by Leech are the Maxim of Tact, the Maxim of Generosity, the Maxim of Modesty, the Maxim of approbation, the Maxim of Agreement, and the Maxim of Sympathy. It is important to bear in mind that this theory focuses on individual face, there are various face threatening acts, for instance the threat can be assumed to the hearer or to the speaker. This paper conducts a survey of Pshdaryan district through using a questionnaire as a quantitative method for the purpose of data collection. The participants of this study are the people of Pshdar area who are 162 participants from different classes, genders, educational background, age, and occupation. The result of the study showed that generosity is the main reason behind using both direct and indirect offers and invitations. Besides, it showed that the cost-benefit scale can explain the politeness utterance raised in performing these speech acts Finally, it is recommended that other politeness principle maxims are tested in Kurdish culture to know the level of the maxims practically.

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 103-127

   An Economic Perspective on Language Management in Iraqi Kurdistan

   Muhammad Qader Saeed

   This paper is about ‘An Economic Perspective on Language Management in Iraqi Kurdistan’. In many languages the relationship between the economy and the language is seriously taken into consideration. Unfortunately, Kurdish language is in a critical situation in this respect. This paper tries to show the linguistic situation of Kurdish language from the economic perspective through studying the related concepts such as language economics, language investment, language industry and its relation to language planning and language policy. Aiming at drawing some of the possible aspects through which there could be a space for investment in the Kurdish language, this study also searches for coming across some current cases of linguistic investment in different parts of the world such as Britain, France and Canada. Meanwhile, it focuses on most outstanding obstacles that stand against the process of investment in Kurdish which includes the lack of awareness, the non-stimulating regulatory besides investment environment, and the unstable economic and linguistic situations in the region. The study comes to conclude that many countries had invested in language considerably to improve this aspect to pave the way for acquiring huge, direct and indirect economic revenues. As much as investors care about English, they need to care about Kurdish. Hereby, there is a crucial need to support experimental studies to reveal the potentials of investing in Kurdish to indicate the existing deficiencies regarding the effective language investment situations.

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 128-148

   Geomorphological Assessment of the Viability of the Landforms in the Khalekan Valley Basin for Human Uses

   Nali Jawad Hamad

   The study aims to evaluating the landform in the khalakan basin and its to preparing appropriate model for the capacity of the lands by using remote sensing (RS) technology and geographic information system (GIS) by depending on function of (Wighted-Overlay) which can be considered as one of the significant function of GIS. And in order to achieve the aim of the study, eight layers have been extracted for preparing appropriate ground model. according to the importance of each layer which is used to determine the ability and they are: (geological formations, slope, splash erosion, soil, plant cover (NDVI), elevation and lineaments, geomorphological unit) layers which can be considered as the result of Intrusive and extrusive processes. After the processes of Overlaying, the study successfully produced a general map for the appropriateness ground which categorized the area into three levels of appropriateness: the level of high appropriateness with area of(9.34Km), the level of mid appropriateness with area of (70.34Km) and the level with no appropriateness with area of (4.957Km.

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 149-167

   The Use of Social Media and its Effect on University Students' Academic Skills in Iraqi Kurdistan Region

   Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Hakim Othman Hameed

   In recent decades, the use of social media has encountered a rapid growth. This progress made social media a very popular medium of communication among college students. In fact, these online mediums can be a good method to share the knowledge among students and with their lectures. However, extreme use of social media can affect student’s academic performance and skills. Social media platforms have developed significantly in the variety and type of its platforms and the variety of services they have provided to the users. This social media development has had a great impact on human life around the world, particularly the learning process among the students. The present study examines the effects of social networks on university students' academic skills in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The sample involved 653 responses from the universities of Raparin and Sulaimani Polytechnic in Kurdistan Region - Iraq. The data of the study has been analyzed using content analysis methods. According to the study’s results there is a statistically significant correlation between Use of social media and academic skills and there is a strong positive correlation between Use of social media and academic skills which is (0.809) and that the significance value is (0.000).Then, the value of R Square for this analysis, is (0.655), this means that 65.5% of the variance of academic skills must be explored in Use of social media, and the other variables (34.5%) are due to random error.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 168-191

   Pedagogical Thinking in Pragmatism John Dewey

   Muslim Hassan Muhamad, Sarkar Hama Rashid Saeed

   The process of life is linked to continuity and survival among all the organisms, and human being in nature are the most intelligent living organism unlike all other organisms in the sense that he is a social being since he desires to live in civilized life. By civilized life we mean a life where all individuals live in society for the sake of fulfilling the diverse needs they are unable to fulfill by themselves, because survival and continuity is not uneasy task since they constantly changing and increasing, so the members of a given society have to take the responsibility for achieving each other’s needs. The concept of education in the human society is said to be more different and extensive than other living things is because this process consists of developing mature members for the society, so that they can take the responsibility placed on them by that the society. The function of education is to determine the most appropriate methods, which are represented by the educational thinking of the thinkers and philosophers who organize the process of education and its suitability in a way that is compatible with all times, environment and. Pragmatism is considered as one of the approaches that has a great role in solving problems taking place among communities, so that education becomes a tool for solving problems associated with the human social live.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 192-204

   A Comparative Study of Modern Theatrical Technicalities in The Glass Menagerie and The Cherry Orchard

   shokhan Rasool Ahmed

   The nineteenth Century produced some of the most complex plays that today represent modern theatrical technicalities that differed in several ways from twentieth Century plays. In the twentieth Century, Tennessee Williams was acknowledged for the diversity of genres he covered in his plays, most of which focused on the dark aspects of human experience, which lent significant technicalities to his plays, most notably, The Glass Menagerie. Similarly, Anton Chekhov is a nineteenth Century playwright who developed plays that introduced several theatrical technicalities. He was renowned for portraying realism, a feature that characterised 19th Century theatre. Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard is a play considered the landmark of modern theatrical technicalities. This study explores three ways in which Williams and Chekhov made The Glass Menagerie and Cherry Orchard respectively as landmarks of theatrical technicalities, i.e., the multiplicity of genres, effective use of indirect action and irony as theatrical conventions, and the integration and portrayal of nineteenth Century and twentieth Century realism. The research finds that while Williams employs a multiplicity of genres and the use of irony as the ideal theatrical conventions, Chekhov integrates all three elements to create modern theatrical technicalities that not only influence the audience's perception of the characters but also the playwright’s intention. This study is important for both undergraduate and postgraduate readers as it can enrich a reader’s thinking about different theatrical techniques and conventions used in both plays.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 205-219

    The Impact of Investments on the Development of the Industrial Sector in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq During the Period (2010-2017)

    Shorsh Qadir Ali

    This research aims to know the impact of investments on the development of the industrial sector in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. In order to achieve the research aim, the reality of investments and the extent of the contribution on the impact of existing investments in the industrial sector have analyzed. The research presented the possible ways, mechanisms, and procedures to develop the industrial sector. The research adopted a descriptive and analytical approach to answer the research questions and determine the impact of investments on the industrial sector. It reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The industrial sector in the Kurdistan region is one of the most important economic sectors because it enjoys appropriate economic resources which assist the sector to develop and grow, where the governorate of Sulaymaniyah is considered as the first rank in terms of the size of invested capital for establishing industrial plants. Finally, the research suggested a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: Rationalizing tax incentives to attract more investments by focusing on directing investments towards productive projects, especially export projects As well as working to use the resources in the region that have not been used so far because there are no industrial companies in this field, in order to diversify industrial products.

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 220-254

    Reasons for Revelation Mentioned in “Tahdheeb Al-Linguistics” by Abu Mansur Al-Azhari (370 AH) in Compilation, Graduation and Study

    Ayoub Adam Rasoul Al Barzanji

    This research deals with the discussion of an important aspect of the science of exegesis, which is the science of the causes of the revelation of the Qur’an, and with this science the exegete stands on the correct understanding of the meaning of the verse, especially that which was revealed for a reason, and it talks about a brief summary of the life of Abu Mansour Al-Azhari, the author of the book “Tahdheeb Al-Lugha”. And the definition of the aforementioned book, and the concept of the causes of revelation in terms of its definition in language and convention, and it reviews the benefits of the causes of revelation, its formula, the method of knowledge, and the controls of weighting between two different narrations regarding the cause of revelation of one verse. By graduating the reason based on the books written in this science, then the reason is from the books of hadith, and if it is not found in them, then relying on the interpretations ascribed to them, then studying the reason depends on the sayings of the commentators, and he mentions the result reached by the researcher for each reason, and the research is concluded with a conclusion in which the most important Results, and a list of the sources and references that he relied on.

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 255-281

    Difference of Religion and its Impact on Changing the Legal Provisions

    Omar Mohammed Amin Hassan

    Praise be to God, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of God, and upon his family, companions, nation, and those who follow him. And yet: This research talks about the difference of religion that has a great impact in changing the legal rulings and in many issues, the Muslim must observe them and commit to applying them because they affect his worldly and eschatological life, and he must know well what he has and what he owes towards a non-Muslim, especially if he lives with him and next to him,to follow the legitimate path,and approach moderation in dealing with it. The importance of the research lies in explaining the rulings on dealing with non-Muslims, especially in this era in which there has been a lot of mixing of Muslims with others in terms of the large number of Muslims coming and refugees to non-Muslim countries, and the number of non-Muslims arriving, residents, merchants and workers to Muslim countries, and the effect of this difference in religion on many changes Among the legal rulings, mixing a Muslim with others was not new, rather it was present since the early ages of Islam. So is a non-Muslim with whom a Muslim lives or deals with him in Muslim countries the same as dealing himself with a Muslim? Is there a difference between non-Muslims themselves in the consideration of Islam? Is there a differentiation between the polytheist and the apostate, and between the people of the Book from the Jews and the Christians, especially when coexisting with them, whether that is by marrying someone who contradicts them in religion or treatment, or through inheritance, or other than all these questions are referred to in this research from the Islamic view and rulings Legitimacy is strengthened and based on evidence from the recognized texts and the approved sayings of the jurists,Because we desperately need to know these rulings today and stand on the limits set by God Almighty and on numerous and different issues, and for this reason this research can be considered one of the contemporary jurisprudential topics, because the coexistence of a Muslim with others has become one of the issues that have spread widely between us and our young men and women, which is what It prompted me to write a study on the effect of the difference in religion in changing many of the legal rulings at that time.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 282-309

    The Concept of Freedom in liberalism’s Thought, for Instance: Friedrich .A. Von Hayek's Vision

    Jabar Ismael Ahmed

    Liberalism thus views the concept of freedom as a fundamental element of its intellectual foundation and without access to and defense of freedom, there is no meaning for the existence and survival of liberals. Due to the wide range of views of liberalism and the differences of opinion of liberal thinkers and different trends, attitudes and views on different freedoms, for example some of the thinkers believe in the interference of the state power in personal freedoms with the goal of creating social justice and economic justice and so on..., such as the thinkers of the Social liberal trend in the thought of liberalism, But some other thinkers believe in the protection of individual freedoms from interfering of the power of the state, and reject any form of interference in freedom, such as thinkers of the Libertarians trend in the thought of liberalism, including (Friedrich A. von Hayek). These two views of liberalism are expressed in terms of freedom, as: positive freedom (when the state intervenes in freedoms), and negative freedom (that freedom is protected from the interference of state power). (Hayek) rejects positive freedom and believes that any interference in the freedom, economy, and property of individuals, commodities, and markets, leads to the deterioration of the security and stability of individuals on one hand, and the creation of an oppressive, tyrannical and dictatorial power or regime on the other hand. This condition becomes the cause and means of the departure of individuals and the coexistence of the living system to slavery.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 310-344

    Geographical Analysis of Repeat Cold Waves in Kurdistan Region for the Period 2000-2017

    Luqman Wsw Omer, Mohammed Qader Rasool

    In this paper, we investigated changes in cold waves in Kurdistan region over the period 2000–2017. Cold waves it means decrease 5oc minimum temperature degree at least from the average monthly minimum temperature for this month and continues for 3 days consecutive at least. The study found 132 cold waves repeat in Kurdistan region, that is 112 waves were the type of shortwave it means %84.85 of them were shortwaves, 18 waves medium and only 2 waves were the type of long waves. About severity of the temperature of cold waves the study also, found different types, for example in all cold waves about %67.42 or 89 waves were from the type of moderate waves, 30 waves strong and 13 waves were extreme. About of the cold days over the period of time include 904 threshold cold waves, in this number 530 days were in the type of the cold day of cold waves, and 374 days were the Temperature fluctuation of cold days. As well as the paper found that the annual repetition cold waves vary from month to month, and the season to season, it was found that cold waves were highest in spring and lowest in summer. The most geographical distribution of system atmospheric pressure effect on the weather and cold waves in study area is The Siberian Heights.

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15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 345-371

    Resistance Poetry of Shahid Mala Ali

    Abdulwahid Idrees Shareef

    This research dedicated to types of poem، it was written while he was prison، Firstly، we mentioned about definition and history type of resistance، secondly، we discussed about reasons of beginning this type of poetry، in a section we discussed about language and types of express and these topics that resistance poem expresses، and finally we discussed shortly of Shahid Mala Ali’s life with some examples of his poem which it is full of resistant and victory، also we gained benefits from some sources.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 372-399

    The Role of PDK and PUK in the Formation of Parliament and Government Cabinet Between (1992-2006)

    Dilshad Siamend Shirawy, Mohammed Hussain Mohammed Shwani

    In 1992, for the first time, the Kurdistan region of Iraq went through political and societal change like the formation of parliament and government cabinet. This research is a theoretical one on the role of PDK and PUK in the building of parliament and government cabinet between (1992-2006). This research analyses the role of the both parties in the formation of the parliament in 1992 and 2005, and the government cabinet from the first to fifth. Additionally, this research focuses on the division of power between the two parties during (1992-2005) then the research concluded by the main findings such as, the Role of the both parties in the building of parliament and the government cabinet from the first two the fifth in the region and sharing power in the (1,2,5) government cabinets.

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 400-416

    Marriage and Population Growth Anthropological Comparative Study in Kirkuk City

    Mohammed Hussein Mohammed Shwany

    The city of Kirkuk is one of the disputed cities between the Kurdistan Regional Government and Baghdad. In the Iraqi Constitution 2005, through Article 140, the constitutional solution to this problem was decided, through (normalization, the census of the city’s population, the referendum). This process is depending on the number of population . The simple marriage habits of Arabs and the difficulty of Kurdish marriage led to rapid population growth among Arabs.. Population growth is influenced by a wide array of social and cultural variables including social customs, marriage levels, birth rate, and family size and so on. The Kurdish rural community has been dismantled since the 1980s, while the Arab rural society is in a state of continuous growth. Moreover, the Kurdish population is concentrated inside the city and practices urban or marginal occupations, while the Arab population has become widely distributed in villages, districts and within the city, practicing pastoral, agricultural, governmental, security and military occupations. The Arab rural community is also characterized by high demographic growth due to early marriage, lack of family planning and polygamy, while the Kurdish urban population is characterized by a low population due to delayed marriages, birth control and civil marriage. Furthermore, the average size of Kurdish family is between (3 to 5 persons), while the average size of Arab family, especially in rural areas, ranges between 8 and 10. The process of marriage in Arab society is easy and does not cost much while this process tends to be more costly in Kurdish community. It is worth mentioning that the migration of Kurdish youth outwards or the migration of Kurdish families to Kurdistan Region is high, while migration for many Arab families and their young members tend to be towards Kirkuk city. The percentage of spinsterhood in Kurdish society is higher compare to Arab community. Therefore, we expect that the percentage of Kurds in Kirkuk will fall to (38%) in 2030, after it was 48% in the 1957. And the percentage of Arabs in Kirkuk will arise to (35%) in 2030, after it was 21% in the 1957.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 417-439

    Derivational Morphemes of Agent Noun in Kurdish and English Languages (A Comparative Study)

    Mustafa Raza Mustafa, Karwan Juma Raheem

    The paper entitled (the derivational morphemes of agent nouns in Kurdish and English languages), is a comparative study. It intends to illustrate the construction of word formation of agent nouns in Kurdish and English languages. The paper consists of introduction and two chapters, also the results and references have been presented at the end of the research. The first chapter is about the grammatical rules and morphological process of derivational and inflectional morphemes. Then, the most significant derivational morphemes of agent nouns in Kurdish language have been displayed. In the second chapter, the most significant derivational morphemes of agent nouns of English language and their rules have been presented. Consequently, the most significant comparative and contrasts points of the derivational morphemes of agent nouns in both languages have been demonstrated.

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 440-468

    The Art of Paradox in Wafai’s Poems

    Payan Kaka Salih Al Askary

    The paradox is an artistic expression used for beautifying the poetic language, the poems of Kurdish poets like Arabic, Persian, and Western nations include these arts and the plays of the poetic language. This type of poetic art can be seen noticeably in every era of the Kurdish classic poems which is a reason for enriching and empowering the poetic language. It will also, produce modern imagination and expressions which will be thoughtful and speculative and it will attract readers’ attention due to its’ closeness to the contradictory art which is again a type of beautifying the semantic art. According to the earlier researches in this field, paradoxical art is a type of contradictory art but it has specific liberty by itself. The appearance of paradoxical expressions will be in the shape of semantical, lexical, and in one or two sentences. The Diwan of Wafay was focused on for this research amongst the diwans of classical Kurdish poets. Wafay (1844-1904) was a poet in the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. He had a warm poetic language and meaningful and vivid sentences. His poems are full of semantics and lexical artistic beautifications. For this purpose, the researcher will investigate the placement shapes of the generic paradoxical composition and analyzing them according to grammar and rhetorical in Wafay’s poems.

    10.26750/Vol(8).No(2).Paper19 0 views Read article
20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 469-486

    Kurdistan Writers' Union Its Foundation, Activities and Dissolution

    Dilshad Ali Muhammed, Nawzad Ali Ahmed

    The ceasefire between the Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iraq and the Baathist government in 1974 came to an end, and fighting between the two sides resumed. The war lasted another eleven months. At the start of the war, a group of writers and artists reached out to areas controlled by the revolution and formed organizations. Many of them were members of the Kurdish Writers' Union and They were able to issue 12 of their magazine, but the writers' union was established in Baghdad, not in the revolution. After the collapse of 1975 and the resumption of the new revolution in the areas under Peshmerga control, especially in the early 1980s, for the first time in the battlefields of resistance and defense in Kurdistan, a special organization for writers and writers was established, called the Kurdistan Writers' Union.. The Kurdistan Writers' Union's establishment and activities were addressed in this study, and the reason for its cancellation was clarified. The first section of the study, which was split into two sections, focused on the efficiency and explanations for the organization's formation. The publication chosen by the Kurdistan Writers' Union through a series of criteria is the subject of the second part of the study.

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