Issue 3

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-19

   Proverbs, A syntax-pragmatics perspective

   Sherko Hama Amin Qadir

   There is a lack of studies in folklore genre in terms of linguistics, and the field has been underestimated. From this perspective, this study entitled (Proverbs in terms of syntax and pragmatics) is done. The study consists of two parts and descriptive method is applied. The first part of the study focuses on proverbs, their features and comparison with some other folkloric genres. The second part of the study is the practical part that discuss the forms of the Kurdish proverbs and their sentence structure. Then, the pragmatic signs and their task in the proverbs are argued with examples. Finally, the results, the references and the abstract are shown.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 20-43

   Geographical Analysis of the Determinants of Spatial Expansion in the City of Kirkuk

   Hiwa Sadiq Saleem, Samah Samad Ali

   The city of Kirkuk found a large spatial expansion in line with its functional requirements. It was interrupted by determinants represented by the stress areas that clearly affected the city’s growth. Based on that, the research aims to classify the stress areas and identify axes and directions for their expansion, relying on an inductive approach. Introduction, the first axis began to study the stress areas in terms of their concept, classification and characteristics, while the second axis was devoted to the school of urban development (population and urbanism) by dividing them into four morphological stages, while the third axis was devoted to studying and identifying patterns of stress areas and their impact on spatial expansion, and the research was concluded with a sentence of Conclusions and recommendations.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 44-57

   Academic Resilience and Relationship with Meaning of Life Among Koya University Students

   Bayar Mirza Aziz, Khalid Ismail Mustafa

   This study aimed to find out the level of academic resilience (AR), meaning of life (MOL) and the relationship between them among students at Koya University. 740 samples were selected randomly. The researcher used two scales; one scale adapted academic resilience scale by Cassidy (2016), and meaning of life scale was developed by the researchers. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to test the validity of the meaning of life items. The validity and reliability of the instruments were at convinced level. The result showed that the students have a low level of academic resilience and a high level of meaning of life; the result showed a statistically positive relationship between academic resilience and meaning of life, also the result showed that the academic resilience was predicted meaning of life.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 58-78

   Nostalgia in the Novel (ALWAN and AFSANE) by Mamosta Jaafar

   Awara Kamal Saleh

   Nostalgia for the past is a phenomenon that is present in most members of society, but its impact varies from one person to another, and nostalgia appears in humans in cases of distance and alienation from the homeland, in other words when a person is uprooted from his roots and spends his life in the diaspora, and here nostalgia for the past dominates his thinking and reflections . And nostalgia leaves a deep impact on the author. That is why the book resorts to the world of writing to get rid of the pain of alienation. And back again to the world of childhood. With this hope, they can interrupt for a moment from the present time and return to the time of youth. Here, they can make a magical trip to the past in order to give their souls and themselves a moment of calm and stability. In this research, we have tried to embody the types of nostalgia in the novel (ALWAN and AFSANE).

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 79-109

   Geographical Analysis of Ruralization Phenomenon in Rania City and Impact on Their Urban Enviroment

   Bestun Ahmed Hussein

   Ruralization of Urban areas is one of the most important topics of Urban Geography as it is one of the issues of urban areas and a major contributor to other urban issues; therefore, researchers need to look at this issue with caution. Ranya city has experienced this issue to a great extent mostly due to population growth and urban expansion. Ruralization has caused major issues such as infrastructure issues in terms of education, health, transportation and increased crime rates in different parts of the city. This research addresses this issue and aims to investigate the causes and characteristics of ruralization in Ranya city. This effort will help the local government to look for solution to address this issue. This research has used descriptive and analytical methods.The research concludes that ruralization has caused some drastic consequences when it comes to providing and delivering different public and infrastructure services. The paper recommends to authorities that preparing a master plan for the city would be the ideal resolution for this issue and other issues in the city.

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 110-132

   The Common Misconceptions about Sign Language

   Khunaw Sulaiman Pirot, Wrya Izaddin Ali

   This paper entitled ‘The Common Misconceptions about Sign Language’ is concerned with the most common misconceptions about sign language. It also deals with sign language and its relation with the spoken language. Sign language, primarily used by deaf people, is a fully-developed human language that does not use sounds for communication, but it is a visual-gestural system that uses hands, body and facial gestures. One of the misconceptions is that all sign languages are the same in the worldwide. Such assumptions cause problems. Accordingly, some questions have been raised: first, is sign language universal? Second, is sign language based on spoken language? And third, is sign language invented by hearing people? The aim of the paper is to have a deeper understanding about sign language. It also demonstrates the similarities and differences between the two different modalities: sign language and spoken language. The paper is based on some hypothesis. One of the hypotheses is that sign languages are pantomimes and gestures. It also hypothesizes that the process of language acquisition in sign language for deaf people is different from the language acquisition in spoken language for hearing people. To answer the questions raised, the qualitative approach is adopted. The procedure is to collect data about the subject from books and articles and then analyze the data to obtain the aim of the study. One of the conclusions is that sign language is not universal. It is recommended that more work can be carried out on the differences between either American Sign Language (ASL) or British Sign Language (BSL) with reference to zmânî âmâžaî kurdî (ZAK) Kurdish Sign Language) at all linguistic levels.

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 133-150

   Fake News in Social Kurdish Media in Kurdistan Region

   Nawzad Sadiq Muhammad, Kamil Omer Sleman

   Fake news becomes a phenomenon in the Kurdish social media. The easiness of use and the political and social environmental crisis of northern Kurdistan besides non-professional dealing by a number of journalists worsen the situation. Despite the fact that fake news does not stemmed from the modern technology of information and the advent of using media for psychology and propaganda war but, the easiness of accessing social media makes the online platforms to be the main mediums of disseminating fake news. The openness of northern Kurdistan towards new communication technology and the semi-freedom of journalistic working and partisan activities help this part of the world to be a spot area for spreading fake news phenomenon; which became an interesting topic for many scholars around the world mainly after the presidential elections of United States of America in 2016. In this exploratory study, focus group interview used for collecting data and thematic analysis approach adopted for analysing it. Results show that spreading fake news through the Kurdish social media becomes a prevailing phenomenon. Various political and economy purposes can be identified behind disseminating fake news. Adding to increasing activity of variety of pages and accounts created with this respect through different names. Although of prevailing of the phenomena, a number of procedures can be taken in order to put a line for common of the phenomena including covering fake news through creating parasite account and pages and detecting the source of such piece of information.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 151-169

   Legal Morality in Fullerian Jurisprudence

   Hemin Ibrahim Qadir, Najmadeen Ahmed Muhamad

   The American legal philosopher Lon L. Fuller profoundly advanced a sophisticated morality conception of law through his argument for thesis of Legal Morality (LM). In particular, he adumbrated a novelist idea of “ internal morality of law” that would enable the transformation of the sophisticated morality conception of law into a conception idea of law and morality connection while simultaneously providing an explanation of the new and fresh thesis of legal morality. Contrary to the common (and mostly legal positivism) view, Fuller argues that it is not only the case that the (external) morality determines what the level of any connection between law and morality, rather it is also the idea of law in itself regenerates the idea of morality (internally). However, it is argued that in spite of the fact that Fuller suggested a sophisticated account of interconnection between law and morality, he fails to develop the complexities of the (morality) connection to the law in systemic way. What does he miss in his argument of the connection between law and morality? This study will advance the view that there are more than one way to make a connection between law and morality. Some of these connections can be named here: the morality of duty, the morality of legal subject, the morality of legal official, the morality of legal end, the morality of legal content and the internal and external morality of law. This study argues that each type of these connections between law and morality importantly has many effective outcomes in term of conception and implication of law, which Fuller did not tell us. In Fuller’s work, one can grasp the soundness of this connection in a variety levels. Yet, surprisingly to Fuller’s own works, this study will show that Fuller’s thesis of legal molarity must be expanded and justified on the different ground. In doing so, this study argues not only to make sense of Fuller’s legal morality, but it also redirects the systemic way to bring all pieces of Fuller’s claim of legal morality together and to seek the rationality beyond the legal.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 170-187

   Critical Thinking Based on Logic

   Muslim Hassan Mohammed, Jutyar Ismael Jamal

   Logic is the measure and framework of thinking. Critical thinking means meticulous, organized, and purposeful thinking. Critical thinkers are not always critics. Critical thinking plays a role in every behavior, argumentation, and decision. These are accomplished through dialogue, explanation, and observation, in accordance with logical measures. Dialogue and thinking belong to logic. Logic is a means to organize the ways of human thinking. Critical thinking is a skill honed and improved by training and work, given the fact that most people are not born with an inherent skill of thinking critically, but that thinking is often restricted within a limited circle. This contradicts with critical thinking.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 188-198

    Policy Framework for Transatlantic Peace Deal on Iran

    Peshawa Mohammed Ali

    This research aims to explore the policy framework for the transatlantic peace deal with Iran focused on 2014-2020 era. As there have been calls and initiatives among leading European powers and the US in securing a transatlantic strategy for Iran. In a stable Multilateral Non-Proliferation Pact, The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) led by the European Union (EU) has reported immense success within its first few weeks of adoption (Paolo Magri, Annalisa Perteghella, 2017). It was also hoped that the EU and the United States (US) would open the door to deal with other pending problems with Iran (Adebahr, 2017). Europe and Iran: The nuclear deal and beyond. Routledge.. The Atlantic Ocean Council (ACOE), the European Leadership Network, and the European External Relations Council had planned another scheme abroad in recent months. This scheme takes into account warnings about the unraveling of the JCPOA and various sources of regional instability and government aid to traditional Middle Eastern citizen communities. This study focuses on the advancement of proposals for JCPOA security, regional peace, and improvement for the E3 and the European Union, and individuals who work with the strengthened US Organization to establish contacts with Iran. The research assesses the preparations for lifting of transatlantic sanctions against Iran, as well as the agreements reached between Iran and other signatories. This study follows descriptive analysis depending on data, which is gathered, from a number of scientific publications, published documents, magazines, and reputable websites. Thus, this paper seeks to investigate on the US-Iran peace impacts on the political stability in the region and the main challenges that the peace deal encounter.

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 199-219

    Question as an Ontological Principle in Ahmadi Mala's" Return of Zardasht

    Hazhar Ahmed Abdulaghafur, Mohamed Nabee Ibrahim

    Existence as the basis of all that exists (in general) is an important element of philosophy and poetry. Throughout histroy, less or more, attantion has been paid to existence mater in all its dimentions by philosophers and poets and thinkers. In Kurdish literature, the reflection and reaction of this subject is clearly noticeable in the poetry products. Thus, this research, entitled "Question as an ontology principle in Ahmadi Mala's" Return of Zardasht" is focused on, the closeness of poetry and philosophy and the probablity of expressing the philosophy in two pieces of poetry and literature; works on the existence, and tries to analys and interpret the context of poetry of (Return of Zardasht) of 'Ahmadi Mala'. This is to bring antological questions foth as preconditional characteristic. The question whereby as motivation of searching for the existence, and then rising it, introduces human as delicated creature and provides the path to reach exsitence and its very facts.

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 220-249

    The Phenomenon of Masculinity and Femininity Between the Arabic and Kurdish Languages - A Comparative study

    Shaima Rashid Mohammed, Taban Noori Hama_Saed

    The clarity of the expressions or utterances to a listener in a discourse depends on to what extent the speaker or writer is accurate. Using masculinity and femininity indicates the intention of the speaker or writer more precisely. Therefore, the speaker should choose appropriate grammatical gender category for the pronouns, possessive pronouns and demonstrative pronouns and take some other matters that must be present for being accurate. The languages are divers in terms of masculine and feminine phenomenon. There are some languages which apply gender in parts of speeches, known as beautiful languages, while others apply the gender rules in some specific ways and situations. Therefore, studying gender phenomenon is crucial in two languages, classical Arabic language and Kurdish language (Northern Kurdish), within the same language family. The distinctions and similarities of gender phenomenon of both languages should be dealt with so as to help the learners of both languages. This can be considered as one of the main objectives of contrastive studies. This paper aims at investigating the gender morphemes and linguistic structures of gender in Arabic and Kurdish languages by analyzing and clarifying expressions, sentences, demonstratives and pronouns. This paper consists of two main sections: the first one is devoted for nouns from Arabic and Kurdish languages in term of gender while the second one is dedicated for studying gender phenomenon (masculinity and femininity) from Arabic and Kurdish expressions.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 250-258

    Misrepresentation of Orientals in Dave Eggers’s A Hologram for The King

    Samal Marf Mohammed

    This study deals with the colonial perspectives in Dave Eggers’s A Hologram for The King (2012), according to the postcolonial approach. Although colonialism era is over by now, colonial perspectives remain strong in some literary works. Since its advent in the second half of the twentieth century, postcolonial theory confronts colonial attitudes and experiences as colonialism has been justified in many works of Western writers and scholars who have distorted the real image of non-Europeans and non-Westerners via different means and techniques in masquerade of orientalism. Postcolonial discourse opposes the misrepresentation of non-Europeans and argues that such falsification is driven by political, social, religious and economic motives. In the current study, the researcher aims at explaining the notions of colonialism, otherization and other falsified images of non-Westerners in A Hologram for the King. This paper mainly questions Eggers’s portrayal of the protagonist, Alan Clay, who after bankruptcy and failure at home, flies to Saudi Arabia and capitalizes on the physical and moral assets of the Orientals in this country to convert his story of failure to a success. The characterization of the oriental world and its setting show Eggers’s being biased against the Eastern world and ironically mirror clear hints of colonialism and eurocentrism.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 259-278

    The Effect of Electronic Advertising in Social Media on University Students in Kurdistan Region

    Thahir Hamadamin Sabir, Saman Jalal Mawlood

    The Main purpose of this study is to find out the effect of electronic advertising on social Media on university students in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The impact of electronic advertising making a purchase decision. The aim of this research is that it is an attempt to understand the mechanisms of taking information about the impact of electronic advertising for purchase. . Researchers in this research have scientifically demonstrated the effect of electronic advertising on university students. This research relied on survey methods for collecting data and information of the research. The sample of this study were students of Erbil Polytechnic University and 300 students participated the survey. The most important findings of the researcher is that the interaction with the electronic advertising on social media sites has taken a high level, and the models taken from the search sample most of them use social media sites (Messenger, Viber, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook), and the models taken benefit from this network, taking the information and seeing the services available there.

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15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 279-305

    The Agreement of Complex Sentence and its Meanings in the Last Quarter of Holy Quran- Selected Models

    Ahmed Mohammad Salim, Hiwa Abdulla Kareem

    This study is entitled (The Structural Agreement of Complex Sentence and its Meanings in the Last Quarter of Holy Quran - Selected Models) the Noble Qur’an through the varying linguistic methods that are relied upon in the formulation of sentences and texts, and among these methods: (constructive) which does not bear truth and lies in and of itself. Given the importance of this topic, the study came as an application to the last quarter of the Holy Qur’an; To reveal the manifestations of the rhetorical inimitability in it, as well as to find the connotations contained in the construction methods in different rhetorical contexts, and these methods are characterized by their various suggestive and semantic ability that vary in the diversity of the tools and contexts of the method. The research includes a study of the imperative construction represented in the style of (the command, the prohibition, the question, the wish, and the call), a theoretical and applied study at the same time.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 306-334

    Quality of life and its Relationship to Studying Motivation among Koya University Students

    Paiz Khalid Sabir, Khalid Ismail Mustafa

    The purpose of this study is to find out the level of the quality of life according to its dimensions, and constructing the measurement of the studying motivation, to display the levels of studying motivation from the part of the university students. The paper tries to find the relationship between quality of life and studying motivation and figure out the presupposition of studying motivation through the quality of life. The relevant descriptive method was adopted in the study. The population of the study is made up of (3466) students. The sample of the study for the first setting was of (465) students, the second setting was of (550) male and female students, they are selected in a random clustered way. For collecting information, the researchers used two measures: the quality of life is taken and the measures of studying motivation is constructed, the results turned out that the quality of life of students is at an acceptable level. For constructing the measures of studying motivation, the analysis of principles of used dimensions, divided the measurement into three dimensions, it turned out that the studying motivation is at an acceptable level. There are statistical positive evidences for the relation between quality of life and studying motivation. It turned out that quality of life presupposes a remarkable self-dimension in studying motivation. Finally, the researcher in the light of the results, offered some recommendations and suggestions.

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 335-361

    Emphasis in Grammar - A Study in The Methodology of Segmentation

    Jihad Qadir Ali, Azza Adnan Ahmed Ezzat

    Linguistical emphasis is not being thoroughly discussed in syntax books، except in pieces and partitions، initially with its verbal or semantic description، to its study of using the tool، extra letters، or sentences and ending with methods such as the division، exclusion، advance and delay، and so on due to its importance that calls for it to be in multiple forms، and miscellaneous images. Based on that، we looked at the divisions of the emphasis and its terminology، and found that some emphasis naturally expresses an emphasis and is parsed as an emphasis، and some emphasis naturally expresses an emphasis but is not parsed as one، or from its meaning it is understood to be an emphasis but is not also parsed as one، as well as those which strengthen the emphasis. We also noted the multiplicity of its terminology among the Arab linguists due to viewing it from different perspectives.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 362-386

    Administrative Thought in Kurdish Folk Proverbs

    Ranjdar Azad Azeez, Soran Kakarash Omer

    This research aims to understand and find the relationship between administrative thoughts and theory and Kurdish popular traditional proverbs. This is a theoretical and applied research by comparing (32) Kurdish folk or saying examples with some classic (traditional) and modern theories of managerial thought. This includes two different sciences and fields of management and folk literature. The research is divided into three similar sections according to the title of the research, and its first chapter is devoted to administrative thought, schools and administrative theories, the second chapter: is devoted to the concept, specificity and attempts to collect Kurdish proverbs, and the third chapter is devoted to presenting administrative thought in terms of the fundamentals in the folkloric folk proverb in the Kurdish language. The research reached were reflected in the thought of the Kurds' older generations such grandfathers and grandmothers even though it was not applied in reality, because the Kurds, like other people, have an administrative thought that is perfect and mature, especially in the field of specialization, time, planning, leadership and supervision. Finally the study recommended to writers and researchers, one of the most important of which is that this field should be developed and further researched between administrative thought in all its divisions and branches, with all Kurdish proverbs on the one hand, and with all other topics of Kurdish literature such as poetry, prose, novel ... etc. on the other side.

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 387-409

    The Dualism of Place in Lattif Halmat’s Poetic Texts

    Sarkawt Omer Ibrahim, Zanear Zyad Ibrahem

    This research, which is entitled “The Dualism of Place in Lattif Halmat’s Poetic Texts”, is a critically analytical study on the dualism of place, the role and position of the element of place within the frame of poetic texts. In the poet’s poetic texts, the element of place created a kind of reversal in the readers’ horizon of expectations. The binary oppositions have become the structure of art and the aesthetic of poetic texts. And often, they have become (purple patches) in the texts in a way that all the surrounding words are ablaze with their power and their beauty. This research is composed of two chapters: The first chapter is devoted to the concept and definition of dualism and the philosophical concept of dualism in a theoretical method. In terms of their presence in Lattif Halmat’s poetic texts, the second chapter deals with the dualism of place within the frame of poetic texts in a critically analytical way. And finally, the research ends with the conclusions and bibliography.

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20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 410-438

    The Political Islamic Movement in Eastern Kurdistan (1979-1988), the Qur'an Office and The Khabat Organization, For Example.

    Snawber Sardar Star

    With the success of the Iranian People's Revolution, the political Islamic movement in eastern Kurdistan has become more and more active. At first, the Qur'an office, which was established by Ahmad Mufti Zada, was only to educate young people on the basis of Islam, but with the success of the Iranian revolution, its direction changed to national work and demand Kurdish rights against the new regime. Later, due to the regime's negative stance on the demands of the Kurdish people, which included self-mayor for Kurdistan within iran, looking at Kurds as non-Muslims in the early 1980s led to the creation of another Islamic organization in Eastern Kurdistan called the Islamic National Struggle Organization of Iranian Kurdistan– Khabat, which, along with other parties in eastern Kurdistan, has begun armed struggles against the regime to achieve the national rights of the Kurdish people in eastern Kurdistan.

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21. 21
    Social Science Original Research pp. 439-463

    The Role of Television in Creating Anxiety by the University's Readers

    Amin Khdir Ahmad —, Sivan Omar Esmail, Himdad Ali Hussein —

    The purpose of this research is:- Knowing the role of television in creating anxiety among students in general. Knowing the role of television in creating anxiety among students according to gender change. Knowing the role of television in creating anxiety among students according to the changing stages Researchers have prepared a scale for conducting their research, the most important of which is the statistics used, including SPSS person and t-tests. The most important results of the study have shown that television plays a role in creating anxiety by the study participants. There are no differences according to gender and different stages. Thus, at the result, this research eventually came up with some suggestions: monitoring TV shows and limiting the presentation of programs that cause fear and anxiety to the audience. Providing the psychological and social researchers on the television staff to evaluate and bowdlerize any programs before broadcasting. Knowing the television efforts to postpone programs that cause fear and anxiety when they are promoted. Monitoring the dramas performed on some channels, because some of them are incompatible with culture and social values, will cause fear and anxiety for the audience.

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22. 22
    Social Science Original Research pp. 464-479

    Complexity of Mental Representation: A Cognitive Pragmatics Perspective

    Saman Mohammad Othman, Salah Mohammed Salih

    This article attempts to elucidate the meaning construction process, mental states and mental relations, communicative intentions, and action plans and thereby to explore the complexity of mental representations from a purely cognitive pragmatics perspective. It also attempts to reevaluate the violations of cooperative principle and maxims. Cooperation, mental states and intentionality are the three basic tools for any communication process. Mental states are either conscious or unconscious. They are emotional and cognitive which include common attention, shared belief, and consciousness. Three different types of beliefs are differentiated: individual, common and shared. Intentionality is the relationship between mental acts and the external world. Every mental phenomenon has content and it is directed at an object. Two fundamental distinct meanings are attributed to the concept of intentionality: direction and deliberateness. Intentionality can be conceived of through communicative intentions and action plans. The main concepts of communication, namely, cooperation, sharedness and intentionality are indispensable concepts to understand the process of comprehension and reconstruction of response in communication. Without rich shared knowledge, the inferential chain in non-standard communication becomes lengthy and laborious. Other possibilities arise due to the absence of the fundamental concepts, one of which is failure of communication. Any mental process can be envisaged in terms of steps starting with the expression of an act, moving through speaker meaning, to the communicative effect, then to the reaction it creates and finally the production of overt communicative response. The paper examines the scale of complexity of mental representation and shows the underlying processes required in meaning construction. Additionally, the difference between standard and non-standard communication is presented in terms of complexity of inferential processes needed for each two different cases in communication.

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23. 23
    Social Science Original Research pp. 480-501

    Husband Towards Wife’s Expenditure and the Mandatory Applied Law

    Ranyar Qadir Ahmed

    The right marriage that satisfies all legal conditions provides a set of rights and obligations on both parties(the wife and husband). These include material and non-material rights and obligations. As to material rights, the husband must provide the wife with the expenditure, and this must be proven, and this is enshrined in Quran, Sunna and social creds, as referred to in the Iraqi civil status law. Yet, the question is: shall such expenditure obligations by the husband remain in place after the marriage or legal separation officially ends? Does such expenditure applicable during the three months waiting time after the divorce or separation takes place? And, does such expenditure mandatory at any time? What is the law provision in the matter of husband expenditure towards the wife, and other related expenditures towards the main relatives (father, mother, grandfather and grandmother) and towards secondary relatives (daughters, sons, nephews, and nieces), as well as towards temporary expenditures. We strive in this research to answer all these questions

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24. 24
    Social Science Original Research pp. 502-528

    The Character of Abdulkarim Qasim is Between National and Communist Discourse

    Suzan Karim Mustafa

    In the revolutions of history, an individual or leader is always given a higher role than all perpetrators of events, leaders have always been recognized as heroes in history, and a leader has faced all the factors of success and failure. In all societies, one or more people have always appeared and dominated the entire political and economic spheres of the country, a factor in the self-perception of history, or the hegemony of history, while the achievements of history belong only to one or the first leader, the total number of participants in the process of changing roles and his Impact on the direction of events. Abdul Karim Qasim is an example of a leader in Iraq who went from revolution to dictatorship, while people looked at him with hope and described him as a leader who changed the course of history, the reason for his failure was the conflict between political parties and the international community. This study is the gateway to getting to know Abdul Karim Qasim's personality from the point of view of his opponents. In this two-part study, we discussed the beginnings of Abdul-Karim Qasim’s relations with political parties, and the views of the nationalist and communist parties towards Abdul-Karim Qasim, relying on several sources of different ideologies.

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25. 25
    Social Science Original Research pp. 529-554

    The Effects of Social Media on the University Students’ Voting Behavior in General Elections in the Kurdistan Region

    Karwan Ali Qadir

    The main goal of this research is to know and display the extent in which social media sites and platforms affect the voting behavior of the university students in the Kurdistan region during general elections, either to participate in the election or to vote for a specific candidate or political party. It also explores how the students participate and interact with the electoral messages and information that are published on social media platforms. This research is a political communication study, which relies on the survey method utilizing questionnaire form as a tool for data collection from the participants. The questionnaire form was designed and implemented online through Google Form and was sent to the participants through Email, Messenger, Viber and Whatsup, to the university student in different universities in the Kurdistan region. As such, 344 persons of the sample have filled up the questionnaire form in one week from 10 to 16 August 2021. The results of the study were displayed in tables and were analyzed through descriptive method, in addition to the use of SPSS statistics software to find correlation between the two main variables of the study. One of the most prominent results of this study was that only a small proportion of the participants (almost 27%) are influenced by social media to change their voting behavior such as deciding to vote or no, and voting for a specific candidate or political party. Another noticeable result was that the majority of the participants with almost (50%) do not trust the promises and speeches of the candidates and political parties that are published on social media platforms.

    10.26750/Vol(8).No(3).Paper25 1 views Read article
26. 26
    Social Science Original Research pp. 555-579

    An Aspect in the Poetic Experience of the Classical Poet Awat

    Jabbar Ahmed Hussein

    A literary text is a personal thought or emotion of the writer that are illustrated in the world of imagination. S/he conveys this very personal intuition into the readers’ side (addressee) through a crafty language and a highly technical style. Thus, each and every literary text is composed of four elements: three of them are the internal structure of the poem, which are theme, emotion, and imagination, and the fourth one is style, which is the incarnation of the previously-mentioned elements. All of these elements are firmly interconnected to each other and could only be separated for research purposes. The aim of this study is to pinpoint the internal structure of Awat’s poetry and to show an aspect of his poetic experience.

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27. 27
    Social Science Original Research pp. 580-617

    The Pragmatism of US Foreign Policy in the Obama and Trump Administrations.

    Hema Niazi Hamad

    This researched has tried to analyze the philosophy of pragmatics and its development as well as applying it on the level of America’s foreign policy in the cabinet of both American Presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump in a comparative way to analyze and investigate it. The philosophy of Pragmatics in the center of American policy had an important position in the formulation of foreign policies and decisions and its application between Barack Obama and Donald Trump’s administration, was embodied in different forms and mechanisms which understanding this political perspective and direction is helpful to increase an understanding about formulation and application of American foreign policy. It has been tried to answer the main question of the research within the context of this research, which is how did the main and clear difference of getting benefit from pragmatism between both Obama and Trump’s administration has reflected in the American foreign policy? In the research, it was hypothesized that pragmatism was generally used in American foreign policy to protect America’s living interests and applying pragmatism between each Obama and Trump’s administration and how it is reflected in American foreign policy. This research has reached the conclusion that pragmatism in the era of Barak Obama’s administration has embodied itself in the form of a clever and hidden soft Power that has not ignored actors and other parties in the international arena despite the desire to protect American interests. But in Donald Trump’s era, pragmatism has applied itself in the form of hard, obvious pragmatism, economic, and political interests of America, which was the main desire to protect America’s interests.

    10.26750/Vol(8).No(3).Paper27 0 views Read article
28. 28
    Social Science Original Research pp. 618-644

    Geographical Analysis of Entertainment Services in the City of Daratu Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

    Hoshmand Jawhar Abbas, Sanger Ahmed Hussein, Fatimah Qader Mustafa

    The impact of the recreational services that exist within the group of services that are practiced within the geographical framework of the city, is not limited to the lives of its residents and their activities, but also on the residents of the surrounding areas. Recreational services contribute to providing diversified investment opportunities for leisure time, so that they are appropriate and beneficial to the health, comfort and well-being of the population at the lowest possible cost, without the goal of their establishment being financial gain, as they lead to the creation of mental, psychological and physical balance on the level of one individual and on the basis of society in a way. In general, recreational services are an integral part of urban activities in most cities of the world. Rather, the concept of modernity and urbanization in contemporary urban centers is measured to some extent by the availability of recreational facilities for their inhabitants, and the study also showed the low level of efficiency of recreational services in terms of their spatial distribution and numbers. As it is concentrated in some neighborhoods of the city, while it is less or absent in other neighborhoods, as well as not taking into account the planning standards in its distribution and during its construction in line with the population increase, urban expansion and the residents' needs for these services. The success in providing these different types of recreational facilities depends on how they are distributed geographically. The balanced distribution of these activities determines the success of the adopted plans in achieving the required goals and policies.

    10.26750/Vol(8).No(3).Paper28 0 views Read article
29. 29
    Social Science Original Research pp. 645-663

    Allophone and Allogram in Kurdish Language

    Dilshad Mohammed Gharib, Aso Abdulrahman karim, Nasrin Nori Abdulla

    This study is devoted to Allophone and Allogram in Kurdish language. It is an effort to follow phonetics and phonology systematically, which focuses on variant expression and practicing the phonemes. Then it completes its division in an obligatory way or freely .This kind of expression is called (Allophone), Besides ,it specified such kinds of graphemes changes which is not special to expression ,it relates to (written/orthography). It means that a phoneme exists in complementary distribution whether it is obligatory or more. Such kind of differentiate forms are called(ALlogram). This method which is used in this study is analysis, In which some phonemes are specified in phonological changes. Analyzing the example theoretically and carrying out the transformational rules. It uses (global phonetics- alphabet). Besides (Kurdish phonemes- alphabet) . All examples are taken from daily speech of (central dialect/ Kurdish language).

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30. 30
    Social Science Original Research pp. 664-680

    Masoud Muhammad and Theodor Adorno on Art: A Comparative Study

    Nabaz Samad Ahmed

    A comparative analysis of two great thinkers who are placed in different geographical, social, cultural, and intellectual contexts is a difficult task. Masoud Muhammad a Kurdish Philosopher and Theodor Adorno, a German philosopher, are belonging to two different cultural and intellectual traditions but it can be argued that the core of their philosophical views and analysis on art are thematically connected and astoundingly close. Muhammad and Adorno are doing the same thing, but at a different level, context, and different methods regarding art. They both lived during the dark times of totalitarian regimes: Nazism and Ba’athism in Germany and Iraq respectively. In this paper, I will propose to show that it is possible to establish similarities between the philosophical views of these two thinkers based on three presuppositions. First, both Masoud Muhammad and Adorno’s point of departure is the criticizing Marxist art theory. Second, for Muhammad art is a social fact, and not an imitation of society’s reality, since art is the self-expression of the artist; Also for Adorno art is a social fact and in the meantime, it is independent from society. Third, in Muhammad’s view, art is autonomous and free; therefore it would not be affiliated with any ideologies. In the same manner, Adorno argues that art is autonomous and critical to society. The forgoing illustrated that these three presuppositions set the tone for the theme and hypothesis of this paper. The main goal of this paper is to examine the similarities between Adorno and Muhammad's philosophical views concerning art.

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