9.4 Sep 2022

Volume 9

Issue 4

Published
29 September 2022
Articles
35 articles
Access
Open Access

Table of Contents

  1. Social Science Original Research pp. 1-16

    Agreed Evidence in Surat Al-Hajj

    Payam Bazid Rasul, Othman Muhammad Gharib

    Islamic Sharia is based on sources, and studying these sources and eliciting legal rulings from them and attributing each ruling to its source that supports it is an obligatory matter. The legislative sources from which four legal rulings are derived are in the following order: the Noble Qur’an, the Prophet’s Sunnah, peace be upon him, the consensus of the nation, and analogy, as agreed upon by the majority of Muslim imams. The evidence for the authenticity of these four sources: the Noble Qur’an, for it is the origin of the fundamentals, and the first source of legislation, and everything else is taken from it, and branched from it, from that: the science of jurisprudence; Our venerable scholars did not invent it on their own, but rather they derived it from legal evidence and derived it from them, and the strongest and oldest evidence is: the Noble Qur’an.

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  2. Social Science Original Research pp. 17-44

    Compound Adjectives in General and in French Language in Specific

    Pakhshan Fahmi Farho, Hatem Wlya Mohammed

    Compounding is an effectiv process of morphology to produce new items in dictionary. In this research we focus on compound adjectives in general and its’ properties in in French language. In this research we easily identify that compound adjectives are very rarely studied compared to compound nouns. This research starts by an introduction about compound adjectives and then the basic items that are used to create compound adjectives are presented, then we foucus on the cases that are no considerd as compound in French language, after that we specify the types of compounding and the pattern that are used to form compound adjectives in French language. At the end we talk about endocentric and exocentric compound adjectives. Finaly, we come to the conclution that this subject is ill-posed and very far from being clearly resolved and thesre are many different approaches to define this subject. For this reason, we tried to present add the different approaches.

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  3. Social Science Original Research pp. 45-59

    The Role of Target Cost in Cost Reduction: an Empirical Case of Bazian Cement Factory in Kri

    Araz Mohammed Mahmood, Kanar Kamal Salih, Bzhar Nasradeen Majeed

    Recently corporations attempt to make a fair competition in global markets, which apply different techniques and tactics to raise their industrial outputs with lower costs and it is enhancing companies' profitability. Implementation of target costing is employed in design of products and development phases, therefore purposes at reduction costs at the first stage of the life-cycle. The enterprises might be supported by a considerable technique for seizing the highest of profit margin of the product cost and regulate prices so it is vital tool for competitive advantage. Basically, the main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of implying target costing on reduction costs in Bazian Cement Factory in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. This study collected primary data through the survey and distributed 25 forms among the participants of the sample of the study. The findings of the study indicated that dependent variable (reduction costs) and independent variable (target costing) have a strong and positive link together, this means Bazian Cement Factory is successful in using target cost strategy.

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  4. Social Science Original Research pp. 60-78

    Deletion and Change of Sounds of the Loanwords into the Kurdish Language

    Sherwan Husen Hamad, Shokhan Qadir Hasan

    This study is entitled “Deletion and Change of Sounds of the Loanwords into the Kurdish Language”, which is a statistical analytic study. Study instruments have been allocated for the words borrowed from the English language and entered the Kurdish language. The study comes within the field of the phonology and has been worked on according to the descriptive analytic manner. The study intends to respond to the question to which extend phenomenon of deletion and changing sounds happen to the borrowed words that entered the Kurdish language. For this purpose, in addition to an introduction, a conclusion and the list of the sources, this study has been divided into two parts. In the first part, definition of the phonological rules, each one of deletion and changing of the sounds, loanwords and change of the sounds have been discussed. In the second part, an analysis and statistics have been presented about the words, borrowed from the English language and entered the Kurdish language, which face deletion and change of their sounds.

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  5. Social Science Original Research pp. 79-98

    The Effect of a Program Based on Educational Games with Extra-Curricular Activities in Developing Motor Skills for People with Autism Disorder

    Haunaz Ali Ahmed, Afrah Yasseen Dabagh

    The current research goal is to: 1- Building a training program based on educational games with extra-curricular activities in developing motor skills for children with autism disorder. 2- To identify the effect of the training program on developing motor skills for children with autism disorder. The researcher relied on the experimental method in order to suit the variables of the current research, and to choose a single-group design with a pre- and post-test, the research community consisted of all children with autism disorder in government and private centers whose ages ranged between (5-7) years in the Erbil governorate center for the academic year ( 2020-2021), the number of The sample was (10) children, with (7) males and (3) females, as it was confirmed that the group members were homogeneous in all variables of homogeneity of height and weight, the economic, social, educational and cultural level of parents, adaptive behavior, as well as the performance of tribal motor skills. To verify the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared a note card to measure the performance of motor skills (fine and large), after reviewing previous studies such as (Al-Mufti, 2014), (Abdul Moneim, 2016), (Siyam and Omar, 2018) and (Al-Tahan, 2012). The card, in its initial form, consisted of (33) performance paragraphs represented by sub-skills, accurate and large, and after verification of honesty and stability, the total number of paragraphs became (31) The experiment was implemented by applying the (training program) consisting of (21) training sessions for a period of two months and specific with general and specific objectives, three sessions per week for a period of two months (8) weeks, in addition to (3) other sessions used to apply the tribal adaptive behavior scale, as well as to complete the homogenization procedures within The group and the application of the pre- and post-test. After collecting the data, it was analyzed and processed statistically. The results showed the following: 1- There are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of total motor skills in favor of the dimensional measurement and application, thus rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternative hypothesis, which indicates the effectiveness of the program. 2- There are statistically significant differences between the tribal and remote measurements of fine motor skills and large motor skills in favor of the dimensional measurement and application, thus rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternative, and this indicates the effectiveness of the program. The researcher concluded that the use of the training program based on educational games in extra-curricular activities affected the development of motor skills for children with autism disorder. And that the size of the effect of the training program on the sample was very large in the development of total motor skills and the sub-axes (micro and large). In light of the results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations, and made some suggestions that she believes will complement her current research in the future.

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  6. Social Science Original Research pp. 99-129

    Meaning and Psychological Meaning

    Diman Ahmad Othman, Nariman Abdullah Xoshnaw

    This research is entitled “Psychological Implications in Poetic Images of the Collection of: A Linguistic Study”. This study discusses types of meaning. Generally, meaning is categorized into two parts: semantic meaning and pragmatic meaning. Besides, it also discusses the interpretations of the artistic phenomena of psychological implications and shows their implications. Meaning is generally a multidisciplinary and sophisticated concept; hence it has been categorized differently. And those who discussed meaning, they have conducted their own evaluations.

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  7. Social Science Original Research pp. 130-154

    The Administrative Side of the Chamchamal Newspaper

    Wahab Hasib Mohammed

    In the year 1922, Chamchamal was turn from a village to the district, and it was affiliated with the Kirkuk governorate until the year (1947), and no newspaper was issued during that period. The Chamchamal newspaper was the first newspaper to be issued in the history of this district. The first issue was issued two months after the initiation of the mayor of "Shaker Fattah" on July 1, 1946, and the last issue was issued on August 12, 1946. In this sense, Chamchamal newspaper was a weekly newspaper, and until the year (1991) no newspaper was issued, a total number of “Shaker Fattah” newspaper (7), after which it was hung in the city park and read to the city’s residents, but it has a significant impact on the cultural and artistic movement of the city, serving as spiritual landmarks for many works of art, the cultural movement and the fun band for four decades, from here can.

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  8. Social Science Original Research pp. 155-187

    The Phonological Structure of American Sign Language -ASL and zmânî âmâžaî kurdî - ZAK

    Khunaw Sulaiman Pirot, Wirya Izzaddin Ali

    This paper deals primarily with the phonological structure of American Sign Language (ASL) and zmânî âmâžaî kurdî (ZAK) -Kurdish Sign Language. It is concerned with sign language (SL) and the types of sign language. One type is primary sign languages which are used by the Deaf people. Sign language is a visual-gestural language which relies on the use of the hands, facial expressions and body movements.Generally, there are myths about SLs. People believe that SLs are universal and have no grammatical structure. However, sign languages, as spoken languages, have lexicon, phonology, morphology and syntax. As far as the phonological structure of SLs includes handshape, location, movement and orientation of the hand. Therefore, some questions have been raised focusing on ASL and ZAK phonological structure. One of the questions is that: are the parameters of the phonological structure of ASL and ZAK the same? The aim of the paper is to apply ASL phonological aspects on ZAK. In this study, a mixed method is adopted. What is related to the hypothesis is that ZAK has three phonological parameters. One of the findings is that both ASL and ZAK have the same phonological parameters. As far as recommendation is concerned, more work can be carried out on the differences between ASL and ZAK at all linguistic levels.

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  9. Social Science Original Research pp. 188-199

    A Study of the Themes of Love in Ghased Persian Lyric Poems

    Pakhshan Muhammad Mahmoud

    Love is one of the main themes of poetry and its earthly and heavenly types are seen in the poems of poets and have created great themes and beautiful interpretations. Ghased is one of the poets who has a great skill in using words, depicting the image of love in various forms. The messenger has tried to express his pure love for his beloved in various images of his sonnets, although sometimes he has made love seem virtual or real. In his opinion, the place of love is undisputed, although in this painful way, you have endured the suffering of Versailles. The characteristics of love and its attributes in poetry are often similar to the themes of the poets before him and the status of love in his poetry is very high. Even its earthly type can be considered as the shadow of heavenly love. This research examines love and its place in the messenger's sonnets.

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  10. Social Science Original Research pp. 200-221

    A New Perspective on the State of Transitive and Intransitive Verb

    Bahzad Muhsin Raouf

    This Study, entitled "A New Perspective on the State of Transitive and Intransitive Verb" is an attempt to propose another classification of work in terms of power. Because what is noted is that the work in terms of power has been very thoroughly studied, and has been abandoned after the division over the " Transitive and Intransitive". This study seeks to quantify the extent of the workforce on the basis of identification and classification, and then the naming of Verbs. The study is divided into two sections, as follows: In the first part we use the common names and terms of Transitive and Intransitive, but in the second part instead of the two terms we use our suggested terms and give the necessary explanations about them. In the second part, we separate the indirect object and complementary according to their functions and properties. According to this new view, the problem of Transitive and Intransitive of (Habun-Tamalluk) verb is solved.

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  11. Social Science Original Research pp. 222-256

    News Processing for Intellectual Terrorism Phenomena in News Websites, Analytical Study: Kurdistan 24 and NRT Websites

    Arsalan Rahman Mohammed, Sara Muhsin Qadir

    The phenomenon of intellectual terrorism has emerged in different places and times within the framework of the media message. This phenomenon is closely related to the editorial policy of media channels, given the different editorial policy, work environment, and geopolitics in the Kurdistan Region, this study identified the cities of Erbil and Sulaymaniyah as research communities. The (Kurdistan 24) channel website in Erbil and the website of (NRT) channel in Sulaymaniyah were chosen as two research samples. The main problem of this study is about the extent to which the concept of intellectual terrorism is embodied in Kurdish news websites. It is also one of the manifestations of external influences that play a role in formulating the media message and editorial policy of the channel, because the embodiment of intellectual terrorism is more dangerous than terrorism in its general sense, especially since the main goal of intellectual terrorism is to terrorize the other party morally, and to prepare the ground for physical cleansing, distorting the mental image, and thus creating a new mental image.The main objective of this study is to analyze the content of the media message, in which the research samples direct the news to their receivers, and to reveal the hidden side of the media message. The study also deals with the extent to which the work environment and the political conflicts between the parties affect the formulation of the media message and the embodiment of intellectual terrorism in it. Besides defining and analyzing these concepts, phrases, and language, which in turn make up this message. This study, which is based on the content analysis method, shows the extent of the use and embodiment of intellectual terrorism through editorial language and policy by analyzing the news content of both samples. After evaluating the study questions by the evaluation experts, the researcher created tables for the shape and news content of the two samples. Within the content of the study, the concepts of terrorism and intellectual terrorism and their objective were explained from a scientific point of view, and then stations were reviewed on the history of intellectual terrorism in the Kurdistan Region, and the impact of political, economic and geographical conflicts on its appearance. Within the practical side of this study, and through (14) tables, vigorous efforts were made, in terms of form and content, to achieve and analyze these tables regarding the practice of intellectual terrorism in the news, on both (K24) and (NRT) websites. In conclusion, several of the most prominent results of the study were presented as follows:The news treatment of intellectual terrorism on the two websites that are directly related to the media work environment, their sources of funding, and their level of bias in presenting the contents and publishing news. The two websites also created a suitable environment for the emergence and nurturing of ideological terrorism, especially when the level of conflict is at its most intense.

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  12. Social Science Original Research pp. 257-288

    The Analysis of Elections’ Result in the Both of Round in the Parliament (2013- 2018) of Kurdistan’s Region and the Changes in the form of Elections’ Result in the Both of Round

    Safin Jalal Fatalla, Balen Faithalla Abdulla

    The election is one of the important subject in the political of politics in general and in the geography of election in specific because there is two ways to receive the authority into philosophy of authority, one of them in the way of violence through attacker that it is cause to a terrible situation in the political, social and economy And another way is that the community is agree on the democracy and make a change in the authority, in a peace way and away from violence through election . In this research we analyze the geography to the result of elections in the round of fourth and fifth of Kurdistan’s parliament and make a distinguished in the result of both of round and we analyze those changes that happened and we will evaluate them. The investigation consist of three parts, the first part is the analysis of geography to the election of fourth round of Kurdistan’s parliament ,itself consist of three subject. The first subject is the list of competition of works to general chair and second is the list of competition to final chair The second part is the analysis of geography to elections’ result of fifth round of Kurdistan’s parliament of (2018) The first subject is the list of agents to general chair and second subject is the list competitions to final chairs , third part is the changes from the form of results in both round of elections (2013-2018) in the parliament of Kurdistan ‘s region.

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  13. Social Science Original Research pp. 289-314

    The Best way to Deal with Non-Muslim Relatives According to Islamic Law Comparative Study

    Salah Najib Abdurahman

    This research is a jurisprudential study of the ruling on optimal dealing with non-Muslim relatives in Islamic law, based on the evidence in the Qur’an and Sunnah. It is well known that Islam was accused of not respecting the rights of non-Muslims by the malicious based on jurisprudence or fatwas in specific circumstances or times. This study aims to highlight the optimal dealing with non-Muslims, and the closest to the spirit of Sharia and its observance of the rights of non-Muslims. The study based on the inductive and descriptive approach to investigate the evidences and statements on the subject. These texts, opinions, and issues have been analyzed and compared to reach an optimal ruling in line with the aims of the Islamic law. The study revealed that the best treatment with non-Muslim relatives is embodied in good cohabitation, kindness in treatment, and the broadness of human feelings of righteousness, mercy and benevolence.

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  14. Social Science Original Research pp. 315-328

    An Evaluation of the Materials Deployed in English Language Proficiency Courses for Postgraduate Applicants: A Content- Based Study

    Bekhal Latif Muhedeen

    There is broad recognition that a textbook, among other components, plays an important role in many English language classrooms today. As a result, its evaluation is a significant issue to guarantee its contribution to the success of the teaching- learning process. Evaluating textbooks and other instructional materials used in the teaching- learning contexts is one of the responsibilities of teachers. The textbooks adopted in Kurdistan university language centers are no exception. Hence, the present paper is an attempt to conduct a post-use evaluation for the content of one of the textbooks (Interchange 3) used at the intermediate level in Kurdistan university English language proficiency courses. It aims to determine the areas of strengths and weaknesses of the textbook content and to see to what extent it was appropriate in helping the learners improve their level of English from the teachers’ perspectives. The textbook is analyzed using a descriptive content analysis method. For this purpose, 23 teachers who taught this textbook in six different language centers were asked to participate and the data were obtained through a 24-item questionnaire suggested by Demir and Ertaș (2014). The results of the content analysis indicated that the teachers are highly satisfied with the textbook under evaluation regardless of some deficiencies in certain aspects of the textbook - and that the textbook suited the teaching/ learning context as it could provide sufficient meaningful opportunities for the learners to communicate with the target language.

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  15. Social Science Original Research pp. 329-347

    Sentences of Interrogative in Kurdish Language of Typology View

    Diler Sadq Kaneby, Harem Qader Rasull

    This Research under the topic (Sentences of interrogative in Kurdish Language of typology view) the research is about interrogative sentence from typology view, in This research try to select types of interrogative sentence and types answers Interrogative sentence from the theory view, the difference of this research Compare with other previous research is depend on typology view, especially in His opinion (Bernard COMRIY) and (Norval SMITH) which for the is purpose they have prepared a questionnaire under the topic(Lingua Descriptive studies: Questionnaire) they published in (Lingua) magazine to get a universal Grammer between different languages without care of history between languages, for this purpose, the research expect the introduction, result and list of resources, is consist of two parts, the first part: it consists types interrogative sentence, yes – no question and types, interrogative sentence word-question, Echo-question. The second part: it consists of elements of question in main clauses, subordinate clauses, prepositional phrases, noun phrase, coordinate structure, and types of answers.

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  16. Social Science Original Research pp. 348-386

    Evaluating the Performance Quality of the External Auditor Under the Requirements of International Auditing Standards (ISA220-ISA700) An applied Research in A number of Auditing Offices Operating in Erbil- Kurdistan Region of Iraq

    Yonis Omar Mohammad, Parzheen Shekh Mohammad Aziz

    The work of the external audit is to provide services for auditing the financial statements and expressing an opinion on the financial statements in the economic units، and as it is known، the parties benefiting from the financial statements are many and many، such as investors، lenders، shareholders، and the government. In order to ensure the correctness and fairness of the financial statements، they must be audited by a person or an auditing institution، and this is what is called an external audit. Here، the importance of external auditing appears in the completion of high-quality and superior work to give reassurance to the parties using the financial statements. The research aims to define the requirements and scope of international auditing standards No. (220) and (700)، as well as assessing the quality of the professional performance of the external auditor by applying to five auditing offices operating in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq - Erbil to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the external auditor in the audit process By knowing the extent of his commitment in professional performance and in preparing the final report، with the requirements of international auditing standards No. (220 and 700). The research reached a number of conclusions، the most important of which is the following: The highest audit quality indicator was achieved by the Account Control Office No. (5) in accordance with the requirements of standards (220) and (700). And the lowest audit quality indicator in relation to compliance with the requirements of the standard (220) was achieved by the Account Control Office No. (1) As for the lowest audit quality indicator in relation to compliance with the requirements of the standard (700)، it was achieved by the Audit Office No. (2).. The most important recommendation is the researchers' recommendation to adopt international auditing standards in general، as it adds credibility to financial reports and contributes to supporting and achieving quality in the audit process.

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  17. Social Science Original Research pp. 387-410

    The Phenomenon of Love in the Text of (My Poem is the Love) of Mahwi

    Aram Mohammad Qadir

    This research investigates one of the poetic texts of Mahwi named (my home is love) with giving consideration to the views of teachers and researchers working on his collection. It interprets the poem again and presents some differences including; having new meanings for a number of phrases in the text. This study reveals the comprehension of Mahwi for the concept of (love) and gives a sociological explanation on his perspectives. It also identifies (love) as the way of life. This study consists of two main chapters: the first chapter focuses on the poet’s biography and corresponding to the explanation of the poetic text (my home is love) the second chapter analyzes the content of the (love) concept.

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  18. Social Science Original Research pp. 411-435

    The Effectiveness of the Advanced Organizations Strategy in the Cognitive Preference of Second-Stage Students, the Department of Social Sciences in the Subject of History And Islamic Civilization

    Karem Ahmad Aziz

    This research has aimed at (the effectiveness of the advanced organizations strategy in the cognitive preference of second-stage students, the Department of Social Sciences in the subject of History and Islamic Civilization). To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher chose the experimental design with partial control on a random sample consisting of (30) students, with (15) students in the experimental group and (15) students in the control group. The two groups were rewarded in the variables of chronological age, intelligence, and history subject scores for the previous stage). The researcher selected the scientific subject that he studied and prepared a test for it, cognitive preference and daily teaching plans for the topics chosen by the researcher in the history of Islamic civilization. The two groups were studied for ten weeks, and after the completion of the teaching, the cognitive preference test was conducted for the students of the research sample. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of students who studied the history of Islamic civilization using the advanced organizations strategy compared to the usual method in favor of the experimental group in three patterns of the cognitive preference test, except for the superiority of the control group in one pattern (critical questioning). In light of the results of the research, the researcher recommended using the advanced organizations strategy in teaching history and suggested conducting a similar research in other disciplines.

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  19. Social Science Original Research pp. 436-462

    Methods of Threat and Violence in The Kurdish Language

    Nawzad Anwar Omar, Bahar Khdir Ibrahim

    This study which is entitled (Methods of Threat and Violence in the Kurdish Language). The method of threat and violence is one of the attitudes that one uses several times a day, or is used against them. This study is a step towards getting familiar with threats and violence, so that individuals in the community get acquainted with the subject and deal with it in a fair and accurate manner. Because any mistakes could have dreadful consequences also it has a direct effect on individuals. The first part explains the relationship between language and society, the concepts and definitions of social language, languages relationship to race, age, religion and culture, and personality. The second part discusses the concepts, definitions, types of the methods and languages, types of threats and causes of them; the concepts, definitions, types and causes of the use of violence and the sources of violence. The relation between gender and age on using threats, as well as using threats and violence depending on the levels of language.

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  20. Social Science Original Research pp. 463-484

    The Basic Properties of Children's Poetry

    Hero Abdulrahman Mustafa, Idrees Abdulla Mustafa

    Children's poetry is an important reality between poetry and literary people specially in modern reign, by modern we mean twentieth century and so far. Poetry of children among Kurdish nation has an ancient history, like those lamenting of the mothers that were said to calm down their children. when poets and authors give importance to the children then sorts of poetries were written as a special style, idea, language, and passion. Poetry of children should be written brief with a clear language so that the poet can express his/her goal. We all know language is regarded as the core factor in human life, since it is a way we can speak about future and past by means of it , so idea through this word and these terms reaches reader that a poet or writer is using in his/her works. The poet in composing poetry of children use a wide imagination as children desire more imaginative things. Thus, children's poetry has unique style that is fragile, clearer and easier as compared to poetry for adults, following that particular magazines are devoted for children and poetry for children embraces several booklets and special books. What are these children poetries? What are their specifications? In which way are they different from poetry for adults? What are the basic literature of these poetries? So, all of these are answered in this research.

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  21. Social Science Original Research pp. 485-512

    The Islamic Approach to Preventing Corruption in Financial Transactions

    Hassan Abdulla Nabi, Hashem Ismail Ibrahim

    There is no doubt, Islam is a great religion whom Allah made it comprehensively compatible with every moment and situation due to its unique principles and high standards in rearranging legal transactions with individual’s relationships precisely within the communities. The essence of Islam is to enhance the continuity of life with its prosperity and bridging individual clashes and enormities. For this, the Almighty and all wise Allah with His heavenly legislation would grant some mechanisms and criteria’s to promote justice and life from all perspectives. This comes following many advancements life has made with relation to “legal transactions” amidst individuals as contributed to spark many contemporary issues.

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  22. Social Science Original Research pp. 513-548

    The Issue of Justice by Rashidun Caliphs (11-40 H/ 633-661 AD in the Field of Finance

    Ahmed Rahda Ahmed, Rasul Mustafa Mohammed

    Justice means giving rights to all right-holders without exaggeration or shortcoming. It is an absolute subject for every time and place. Justice sometimes means equality, for example, not making any distinction between classes in the community in their duties, rights, rewards and punishments. However, equality is relative and it is sometimes the opposite of justice because it is not fair to reward someone who works hard the same way as someone who doesn’t. Khalifa Abubakiri Siddiq can be seen as an instance of equality when he determined donations and rewards according to the available income. In other words, he gave the same amount of 20 dirhams monthly to each Muslim as a reward. Nonethless, Khalifa Omer, the son of Khatab, is an example of justice as he dedicated 100 dirhams for little children, but 200 dirhams for older children, and a considerable monthly amount for every adult with justice. Thus, Khalifa Omer concentrated on the principle of justice rather than equality when he differentiated between the rate given to children, young and adults according to their needs. The issue of justice during Rashidun Caliph between the years (11-40 H/ 633-661 AD) in the field of finance is one of the critical issues. First of all, this issue is a relative issue by humans, but the absolute justice is only applied by Allah, Prophets, honest people, judges and responsible people. Each Rashidun Caliphs have worked on their specific way of ruling to bring this issue into practice. In Islam, the prophet (PBUH) has showed the most beautiful pattern in this concern and after that during the period of Rashidun Caliphs the issue of justice was brought into practice. This issue is related to the way of ruling by the Caliphs of that period, it has a great effect on the life of people, and this does not mean that the Caliphs were error-free, but generally the Rashidun Caliphs were execution real justice. The Rashidun Caliphs were personally committing justice and they were carrying fair characteristics, they have not differentiated between people, they ruled according to the principles of Islam, every one’s right is protected in the holy Quran, because the religion of Islam has come for doing religious worships and committing justice among people and to stand against oppression and injustice. The Rashidun Caliphs has worked on this principle and tried to bring this issue into practice in all the aspects of life, and the financial issue as directly connected issue to people’s life. The Caliphs were fair in their personal life and this has affected the way they ruled. In the field of finance, they have treat this issue in a good and suitable way, and this has affected people’s life in terms of welfare and development. The Rashidun Caliphs were previously aware of buying and selling and they were businessmen, so they have treated the Muslims equally with justice. The rights of non-Muslims were even protected and they have given the rights to every people and played their own role. The Caliphs have done significant works including: preventing injustice and oppression and monopoly, the Caliphs were following up issues by themselves and looking after works of the workers, employees and governors, they were choosing faithful and qualified persons for financial duties, thy established financial institutions and dedicated special employees such us :( House of Treasure, Diwan al-Kharaj, Diwan of Philanthropic and Diwan of Soldiers). This was to protect honesty, truthfulness and people’s rights, and the Caliphs have given people the authority to look after their works, and they have warned the workers form doing wrong and breaking the law. Also, the Rashidun Caliphs were living like ordinary people and they were not separating themselves from people. The age of Rashidun Caliphs is considered as the best age in the history of Islam in terms of practicing justice in all the aspects in general and specifically financial issues, due to intensive censorship and follow up by the employees of the government and by the Caliphs themselves, giving the right of every right holders and practicing Islam completely.

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  23. Social Science Original Research pp. 549-563

    The Political Status of Iran During the Parthian Empire (247BC-224AD)

    Imad Abdulqadir Mohammed, Yusuf Abdulrahman Mohammedamin

    The Parthians are one of the peoples and forces that lived in Iran and were able to form a state in the ancient East between the years (247 BC - 224 AD). Studies differed about their ethnic origin. However, some research indicated that they are Indo-European peoples. Though the Parthian-Roman relations were normal at the beginning, the Romans began stretching to the East. The interior and exterior tensions of the Parthian Empire, especially with the Romans, lead to the gradual destruction of the Parthians. Therefore, these tensions are counted as the main causes of the state’s collapse. The Parthian kings were chosen from the Aristocracy. Economically, the Parthians were powerful. Their coins witness the Parthians’ five-century sovereignty and cultural impact over the entire land of Iran. In this research, their political role in Iran and the ancient East was discussed. The research has been divided into two sections. The first section is devoted to the naming and ethnicity of the Parthians, and defining the borders of their state. As for the second section, the political developments in Iran during the Parthian era were discussed.

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  24. Social Science Original Research pp. 564-575

    Making Hell Through Policy: Exploring Happiness in the Hell in Snow by Orhan Pamuk

    Sherzad Tawfeq Ali

    Snow is a political and philosophical exploration to reveal the hellish atmosphere that is made by secular state forces and political Islamists, a hell made by severe “clashes” between opposite forces and ideas. After twelve years of exile from the fatherland, as a poet, Ka travels to Kars from Germany to obtain happiness. The purpose of this study, however, is to examine the role of happiness in Pamuk's Snow, but also to show how the kinds of hell are made by secular and Islamic politicians. Is it possible to find happiness in the hell? How does it happen? Searching for happiness in hell is another purpose of this article. What shape should hell take between the clashes of political Islamists and secularists? Another aim of this study is to increase imperative critique of Islamic and secular terrorism discourse. In Snow, Pamuk criticizes the policy of the republic seriously. This article attempts to reveal the factors behind the severe anti-secularism beliefs in fundamental Islamism through comparison its political point of view to the secular totalitarian policy. To illuminate the social and political conflicts and clashes in Snow, this article reads the novel from different sociopolitical theoretical conceptual sources.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper24 0 views Read article
  25. Social Science Original Research pp. 576-601

    Bound Base Morpheme and its Role in Forming Words in Kurdish Language

    Dler sadq kanabi, Ibrahim Mohammed Khdir

    This study, entitled " bound base morpheme and its role in Kurdish language", is an attempt to introduce the bound base morpheme in Kurdish and to analyze the morphology of the words in which this type of morpheme plays (i.e. the role of the base). The study consists of three sections and follows the method of analytical description. The first part is a theoretical section is devoted to the discussion of bases, their characteristics and types of bases, the difference between the bound base and affix, and the role of bound base both for bound root and bound base. The second part includes the practical part of the research, in which the role of the bound base morpheme the in Kurdish-language has been investigated, and the words which have been produced are classified and separated according to the type of their products, dictionary categories, and the rule of their construction. The third part is dedicated for the statistics of all the words that the bound base is having role in their forming and construction are shown in charts. Finally, the results, the list of sources and the summary of the research were presented in Arabic and English.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper25 1 views Read article
  26. Social Science Original Research pp. 602-625

    Constructing Theoretical Knowledge Scale of Handball for the Excellent Stage Handball's Player in Kurdistan Region-Iraq

    Goran Maaroof Qader, Hawker Kakl Rashid

    The research aim at the following: constructing a Theoretical knowledge scale for excellent stage handball's player in Kurdistan-Iraq. In order to do that the researcher used descriptive method with survey, the research's society are the excellent handball player in Kurdistan-Iraq season (2020-2021) composed of (197) player the researcher divided the sample into two sample called( construction, and applied) sample, the construction sample include (153) player on the other side the applied sample include (80) player, for collecting data the researcher used some ways like content analysis, survey form and personal interview the researcher followed all the academic steps and rules to build theoretical knowledge scale for handball's player in Kurdistan region of Iraq, which include (43) paragraphs(question). finally, for accessing the result for our research, we used different statistical method limited to(percentage, arithmetic mean,skew modulus, coefficient of ease and difficulty, discriminatory ability, chi square, and mode. The researcher concluded that: 1- The theoretical knowledge scale for excellent handball stage player was constructed, and it obtain (43) paragraphs. The researcher recommended that: 1- depend The theoretical knowledge scale that was applied on the research sample in an evaluation for Iraq handball players. 4- preparing a theoretical knowledge scale and apply it on another stage and levels. 5- preparing similar cognitive scales and apply it on other games.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper26 0 views Read article
  27. Social Science Original Research pp. 626-648

    The Percentage of the Contribution of some Physical Measurements Physical Abilities and Body Composition in the Achievement of 25 Meters Free Swimming

    Rebez Bayez Tawfiq Ghafouri, Faraedun Qadir Hamarash

    The research aims to identify the relationship of corporeal measurements، physical capabilities and body composition in the achievement of a (25m) freestyle swim and to identify the percentage of the contribution of corporeal measurements، physical capabilities and body composition in freestyle swimming for a distance of (25m). The researchers used the descriptive approach، while the research sample was the players of the Youth and Sports Center in Rania District - Sulaymaniyah Governorate included the junior category (n=45). The researchers used some physical measurements، physical abilities and body composition that were nominated by experts and specialists. After using appropriate statistical methods، the researchers reached the following conclusions: There is a significant correlation between some physical measurements and the achievement of free swimming (25m). There is a significant correlation between some physical abilities and the achievement of free swimming (25m). There is no correlation between body composition and the achievement of free swimming (25m). The percentage of the contribution of some physical measurements to the achievement of free swimming (25 m) is good، which confirms the effectiveness of these measurements in achieving free swimming. The percentage of the contribution of physical abilities to the achievement of free swimming was good، which confirms the effectiveness of these abilities in achieving it. The percentage of body composition’s contribution to the achievement of free swimming (25m) was insignificant، which confirms its ineffectiveness in the achievement of (25m) free swimming. The recommendations were as follows: Emphasis on the importance of anthropometric measurements and physical abilities that showed moral relations and a significant contribution to the achievement of free swimming and working on its development and development and taking this into account in the development of training programs and plans. The necessity of adopting physical measurements and physical abilities when selecting swimming players. Conducting other studies on other environments and unstudied physical and physiological variables. Conducting a study on those whose body mass index exceeds (25m). Or they have an increase in weight to know the effect of BMI on achievement in general.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper27 1 views Read article
  28. Social Science Original Research pp. 649-672

    The Economic Impact of the Zangi State (521H/1127AD – 569H/1174AD) on Ayyubid State (570H/1175AD – 647H/1250AD)

    Ahmed Rahda Ahmed, HamaSalh Hassan Khdir

    The ayyubid and zangi dynasties were two sem – independent rules within the Islamic world. They were founded during the period in which the abbasid and the suljukians ruled. The center of the zangi state is rule was located in mousil, part of cezere rigion and east of the levant state, and the ayyubid family were living peacefully under the zangi state in balabag city, where they held significant administrative and military positions. Following the death of nuraddin zangi in (569 H/1174 AD), the ayyubid family had the chance to establish their own dynasty. Since saladdin al-ayyubi who was who was nurradin zangis deputy in Egypt، managed to take advantage of the political and military gaps arose due to nuraddins death. Therefor, in (570 H/1175 AD), he established the ayyubid state in Egypt. Since it was founded over the same zangi state lands, the ayyubid state posses many features and similarities of the zangis. Especially in politics، administration, economy, civilization, etc… here, we shed some light on the economic impact which copy the zangi rules in most aspects. They focused on improving agricultural and industrial activities, commerce in Levant and Egypt on the Mediterranean and the red sea. Also, they zakat, taxes and the way they dealt with things captured in battles. They made some reforms to remove the burden of extra taxies imposed by the zangi state.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper28 0 views Read article
  29. Social Science Original Research pp. 673-702

    Building a Battery to Test the Combinatorial Abilities of Football Players Aged (13-15) Years for Sports Academies in the Raparin Administration

    Emad Sadradeen Hameed, Muhammad Qadir Hama Rash

    Research Objectives: - Building a battery to test the combinatorial abilities of football players aged 13-15 years for sports academies in the Raparin administration. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the survey and correlational methods. The research community was identified from football academies players aged 13-15 years in the Raparin administration, which numbered (10) academies. Rania - Raparin Academy - Hiwa Academy) as they represent 50% of the total community, and 188 players were chosen in an intentional way as the sample of the research, and after obtaining the results, they were discussed in a scientific manner supported by the sources to achieve the goal of the research, and in light of the results of the research, the researchers reached the following conclusions: Acceptance of the factors that emerged through the following candidate tests: The ability to direct movement (the first factor) - the ability to balance movement (the second factor) The ability to respond to motor (factor III) - ability to rhythmic movement (factor IV) - The ability to estimate the situation (factor V) - The ability to link motor (factor VIII) Building a battery of tests of the following extracted harmonic abilities: Passing the various obstacles (the first factor) - the modified mobile balance (the second factor) - Nelson's motor response (factor III) - running and spinning around the five points (factor IV) Walking with eyes closed (factor V) - receiving, then running, then passing (factor VIII) The researchers recommended the following: - Using the extracted tests as an exercise to develop the players' abilities - Conducting similar studies for the various activities.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper29 0 views Read article
  30. Social Science Original Research pp. 703-734

    Humanity and its Purposes in Islamic Law

    Ali Muhammed Ahmed Heroy, Jamal Muhammed Bajalan

    This paper which is entitled Humanity and its purposes in Islamic law. Humanity has a basic value in Islam in that Islam tries to produce fruitful people to the society. Thus، worship in Islam can be concretized in obeying to Allah’s orders and being sympathetic with Allah’s creatures. In this paper، we shed some light on the maqasid and the origin of humanity. The paper consists of several sections: section one is about defining humanity and Sharia maqasid; section two is devoted to showing the aspects of humanity in Islam on the basis of Qur’an verses، hadiths، and the scholar’s views. At the end of the study، we arrived at some conclusions، among them: one of the most remarkable features by which Islam is recognized is the desire of being human. This desire has been determined by Allah. In fact، the Sharia maqasid is a foundation to protect humans’ respect. There are so many of the holy Qur’an verses، hadiths، and the ashab’s sayings in the Islamic culture from which we can take advantage and use them in our lives. Finally، we have suggested that universities and research institutes should emphasize the importance of the papers which indicate the relationship between Islamic Sharia maqasid and humanity so that they can show the wisdom and inclusiveness of Islam to a greater extent.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper30 1 views Read article
  31. Social Science Original Research pp. 735-758

    The Means of Preaching by The Prophet Moses-Peace be Upon him-in The Holy Quran

    Abdulrahman Mahammad Arif, Othman Mahmud Saidulla

    The means of preaching by the prophet Moses -peace be upon him - in the Holy Quran (thought and concepts) is the title of the current research, which is extracted from my PhD dissertation written in Arabic and titles: “Understanding the purpose and the outcome from prophet Moses’ preaching perspective -pbuh- in the holy Quran, emancipation of human being as an example, an analytical study)”. In this extracted research paper, I want to shed light on the means the prophet Moses- peace be upon him- adopted in his preaching. To fulfill this goal, I have divided the research paper as follow; after the preface, I have written an introduction under the title “understanding the means” and “understanding the merge between linguistic and terminology”. Subsequently, the first chapter is introduced named inadequacy in “understanding and using the means” and ampleness in “goals and treatment”. The second chapter will focus on triangular understanding of the means and some other understandings. Chapter three attempts to deal with a core question: Have the prophets – peace be upon them- used illegitimate (illegal) means in their preaching? an apparently difficult question with a simplified answer. Chapter four is allocated for talking about public call for the right path as well as the means (tools) and their usefulness. Finally, in chapter five, I will try to discuss the means utilized by prophet Moses – peace be upon him – in his preaching as referred to in the holy Quran. The method adopted to conduct the current study is inductive, analytical and imaginary for the whole of My PhD. thesis and this research also.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper31 0 views Read article
  32. Social Science Original Research pp. 759-782

    The Imaginary Character of The Novel "In My Dreams" By Jamil Saeeb in-Between Fantasy and Reality

    Snur Qadir Faraj, Abdulqader Hama Amin Muhammed

    The imaginary character in the "In my dream" in-between fantacy and reality is the prominant issue in our dessertation. It is a profound and more academic study of the novel in general and the character of Jamil Saeeb specifically. In fact, "In my dream" is an unfinished work filled with grudge, hatred and revenge against the Kurdish authority and the leadership of Shiekh Mahmood. On the other hand, the plot is said to be just an imagination of the author and it was just a dream. Both ends will be discussed and its various aspects will be analysed and put into perspective.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper32 0 views Read article
  33. Social Science Original Research pp. 783-815

    The Journalist's Role for the Development of the Kurdish Media in Bahdinan 1950 – 1991

    Saman Jalal Mawlood

    The research entitled (The Journalist's Role for the Development of the Kurdish media in Bahdinan 1950 - 1991). This research has examined several issues relating to the role of the media in Bahdinan between 1950 - 1991. Also about the lower level of the media in Bahdinan from 1950 - to 1991 compared with the other cities in south Kurdistan. One of the causes was that several Bahdinan journalists had roles outside Bahdinan. The research is a historical study and has used descriptive methodology. The research is important for journalists and media departments, also to understand of significant difficulties and problems of the Kurdish media and journalists in Bahdinan 1950 - 1991. In conclusion, the Bahdinan has had many journalists and writers from 1950 - to 1991 but most of them have had a role in media outside Bahdinan, not inside Bahdinan.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper33 0 views Read article
  34. Social Science Original Research pp. 816-834

    The Role of Non-Constituents in The Sentence Structures in Kurdish and Persian Languages

    Hamza Hussein Hama, Rabar Kakarsh Mina

    This study is a summary of analyzing and explaining 'sentence structure' in general and the role of non-constituents as non-constituents in the sentence structure in both Kurdish and Persian languages. The study consists of the following sections: Section one contains several subsections; in the first subsection, the concept of 'sentence' was discussed and a definition of 'sentence' was provided. In the second subsection, various types of sentence constituents were briefly introduced and presented. Then in the following subsection, types of constituent word order were explained. Following that, Syntactic lyres in terms of construction were explained in brief. Finally, in the last subsection of Section One, types of constituent word order were presented. In Section Two, 'sentence structure' in both Kurdish and Persian has been discussed, and the structures of both languages based on linguistic standards and theories have been shown. In another subsection, 'sentence structure' was discussed in detail from a syntactical point of view. In the third which is the last section of this study, 'sentence structures' were compared in both languages in detail, necessary examples from both languages were provided and analyzed, and the syntactic role of various constituents of 'sentence structures' in both languages was discussed. In the end, various roles of non-constituents were explained in detail and very specifically. Finally, conclusions were drawn and the references list was provided.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper34 0 views Read article
  35. Social Science Original Research pp. 835-854

    The Effect of the Geographical Place of Raparin Administration on the Migration of Young People out of Kurdistan Region

    Hemn Hussein Ismael, Dler Khalid Hassan, Roshna Muhammad Ahmed, Pishtiwan Shafiq Ahmad

    Migration is considered a significant source of unnatural population growth and, after natural increase, is a major factor responsible for unnatural population growth. It includes changing the places of residence of individuals, groups, and families and settling them in a new environment, in order to provide a better life and welfare than in their previous places of residence. There are many different kinds of migration, which are caused by a number of factors, and have many negative and positive consequences. This research is devoted to the impact of the geographical situation of the Raparin administration on youth migration abroad. The Raparin administration is one of the new administrations in Sulaymaniah province. This study aims to show the effect of geographical situation on this phenomenon, which is due to a number of geographical factors that have affected the increase in migration in the region, including: geographical situation, nearness to a neighboring country, distance from urban centers, abundance of population, population composition, lack of investment projects, etc. With the present statistics of this migration in recent years, suggestions and solutions to reduce the negative consequences of this phenomenon have been made.

    10.26750/Vol(9).No(4).Paper35 0 views Read article
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