Issue 3

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-28

   The Cartographic Representation for Direction Population Distribution Center in Pishdar District

   Dana Abbas Mohammed, Pshtiwan Shafeeq Ahmad

   Map design for directions of population distribution has its own value and importance, as it determines the nature of the distribution of human population, the degree of their distribution, the center of location and density of populations. In general, this includes an important cornerstone of research on population mapping and geography. The aim of this study is to identify and outline the center points on the study area map, which will be a helpful factor in understanding how the inhabitants are distributed. To this end, the study first discusses the symbols used to represent the population map, and then discusses the central points of the study area. Finally, the study ends with a number of conclusions, which in light of these points, a number of suggestions have been proposed. The study also relied on statistical fundamentals (quantitative analysis), using the Spatial Statistics Tools (GIS 10.8) to extract the center points and the closest neighbor. Spatial Analysis is also used in Interpolation (IDW) to identify areas of population density.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 29-51

   The Politic at the Context of Globalization (Theorical and Analytical Research)

   Saleem Patros Elias, Nazar Ahmed Yahya

   Globalization is a new world phenomenon totality of multi economy, social, cultural and political. As a result of developing industry, technology and modern community information. In 18th century globalization come into reality, but usage as a concept was new. after second half of 1980 this concept used widly. In this research, the researcher is trying to explore globalization concepts as a single packet, relationship to each other and showing the influence globalization phenomena over nation- states around the world, like several development concepts. Demonstraties such as (Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, walter walrestein) with a lot of opinions, some other concepts show logical documents then demonstraties on private sides of political globalization, because of this concept the world situation will be changing. Even the researcher try to make argument among their opinions in the contiariety points or corporate points with adding the researchers opinion about showing Kurdistan regional as a non nation- state in the world policy and its role in formulating global policy in brief. Also trying to expect and know thiese factors which make globalization effective model on other countries, especially in politic situation its reaction on globalization process in good and bad impact on political situation. Invironmental, economy … etc. after that, we must know that now adays globalization process is going much faster or slower? Do global policy formulators go to the good direction and its influence in the future? This one and other questions which the researcher revealed. The research in theoretical has a great role like increasing opposition theory and idea about globalization influence over rational countries in general especially in political situation. Because of it, the researcher try to stand with intellectual view in globalization process make discussion after that in some logical documents have a new and special research beneficial. The goals of research are: To know the political situation of globalization concept now and other world countries reaction over this concept. Know the intellectual views globalization concept and academic discussion and scientific, that is happening among them? Reality of good or bad effects of nation- states in this process. Know the Kurdistan regional political position in new world participate in global policy formulation.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 52-81

   Elements of Urbanization Growth in The Raparin Administration

   Salih Anwar Mohammed, Bestoon Ahmed Hussein

   Increasing immigration and nature affect increasing population greatly. This abrupt increasing which faces population will increase its problems and troubles, especially in the center of the cities because it is the head of the population. The most important problem is the increasing the urban population without planning. Certainly, it has a negative result of destroying the balance between cities and villages. Both are the balance of economy, social, and politics. There are various reasons about the urban problems, from natural problems to humanitarian problems. The most important reasons in the research area are the increasing nature, immigration, and many other reasons. On the other hand, the government is irresponsible and hasn’t had any plan for keeping a balance between the environment of cities and villages, in terms of providing various services. The aspects of increasing urban life in Raparin Administration are the abrupt reasons of expanding cities and increasing urban life, and an uneven distribution of population between the center of the cities and villages, some reasons are inevitable and some others are because of unplanning.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 82-98

   Religious Ceremonies and Beliefs in Ancient Iran’s History Before the Emergence of Zoroastrianism

   Nawroz Hamad Ali, Imad Abdulqadir Muhammed Sa’eed

   This thesis entitled “Religious Ceremonies and Beliefs in Ancient Iran’s History before the emergence of Zoroastrianism” is an attempt to present and explain the history of the emergence of religious beliefs in ancient Iran from stone ages to the 7th century BC such as the Elamites as one of the tribes of Zagros Mountains who became the first inhabitants of Iran. Also, the Medes were one of the Indo-European tribes that moved to Iran and dwelt there. Through researching about the ways of their lives, types of their worships, and the burial of their deaths we will get some religious beliefs.

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 99-127

   Efficiency of Health Services in the District of Aqrah Using Geographic Information Systems

   Fatimah Qader Mustafa, Hoshmand Jawhar Abbas, Tank Osman Saeed

   Health services are an indicator of human development because they are linked to development and development planning, and they constitute one of the important social sectors that each country seeks to develop and achieve the quality of its service product and provide it to all members of society. This research aims to clarify the reality of health services in the district of Aqrah in terms of their basic components, to reveal the most important differences and discrepancies that exist in order to take the necessary measures and procedures that contribute to achieving and ensuring the efficiency and adequacy of health components.

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 128-138

   Applying the Spencer-Oatey Model for Investigating the Politeness Strategies in EFL Teacher-Student Interactions

   Salah Babakr Hussein Khoshnaw

   One of the main goals of learning any language is the ability to communicate, and politeness is considered an important aspect of communication in each language and culture. The main purpose of this study was to investigate politeness strategies that are used in EFL classroom interactions between teachers and students based on the framework of Spencer-Oatey (2008). To this end, students of five EFL classes (N =148) in two cities in Iraqi Kurdistan, Erbil and Sulaimani, were selected and their interactions with teachers (N = 5) were audio-recorded. Transcription of the recorded data revealed that teachers used all the politeness strategies of the Spencer-Oatey model in which equity rights was the most frequent strategy of politeness, while only three strategies of the Spencer-Oatey model were used by the students, which were Identity of Face, Quality of Face, and Equity Rights. Moreover, the results of this study revealed that classrooms in the context of the study are mostly teacher-oriented, teachers manage the classroom, and students mostly speak when they are asked to answer a question. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers attempt further to engage the students and provide situations for more communication.

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 139-166

   The Geographical Analysis for Distribution and Dimension of Rural Settlement in Pshdar District

   Chnar Mahmood Ibrahim, Pshtiwan Shafeeq Ahmad

   Rural residential dimensions is one of the important residential subjects in geography that pays attention to distributing, arranging and organizing rural residential dimensions according to the geographical traits. Moreover, it changed according to the number of rural residents which can be rooted back to both, the geographical and human factors. Thus, smallness and largeness of the rural dimensions means allowing and preventing them from opportunities. In other words, most of the time, a humanistic and natural factor is the reason of giving the identity of largeness and smallness to a place. S0, pshdar area is one of the places that has faced this change a lot. The aim of this study is demonstrating those changes that pshdar district has faced in the side of residential dimensions and also to find out the effects of this change on the improvements of the rural residents. However, this is to take a stability on the rural residents with the urban ones and on the urban ones with the pshdar district. The methodology of this study is the regional, analytical and comparative method. Also, geographical information system (GIS) has been adopted and some other equations are used to analyze the data related to the population residents of the district.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 167-194

   Cognitive Distortions and Its Relation to some Variables of University Students

   Zhala Abubakr Hasan Hasan, Muhamad Muhyadin Sadiq

   The aim of the current research is to build a scale of cognitive distortions among university students, to identify the level of cognitive distortions among university students, and to know the significance of statistical differences in cognitive distortions according to gender, specialization and stage of study. The current research is limited to students of Salah al-Din University in Erbil governorate in its various faculties and who are continuing in morning studies according to the variables (gender, specialization, academic stage) for the academic year (2020-2021). The current research relied on the following procedures to obtain the scale: 1-A scale of cognitive distortions was developed and built according to the Beak model, consisting of (7) dimensions: (dual thinking, overgeneralization, personalism, compulsions and imperatives, false interpretation, and unfair comparison). 2-Presenting the items (cognitive distortions) to a group of experts in education and psychology to extract the apparent validity of the cognitive distortions scale as well as extracting the construction echo for them. 3-The research sample included (500) male and female students who were chosen randomly. 4- Analysis of the scale items using the upper and lower group method. 5- Extracting the stability of the scale by the re-test method, as it reached on the scale (0.83) and in the half-segmentation method for the cognitive distortions scale it reached (0.93) and by the Cronbach’s Alpha method for the scale reached (0.94) After applying the cognitive distortions scale to the sample members and analyzing their data statistically by using (SPSS), the following results were reached: 1- The sample members had a level of defined distortions. 2- There are no statistically significant differences in cognitive distortions among the university students according to the two variables (gender and specialization), and there are statistically significant differences according to the academic stage variable. In light of the research results, a number of conclusions were reached and a number of recommendations and suggestions were presented.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 195-215

   The Role of Ottomans and Iranians in the Internal Conflicts Between the Baban Princes

   Shwan Shexa Qarani, Hawkar Muheddin Jalil Jalil

   It has been obvious that the Baban emirate was one of the most essential، prominent and dynamic Kurdish-emirate. Baban emirate was a wide area of ruling for a long time in the modern history of Kurdistan. It has played a significant role in the Kurdish History، mainly in the relation with the Othman empire and the different Iranian kingdoms. Since، it has been clearly seen that the Othman and Iranian powers used many different methods and tools against this emirate. One of these methods was to encourage the ruling members of Baban emirate fight against each other and create internal issues. At the sometime، these outside powers used the Baban princes for their own interests. The main aim of these outside political authorities was to prevent the expansion and growth of this Kurdish emirate. Accordingly، this research is written to enlighten and indicate the role of Othman and Iranian empires in the internal-conflicts of the Baban Princes.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 216-238

    The Analysis Morphometric Watershed Dolabafra Baisn

    Yadgar Mustafa Ibrahim, Pshtiwan Ali Mohmmed, Pshtiwan Shfeeq Ahmed, Shaswar Mohameed Mahmod

    Watershed of Dolabfra is one of the branches of little river in Pishder sub-district, this river flows down into The little river in almost three km far away from south of west of Sultanade village, this basic of river is located in latitude (northern Longitude °36: ¯25:꓿00-°36: ¯29: ꓿00.) (°45: ¯03: ꓿00- east °45: ¯13: ꓿00)eastern longitudes. the main resources of watershed is located the land of Kurdistan Region and board of Pishder sub-district, the source of water providing of this river is situated in a valley of Sharueta village. The main aim of this research includes two parts, the first one is recognition of the characteristics of environments of the area of the research and the second one is to design a special map for each one. Thus, for the purpose of analyzing and using the water resources in the area of the research. In the beginning analysis has been presented for the natural environment of the Basin of Dolabfre and its influence on system of the irrigation, such as (geology, topography, weather and soil) thus, this is through analyzing each of the natural characteristics and direct and indirect effect on flowing river. In the second part, the most important morphometric measures for basin has been carried out, in a way that there is a focus on characteristics of the research (square of the area, shape, height and low, net of the flow of the river). The outcome of the research reveals that natural characteristics of the area of research play main role in the richness of water resources and speed of flow of steam, brook and main river of the basin.

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 239-262

    A Geographical Analysis for the Environmental Consequences of the Tourism Activities in Dukan District

    Shkur Selam Saleem, Luqman Usw Omer

    The aim behind writing this research is to point out the environmental issues of the area which has resulted from the tourism activities, that is to say, it is to indicate the type and size of the environmental damage. In this respect, suitable solutions for environmental issues resulted from the tourism activities in the district have been suggested. In the research, it has been found that tourism activities are one of the forms of environmental issues and pollution in the area. This is due to the burden of the tourism activities in some particular areas of the district, sometimes it has become a threat to the environment of the destruct, the pollution of the tourism sites by solid, liquid and food waste and littering of visitors which caused land, and visual pollution by leaving various waste types in the streets and view of the tourism sites in the district. In addition to that, the issue of noise pollution by the deficiency of traffic system, congestion and overcrowding, the narrowness of the streets in the season of tourism caused noise pollution. Above all, some other environmental issues which resulted in tourism projects ,such as agricultural land losses which is only during(10 ) years approximately(6253) dunams converted for tourism purposes.

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 263-288

    The Reflection of Television Techniques in News Programs of Journalist Performance

    Wria Rostam Muhamad, Radwan Khidhir Ali, Hakim Othman Hameed

    The study aimed to determine and display the level of applying modern technologies in news programs and their impacts on journalist performance. This study depended on descriptive study by using survey method. The study was conducted on(80) journalist in Rudaw satellite channel through selecting conditional sampling. The researcher used questionary tools and observation methods in data collections. The present study concluded that, the most research samples agreed that using of modern techniques ,have many important in producing news programs . Also, the use of modern techniques and variety of news content are considered the most important types to attractive audiences. This research confirmed that using the modern techniques , has many impact of the journalist performance. In which it becomes giving the loyalty and Famous. Also their rolls in presenting of news content ,that’s lead to invention and apply their skills within modern techniques.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 289-324

    Geographical Analysis of Increasing Urban Population in Koya District from (1957-2020)

    Rozhan Kamaran Kareem, Kameran Taher Saed

    The population of the world has been increasing year by year and it is growing rapidly in the cities and towns too، especially in the third world.There are some factors for that phenomenon, It is regarded as a new feature of modern civilization. This has an impact on the cities and towns both negatively and positively. The research zone like one town is subject to this phenomenon can be geld easily from its building up to now. In away, the study zone is broken down in to six administrative units which are (The central sub-district, Taq Taq, sub-district, shorsh, sub-district, Ashty, sub-district, sub-district, Siktan, sub-district, and Segirtkan, sub-district) the number its population reacher (148852)and the ratio of urban growth reachs (%5.1)and its area is (2069)km .It seems that this growth increases in the future and leaves its concequences .The current study consists three secfions:the first section introduces the region and concept .It the second section, the growth of the population in the research zone has been explained generally .In the third seotion, urbanization feature whiche are (natural factor and humanity) has been taekled.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 325-360

    The Teaching Difficulties in the University Stage from the Teachers’ Perspective

    Shirwan Sharif Aziz

    This study which is entitled “The Teaching Difficulties in the University Stage from the Teachers’ Perspective” aims at investigating the difficulties of teaching in the universities of Raparin in the field of information, teaching aids, teaching methods, and teaching program. This is crucially important because it shows to which extent these difficulties are perceived and reflected in the university teaching. The study takes sample from 60 teachers including (63.33 %) male and (36.67 %) female considering certificate, academic title, and teaching experience. The researcher has focused on the descriptive approach and he got benefit from the measure of “The Difficulties of Teaching Science in the Basic Schools of Kalar District from the Teachers’ Perspective” used by Karem Ahmed Aziz in 2019. As a result of (One sample T-Test, independent sample T-Test, One way ANOVA, LSD in Post hock Test and Person Correlation), it was concluded that from the teachers’ perspective, generally there exist many teaching difficulties in the university by males and females which can be apparently perceived in the four of the above-mentioned fields.

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15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 361-381

    The First Message Incalligraphy By Muhammad bin Adam Al-Rusta’i Al-Balki Al-Kurdi (1237 )

    Khidr Abdullah Khidr

    This study is to investigate and clarify on an old small message which is about an important science and independent arabic language, which is calligraphy or the art of dictation and drawing of words and letters, which has elements and origins in which ancient scientists consider in various ways. Some of them refers to the facilitation of drawing common and frequently used words. Another part is intended to remove the ambiguity and confusion that occurs between similar words ,the last part is intended to explain its vocabulary and stem. The author of the message is senior Mohammed Adam (1160-1237) he called the first message: calligraphy is divided into preface and two chapters , the preface section introduced dictation with what it needs to draw and dictation . After that, in the fist chapter he addressed elements and origins of inscription in the second chapter addressed the things that should be considered beside its elements and divided into two hinges. The first hinge is about the letter that no stable image in Arabic language it is changeable in writing which is named hamza, in the second hinge is about the letters which has altered roots to indicate either combine, agglutination, increase, decrease, rupture, exchange or signify. Then, in a complemental way he mentioned that how to know and what the connection between (ya) and (waw). Hence, we investigated and clarified according to the scientific way and we tried do best put the texts as it exists if we met errors we tried to correct them. The author influenced and followed the path of the former scientists especially the kurdish version of book of Shafiyi Hajibi in which the author used some terms are differ from our time today in its meaning. Such as: topic, research, hinge and other scientific terms. The author used and cited a few verses and Hadith. So, we rely on many new and old sources we wrote abstract, introduction, conclusion and menu for the verses.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 382-395

    Firm Value, Size, Liquidity and the Adoption of Common Accounting Standards: Evidence from Firms Listed on the Amman Stock Exchange

    Faraidun Fatah Aziz

    Adopting common accounting standards presents both benefits and challenges to firms and the resultant effects of such adoption vary between firms and countries. The value of firms revolves considerably around the adoption of common accounting standards, firm and country specific factors. Consequently, this study examines the firm size, liquidity and the adoption of common accounting standards on the value of capital and debt market firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. A Fixed Effect Model was estimated using data collected from 5 capital market firms and 4 debt market firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange in Jordan. The data was from the period 2009 to 20018 and was analysed using the aid of Eviews 10. The findings revealed that there is a positive relationship between firm size, liquidity and performance, and stock prices. The disclosure of financial information and an improvement in earnings per share were noted to be causing a decline in stock prices of capital and debt markets in Jordan. Practically, the study implies that sound liquidity, asset and performance management strategies are vital for improving the value of capital and debt market firms listed on any stock exchange. The study also reiterates that improvements in firm value are vital for improving social and economic aspects in any economic context.

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 396-408

    Film as Philosophy

    Nabaz Samad Ahmed

    Although the relationship between film and philosophy begins in the early twentieth century with Hugo Munsterberg’s book ''The Photoplay: A Psychological Study'', only in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century the relationship take into account seriously among both philosophers and film theorists. As a result, an intense philosophical debate has arisen about what is film-philosophy? What is the relationship between film and philosophy? Are films genuinely capable of doing philosophy? Or does film capable of being a philosophical work (text)? Although almost all participants in this debate acknowledge that films can, at minimum, bring a philosophical issue to the awareness of their audiences, there is disagreement about how much more films can do philosophically. In this paper, I will analyse, on the one hand, the historical relationship between film and philosophy, on the other hand, analyse the film as philosophy thesis. This paper has been divided into two parts and each part is also subdivided into two sections. In the first part, I will explore the historical relationship between film and philosophy: doubting film as art (section one) and photography and technological reproduction (section two), then in the second part, I will analyse the film as philosophy thesis: explore the philosophy in film (section one) and examine the film as philosophy (section two). In this paper, I will apply the critical analysis method to examine the film as philosophy thesis.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 409-432

    News Coverage of Syrian Kurdish Issues on Arab Satellite Channels

    Rizan Abdi Othman, Hoshyar Muzaffar Ali, Ariana Ibrahim Muhammad

    News service is one of the basic constants provided by television، as satellite channels are very concerned to produce news bulletins، thanks to live service via satellite، the world today can live the event at the moment of happening. One of the Arab channels that have been proceeding in covering events through its news programs، is Al-Arabiya Al-Hadath satellite channel، which، since its founding in 2012، it has sought to develop its human and technical capabilities، in a way that enables it to be distinctive and attract a largest number of audiences، in light of the frantic competition between Arab satellite channels، to win the lead in this field In his study، the researcher addressed، covering news of Syrian Kurdish issues on Al-Arabiya Al-Hadath channel، taking from the main news bulletins about Syrian issue، as a matter for his research (study). This research is descriptive، it adopted a content analysis form to reach the goals it seeks to achieve، and the collection of this research is all news materials in news bulletins of Al-Arabiya Al-Hadath channel regarding the Syrian issue، the Syrian revolution and Syrian Kurds issues، after 2011، which consists of (142) articles، from 19-10-2020 to 19-01-2021، that is، for a period of three consecutive months.

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 433-456

    The Reasons for the Selection of Vocabularies and Forms in the Interpretations of Surat Al-Araf - Selected Models

    Abdulrahman Aziz Mustafa, Tariq Ahmed Rasul

    This research, tagged with (The Reasons for the Selection of Vocabularies and Forms in the Interpretations of Surat Al-Araf - Selected Models) seeks to highlight the beauty of accuracy in choosing the pronunciation, the splendor of selecting words and formulas, and the uniqueness of their use in the Noble Qur’anic expression, and since that was based on the beautiful expressive word and influential words, we focused the explanation on this, The important aspect, let's stand on the accuracy of choosing the vocabulary and formulas of this unique divine discourse, and what it stores of the features of uniqueness and creativity, and what God Almighty has deposited in it of secrets, subtleties and indications, and we have tried to be careful to fulfill it in this study, and what it required of a full roaming between the folds of interpretations and books The sciences of the Qur’an, in search of the clues, the beauty of the matter and the opinions expressed by the great scholars, and in view of this influential impact, and the remarkable beauty, we stand in our analysis of the topic (the beauty of the Qur’anic vocabulary and formulas) and from God the success. ‏

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20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 457-472

    Translating the Pragmatic Markers (just, but, oh, and, well) in the Movies The Dry and Taxi Driver 1976 from English into Kurdish

    Hiwa Ahmad Hamad, Anjuman Muhammad Sabir

    Although pragmatic markers (PMs) play a very significant role in our daily conversation, they have been neglected in the Kurdish language. The aim of the present study is to analyse, compare and find out the translation errors and which type of error is the most common one in translating five pragmatic markers namely just, but, oh, and, and well in English movie scripts with Kurdish subtitles. To conduct this study, two movies were chosen. The movies were selected from two different decades, the 1970s and the 2020s. After the selection of the movies, five commonly used PMs which were mentioned in Brinton’s (1996) inventory of PMs were searched and obtained by the aid of computer software (Microsoft Office Word and Adobe Acrobat Reader). The obtained PMs in this study were analysed carefully by the researcher and errors in translation were identified. The results reveal that deletion is the most prevailing error made by Kurdish translators in the translation of PMs in movie subtitles followed by foreign translation and translation into a different PM and mistranslation errors.

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21. 21
    Social Science Original Research pp. 473-501

    Measure Counter-Suggestion at University Students

    Omer Yassen Ibrahim, Shawbo Shamsaden Sulayman, Jinan Hadi Khalid

    This research aims to measure counter-suggestion students at University and identify its levels according to variable (gender ) ,The study sample consisted of )302( students at Salahaddin University-Erbil who were selected in a random manner in Society different colleges at Salahaddin University namber of (21105) students for the academic year )2020-2021( at morning study , the researchers construction the scale counter-suggestion as composite (62( items, after derivatio the honesty and stability of the construction as well as measuring instrnment, the researchers applied the scale counter-suggestion as composite(62( items at sampling final form of the research, for statistical means of data analysis of usage (Spss) program, showed the following search results: 1- The members of the study sample in general have a good level of counter-suggestion. There are statistical differences between students according to the gender variable and it is more in favor of the male sample. In the light of the results of the study, a number of conclusions and recommendations were reached and the researchers made a number of recommendations and proposals at the end of the study.

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22. 22
    Social Science Original Research pp. 502-528

    Presupposition According to Yule’s Perspective in Short Story

    Khasro Ahmed Rasul

    The Study is devoted to presupposition in short story. Based on Yule’s view the types of presupposition have been presented. In the study, the story of (Throne and Crown of Kwekha Homer-Taji Takhti kwekha Homar) has been chosen as a sample so as to investigate the types of presupposition according to Yule’s perspective, then, the percentage of pragmatic presupposition in the story are specified. Apart from the introduction, conclusion, appendix, and list of references, the study comprises of sections. First section deals with defining concepts, and types of presupposition whereas section two includes two parts. The first part focuses on the stylistics and the language of short story. Part two of section two is a practical section specifies the percentage of pragmatic presuppositions.

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23. 23
    Social Science Original Research pp. 529-553

    The Effect of a Counseling Program of Developing Psychological Well-Being Among 6 Year Displaced Students who Lives at the Refugee Camps in Erbil

    Amina Najeem Mohammad, Salma Hussein Kamil, Izaddin Ahmad Aziz

    The initial studies indicate the role of psychological well-being in reducing the negative psychological impact among displaced children. Therefore، the current study aimed to design a counseling program to the develop the psychological well-being among displaced children who lives in the refugee camps in Erbil. Also، the study aimed to identify the impact of the program that established to prompt well-being according to the gender variable. The current research is applied on the year 6 students they were selected from the primary schools at Bahrka camp in Erbil governorate from both gender Male-female for the academic year (2020-2021). The researches at the current study were followed procedures that are: 1- Establishing appropriate program psychological well-being through reviewing related articles and literature. For the face validity the items (psychological well-being) were presented to a group of experts in education and psychology. The initial sample size was study (59) male and female students were randomly selected. The stability of the scale was extracted by the re-test method، as it reached (0.80) in the psychological quality scale. The pre- and post-experimental approach was followed to measure the effect of the counseling program، and after the two groups were equal، the pre-test was applied to both the experimental and control samples. The research found that there were statistically significant differences between the members of the experimental group in the pre and post tests on the psychological well-being scale in favor of the post news، and there were no statistically significant differences between the members of the control group in the pre and post tests on the psychological well-being scale، and also showed no differences Statistically significant among the members of the experimental group themselves according to the variable of sex، and among the members of the control group themselves according to the variable of sex in the pre and post tests on the psychological well-being scale. In light of the research results a number of conclusions were reached and a number of recommendations and suggestions were made.

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24. 24
    Social Science Original Research pp. 554-581

    Increasing Population in the Kurdish Areas in the Abbasid Era ( 132 -656 A.H / 749 -1258 A.D) (It is the Research on the Analytical History of the Reasons of the Increasing Population )

    Rasul Ibrahim Rasul

    The population, could be considered as the main element of civilization, has provided the regions with a social and civilized characteristic. For example, as they have impacted the events themselves and have been a crucial role in creating them. They have always been influenced by natural and humanitarian incidents. So as a social creature, the principle of population has continued to change in terms of quantity and quality. Increasing and decreasing the population is one of the phenomena that has never been separated from elements of the population. It seems that the Kurdish areas as an old center of life and civilization have faced Weal and woe at the same time changes have happened to the population especially in the Abbasid era which was a time of events and changes. This time is the period of research on the growth and raising of the population of Kurdish areas based on historical information from the sources that focuses on the natural and human causes of population growth with its different components. The study consists of two main topics, results, and a list of sources including the principles of population enlargement and the reasons for their increase. It is based on many sources and new academic research to provide a small service to the Kurdish scientific and historical process.

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25. 25
    Social Science Original Research pp. 582-600

    Poetic Prose in Kurdish Literature as an Example in the Text (Snow Anthems or Burnt Colors)

    Parween Abdullah Khudhur, Fuad Rashid Mohammd

    This research, tagged with “Prose poem in Kurdish literature as an example, it is included in the text of the poet Dl shad Abdullah, “Anthem of Snow Writing or Burning Colors.” It attempts to show the form of “prose poetry” in Kurdish literature, especially in modern literature. In this historical era, it highlights the choice of the beginning of the emergence of the prose poem in modern Kurdish literature. However, the statement problematic of the research and its study, which is based on the principles and sections of the research, as for the results of the research, which includes the most prominent results that were reached at the end of the study. the most prominent of which is a description Genres of the prose poem, the principles and artistic features upon which the prose poems are based, including the study text (Anthem of Snow Writing or Burning Colors) in the poems (Beauty and Some Pages of Life the Snow Writer or Baw Balkan) by the contemporary Kurdish poet Dl shad Abdullah on the scale of prose poems in modern Kurdish poetry.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 601-622

    Depressive Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder With and Without Intellectual Disability

    Rushdi Ali Mirza Jaff, Kani Salar Osman

    The research objectives were determined in identifying the prevalence rates of depressive disorders (Major and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorders) among children with autism spectrum disorder, and Identifying the difference in depressive disorder (major and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder) among children with autism spectrum disorder according to the variables of intellectual disability (accompanied and unaccompanied) and age (6,10) years. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the two researchers prepared two scales for depression disorders, according to (DSM-5), and then extracted the appropriate psychometric properties for them (item analysis, validity, and reliability). These two scales were applied to a sample of (380) male and female children with autism, (292) male and (88) female, distributed among (8) governmental and private rehabilitation centers in the governorates of (Sulaymaniyah, Erbil, and Dohuk), chosen by the intentional method. The results indicated that there is a difference in the prevalence of depressive disorders according to the accompanying intellectual disability in favor of autistic people who are not associated with intellectual disability, and a significant difference in the two depressive disorders according to the age variable in favor of the autistic at the age of (10) years, according to the supervisors’ questionnaire, and this was not the case according to the parents’ questionnaire. And there is an effect of a significant interaction between the variables of intellectual disability (accompanied and unaccompanied) and age (6,10) years, in the disruptive mooddysregulation disorder according to the questionnaire of parents and supervisors, in favor of the autistic people who are not associated with intellectual disability at the age of (10) years.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 623-654

    Geographical Evaluation of Functional Regional of Koya University (2014-2017)

    Obaidullah Hatam Yousif, Rostam Salam Aziz

    The main purpose of this research is to analyze the university of Koya duty region, and the importance of this research is that it will be a road map for the planning and development of Koya University region, and at the same time it will be clear to us The university has served different areas. In this research, we have relied on the use of the number of students received at the level of administrative institutions to determine the region of the University of Koya duties. For this purpose, the study hypothesizes that the research area has an important geographical position and location, and the university has developed extensively, and also assumes that the scope of koya university's job is as an administrator. In order to achieve the goal of the study, the researcher used regional research, analysis and comparison methods based on the number of students based on their geographical location. At the end of the study, it concluded that the university's job region crosses the administrative boundaries of Koya district in most facalities, crossing the Kurdistan region and Iraq at the university's faculty level, and the degree of this effect varies from one region to another.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 655-676

    The Nature and Types of Social Problems for Displaced Women

    Fawzia Abdullah Mohammad, Abdullah Khurshed Abdullah

    This research aims to identify the social, economic, health, psychological, educational and housing problems of the displaced woman. The method used in this research is the analytical method. And its importance is reflected in the knowledge of social problems, in addition to the fact that it is a scientific increase in sociology libraries. Several theories were used, including the functional constructivist theory, which focuses on concepts such as, stability, cohesion, cooperation, and solidarity, and that the parts of society at the two jobs consist of school, family, security, religion, law, and that the negative impact of the family is manifested in certain circumstances. Perhaps the most severe conditions of war and internal and external conflicts. And the theory of social conflict in Karl Marx, who believes that all phenomena arise at the economic level in society, and determines the nature of society as a whole. And his political organization.From the perspective of the Holy Qur’an, it came with a set of laws and legislations, for the sake of humanity and in order that a person does not betray his fellow human being. After identifying the social problems of the displaced women in the host community by relying on definitions and theoretical directions, this research reached the most important results: A displaced woman is a person who left her original country without her will for fear of exploitation. Marx and Durkheim define that all social problems may be due to the presence of cause and effect , and that the problem of displaced women, based on the opinions of the two scholars, may be due to political conflicts and the result of displacement, then the displaced women are exposed to social problems of all kinds. According to the statistics conducted in the Kurdistan Region in (2018), unemployment rates were calculated at (9%) for citizens of the region, especially exposure of displaced women to unemployment in the host community. At the end of the research, the researchers presented some recommendations and suggestions that may be useful in addressing the problems of the displaced in the future.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 677-696

    The Level of Compliance of Journalists with the Media Ethics; Readers’ Trust in the Kurdish Newspapers, as an Example

    Shakhawan Mohammed Sulaiman, Magdid Khidr Ahmad

    The research, as it is implied in the research title, aims at investigating the compliance of journalists with the media ethics and the readers’ trust in the Kurdish newspapers. Determining the level of readers’ trust in the Kurdish newspapers is an incentive for journalists to adhere to truthfulness and the principles of media ethics. Determining the level of compliance of media corporations with the principles of media ethics urges journalists to abide by the media ethics and the treaties of ethics. The purpose of the research is to understand the level of compliance of journalists with the principles of media ethics, the level of compliance of the media corporations with the media ethics, and the effects of the political conflicts on the noncompliance of journalists with the media ethics. The research problem is the mistrust of readers in the Kurdish newspapers in Kurdistan Region. The researcher has utilized the descriptive survey methodology where survey forms are distributed in which two types of information was collected: the general information which includes gender, age, location, occupation, education; and the private information which the researcher has mentioned above. There were 450 forms distributed among an intended audience which included journalists, public workers, self-employed, university professors, and students in all the three provinces of Erbil, Suleimani, and Duhok. The research outcome demonstrates that the readers’ trust in the Kurdish newspapers has declined due to noncompliance with the media ethics which include impartiality, truthfulness, objectivity, and discretion and that is due to journalists ignoring the principles of media ethics.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 697-718

    A New Reading for Bound Morphemes and Their Roles in Building the Relationships Between the Components of Noun Phrases.

    Salih Abdalla Babakr

    The inflectional morphemes play a significant role in Kurdish language in a way that they tie the modifier and modified together which leads to expansion of noun phrases. In these types of phrases، the modifier does not only provide one type of sense and meaning to the modified، but it supplies it with senses such as possession، distinctiveness، from general to specific، from part to whole، etc. This study attempts to identify the relations between the components of the expanded phrases، and it compares them with other languages occasionally based on the needs of the expanded phrases. The study is divided into two sections. In the first section a general explanation about Bound Morpheme، its types and characteristics in Kurdish language will be provided. In the second section the roles of this type of morpheme play in expanding and supplementing further meaning to the noun phrases will be identified. In the end of the study، an outline of the obtained results and reference list are presented.

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