Issue 2

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-33

   The impact of commercial advertising on Facebook on the economy of Kurdish satellites in the Kurdistan Region

   Adalat Abdullah Mohammed, Nazakat H. Hamasaeed

   The impact of commercial advertising in Facebook on the economy of Kurdish television channels in the Kurdistan Region is the subject of this study, which is part of a PhD thesis. The aim of this study is to reveal the reality of advertising and other economic resources of the media in Kurdish satellite channels in the Kurdistan Region, and understanding level of knowledge and of these channels to the process of commercial advertising in Facebook and its characteristics. And determine the impact of commercial advertising in Facebook on the rate, price and revenues of advertising in Kurdish satellite channels. And determine the extent to which these channels have taken various measures to address the impact that commercial advertising in Facebook may have on the economy of their channels. This study is descriptive in nature and its approach is to survey the public opinion. As for the study community is the Media cadres of Kurdish satellite channels in the Kurdistan Region. But the sample is the Media cadres of seven Kurdish news and political channels, they are: GK, Rudaw, KNN, NRT, K24, Kurdsat news, Payam. The data collection tools for this study are interviews and questionnaire format which distributed to 70 media personnel who are also those concerned with the economics of Kurdish satellite channels. This study is also benefited from these previous studies.The most important findings of this study are that commercial advertising in Facebook has had a cognitive, emotional and behavioral impacts on the economy of Kurdish satellite channels in the Kurdistan Region. And advertising is just accounts for 25% of these channels' revenue.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 34-48

   Description of the city of Constantinople and its importance througConstantinople, Byzantine, civilization, New Rome, Christianity

   Iman Talaat Abdalrazak, Nishtiman Bashir

   Constantinople is the city that the Noble Messenger may God’s prayers and peace is upon him, announced his conquest by saying: “To conquer Constantinople, let us be the emir, its ruler, and the best army, that army. And the poets pay attention to it and write about it, as if this city was created to be a great empire that lasted for more than a thousand years. What helped it to survive is its huge building built by Emperor Constantine the Great in 324 AD to be the capital of the Eastern Byzantine Empire. This huge building is represented in its high fortified walls and its huge and remnant churches Now like the Hagia Sophia Church, and making it one of the most important cultural centers and a symbol of ancient civilization in addition to choosing this important geographical location, which gave it a very important economic and commercial importance, helped it to survive and continue and most of the attempts directed against it. Constantine's great goal was to build it, to continue the survival of the European Empire (New Rome), but this time in the East with a new look and a new religion, which is Christianity by adopting the official religion of the new empire.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 49-86

   Professional challenges among students of the College of Primary Education in the subject of (observation and teaching practice) and suggestions for their solution from the perspective of supervising teachers and school principals.

   Ayoub Khosrow Nadir, Aryan Fazil Kareem

   The aim of this research knows the professional obstacles among the students of the College of Basic Education in the views of the teachers and school principals, as well as to know the professional obstacles among students of the College of Basic Education. For achieving the goals, the researcher used descriptive methods because it is possible with the nature of this studying. The consistencies of this research are preparing averages from the students' professional challenges in College of Basic Education. It consists of (46) topics, dividing on (9) parts. After Assurance of this average, it has done on a part of research. This part of the research consist of (70) supervisors in both College of Basic Education in Suleimani and Charmo university. (110) school managers in both West Suleimani and Chamchamal educational directorate to solve the collective Data and Statistics in this research. The researcher used (Spss) program for the all Data. 1- It is found that the professional obstacles among the students of the College of Primary Education in the subject of vision and practice are at a high level. 2- There is a statistical difference in the views of supervising teachers and school principals for professional obstacles among students of the College of Primary Education according to the gender variable (male and female). There is a statistical difference in the views of supervising teachers and school principals for professional obstacles among students of the College of Primary Education in terms of vision and practice according to the variables of degrees (Diploma, Bachelor's, Master's, PHD). 4- There is a statistical difference in the views of supervising teachers and school principals for professional obstacles among students of the College of Primary Education according to the variable years of service.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 87-120

   The Estimation of the Amount of Water Erosion at Qalachwalan Basin by Gavrivolic Model

   Khalil Muhammed, Aram Dawood Abbas

   Qalachwalan basin is important agricultural and it is one of the main water resources for Slemani city. The basin contains useful natural resources that are conducive to agricultural development. As the area is a hill country, Gavrilovic model was chosen to get the size and amount of water erosion to determine the erosion risks that the basin is facing. This research was conducted based on Gavrilovic (EPM) model using (RS & GIS) to determine the level, amount, and size of water erosion of Qalachwalan basin. We found out that, through the research, the slopes that are in the direction of the estuaries face water erosion much more due to the form of the basin in its creation, which has many slopes and little vegetation on the cliffs that are a main cause of the speedy runoff. Also, poor planning to confront or reduce the risks of flood which increases the erosions. The erosion estimated based on Gavrilovic model between very weak erosion at less than (100 m3/km2/year) and very strong erosion at (5000 – 20000 m3/km2/year). The basin generally lies in the circle of moderate water erosion at (1230 m3/km2/year). Therefore, for the secondary basins (e.g. Jogasur, Mawakan, and estuary) the erosion based on Gavrilovic model was high consecutively in this way (1720, 2584 and 4356 m3/km2/year). Our results very impotent for local government stockholders to establishment new dams in cliffs areas for agriculture and determine life cycle of these dams in this areas, and find new solution to reduce soil erosions in near future.

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 121-150

   The interpreted sentence preceded by the beginning of the interpretation (Al-Faa) and its implications In the hadiths of Sahih Muslim

   Deary Muhamad Ata Rashed, Hashim Muhamad Mustafa

   This presentation aims to clarify the explanatory sentence preceded by the beginning of (Al-Faa) and the statement of its connotations in the hadiths of Sahih Muslim, the sentence is the basic rule in Arabic grammar to understand the Arabic speech from which the linguistic construction proceeds, so it is not possible to understand any linguistic fabric until after understanding and studying the sentences formed by this fabric, and the explanatory sentence is revealing the ambiguity of the sentence that precedes it, which is associated with the letter of interpretation or abstract from it, in order to push the illusion and raise the thumb, and remove the ambiguity and problem in the intended meaning, and complete Statement and clarification after the thumb to sustain the process of communication, communication and dialogue. It is clear to us through what we mentioned, that the faa is a letter of meanings, neglected non-working, useful arrangement, commentary and kindness, in addition to all that, most grammarians see that it is a letter that benefits the interpretation, and that (that) and (any) letters also benefit the interpretation, and this is what appeared to us in our study, and the student may get this meaning as a result of delving into the Arabic texts, whether in the Qur'anic expression or the hadiths of the Prophet or in poetic systems. The nature of this research necessitated its establishment on three chapters advanced introduction and preamble and sealed with the results of the research and the list of sources and references, has been singled out for the introduction to the statement of the research problem and the importance of research and mentioned previous studies and close to the research, and mentioned the research methodology, and mentioned in the preamble the definition of search terms, the first section deals with the interpreted sentence preceded by the interpretation tool (alpha), and the second section deals with the places of fulfillment interpretive in the hadiths of Sahih Muslim, and the third section deals with the explanation of hadiths and statement of their implications and the study reached a number of results, with a list of Sources and references.

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 151-170

   Political Stability, Corruption Control, Rule of Law, Voice and Accountability, and Per Capita Income Nexus in Arab Oil-Exporting Countries

   Omed Rafiq Fatah, Hatem Hatf Abdulkadhim Altaee

   This panel data study examines the relationship between governance and economic growth in 11 Arab oil-exporting countries, over the period 1996 to 2019. Using various panel data instruments, normality tests, slope heterogeneity, panel cross-section dependence, second-generation unit root tests, and long-run cointegration between the variables. The novel method of moment quantile regression (MMQREG) was used for estimation purposes, and three diagnostic tests were used to check the initial estimations. This exploration produces some interesting conclusions. First, all governance indicators positively all groups (but not those below the mid-income level) and the effect tends to be greater for better-off per capita income. Second, oil rent has a strong positive link to personal income growth, although it decreases as we move from low to high-income countries. Third, civil liberties have a positive and increasing impact on per capita income as we move from lower to upper quartiles. Since per capita growth swiftly responds to the rise and fall of governance predictors, specific policy adjustments are required to maintain sustainable and long-run per capita growth. The novelty of this is incorporating governance indicators and oil rents.

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 171-197

   Geographical analysis of the impact of road networks on traffic accidents in Pishdar District

   Roshna Muhammad Ahmed, Pishtiwan Shafiq Ahmad, Taha Ahmad Karim, Yadgar Mustafa Ibrahim

   An increase in the population and its needs, the development of transportation means and the diversification of transportation networks, as well as the differences in the geographical location of the population, are reasons for paying more attention to the road and transportation sector. In addition to all this, the increase in traffic accidents at the local and global levels is another reason for the attention of different fields. Pishdar district, as a geographical unit in the Kurdistan Region, has seen significant progress in the field of transportation in recent years, which has caused it to have its share of traffic accidents. The main goal of this study is to identify the characteristics of road networks in Pishdar district as well as a geographical analysis of traffic accidents and determine the level of solving these problems that are observed in the district in a scientific way. The research plan is divided into three main parts, each of which consists of two main sections: Part 1. This part describes the characteristics of transport networks and consists of two main sections. The first section includes the classification of road networks, and the second section includes the distribution of road networks at the level of administrative units in the study area. Part 2. This part is dedicated to the role of geographical principles in the time and place of traffic accidents in Pishdar district. The first is about the difference in time according to (month and year), and the second is the difference in location according to (city and outside the city). Part 3. This part is dedicated to how the most significant natural factors, which also include the most significant human factors, affect traffic accidents.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 198-231

   Social Problems of Women with Breast Cancer - Afield Study in Nanakaly Hospital in Erbil city

   Akram Abduljabbar Abdullah

   This research was conducted under the title (Social Problems of Women with Breast Cancer - Afield Study in Nanakaly Hospital in Erbil city) done. the main aim of this Research is to become familiar with Social Problems that Women with Breast Cancer face. In this study, the Quality Method and the semi- open meeting tools is used to data Collect information. The research community Nanakaly hospital in Erbil. The Study sample is aimed at women with cancer, with (273) women in (2021) the study sample is (12) women. The results of the Study point out that, women with breast cancer have family problems. Also, in terms of social relations, Women Will have Problems and they connect mix with people and they are afraid that people will say bad things to them. Economically, the will have problems and will not be able to provide for them. Sexually, women do net have sexual desires when they are sick and use drugs, their hair is cut off, their eyebrows are moved, their skin color is damaged and they suffer a lot of physical pain when using chemical injections, chemical pills and radiation treatment.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 232-252

   Violation of Administrative regulations of discretion in employees disciplines

   Mustafa Rasool Hussian, Azad Wsoo Hassan

   The deviation of administrative regulation authority is undoubtedly considered as one of the most audacious fault that may occur to the resolution of disciplinary rules, that taken the fact in account that this undersupply is unlike other violations. Two aspects govern the validity of the disciplinary sanctions, the first is objective that represented by the necessity of sanction (penalty) must be provided for by the law, and clearly determined by the law; whereof, the disciplinary authority must stick to limits of the provision law that imposes penalty in terms of its amount, type and scope. The second aspect is the procedural party that entails that the penalty must be inflicted by legally competent authority. It is sometimes observed that the administration may deviate of its ruling authority in imposing disciplinary penalty, whether by hardening or abusing administration regulations. This research plot explores purpose or deviation in manipulated power use in room of disciplinary sanction as well as elimination of the disciplinary administrative resolution.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 253-270

    The role of YouTube videos on creating child violence behavior from the perspective of mothers

    Shanaz Mohamed Sadeq

    The entry of modern technology into our society, particularly the emergence of the Internet with various sites that are easy to search, is one of youtube most important and popular sites, creating a new generation of children addicted to their use despite the large number of YouTube has become a real danger in the light of excessive use by children, however, it is ifficult to control the prevention of children from being exposed to the Internet in general and to YouTube videos in particular, many children in the developing stage of the disease. Psychological and neurological as a result of the content presented to them via video. The aim of this research is the role of YouTube videos on children's belligerent behavior at the age of 2-6 for this 200 forms on mothers in the city border Rania was divided into 100 male and 100 female children, for example. It was later revealed that children are most likely to be YouTube users at a high rate and that mothers don't monitor their children at the time you've seen YouTube and the degree of aggressive behavior that has changed according to gender, which is more likely to be male than female.

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 271-309

    The relationship between journalists' skills and social network management in the Kurdistan Region Facebook, for example

    Brwa Othman Rahman, Hakim Othman Hameed

    This research is a scientific attempt to find out the relationship between journalists' skills and social network management in the Kurdistan Region, where Facebook is taken as an example of social networks, as well as determine the level of skills of the journalist in digital media related to each area; (production and editing of text, information technology, technique, working in social networks). This research is a causal research conducted by descriptive method and survey method and the researcher relied on survey form tool to obtain information. According to the researcher's observations of Kurdish media outlets in the Kurdistan Region, the number of journalists involved in managing their Facebook pages is 500, of which the researcher sampled 145 journalists, which is 29 percent of the journalists involved in managing Facebook pages. In this research, the researcher concluded that there is a strong direct statistical relationship between (journalists' skill level and social network management). In general, with increasing skill level, journalists can better manage social networks, including Facebook. In order to be successful in working on social networks, a journalist needs a number of skills, the most important of which are; Adapting to the nature of the network, interacting with the recipient, analyzing social network statistics, and account safety.

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 310-345

    The Hero in the Epic of Sheikh San'an Hawrami According to Joseph Campbell's Theory of the "Hero's Journey"

    Emad Ahmed Khaleel, Hemn Omar Ahmad

    This paper entitled (The Hero in the Epic of Sheikh San'an Hawrami According to Joseph Campbell's Theory of the "Hero's Journey") is an attempt to introduce the hero of the Epic of Sheikh San'an Hawrami according to the theory of the hero's journey, That was set by the American mythologist Joseph Campbell (1904-1987). This theory consists of three sections, All three sections consist of seventeen stages. Joseph Campbell believes that no hero being is excluded from these seventeen stages, but not every Hero has to go through all seventeen stages in parallel, but varies from Hero to Hero. In this study, the journey of the hero of the Epic of Sheikh San'an Hawrami has been evaluated according to this theory and all the stages that the hero has gone through with the stages that the hero has not gone through have been discussed. Finally, the results are presented, one of which is the circular event of the Epic and the relationship between the gender of the hero and the subject of the journey. Through this special feature, the hero and the path of the journey within the structure of Sheikh San'an Hawrami epic is identified and by using the theory takes the relationship of Sheikh San'an Hawrami epic with several genders of Sufism and mythology to the structure of world epic.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 346-379

    The effectiveness of multimedia use in relieving separation anxiety among first level kindergarten children from mothers viewpoint

    Nabard Mahmood HamaSalh, Nian Namq Sabr, Yohan Othman

    The aim of this study was to determine the level of separation anxiety among children in the first level of kindergarten from the perspective of mothers , as well as the effect of multimedia use on relieving this anxiety and the effect of variable (gender) on the level of separation anxiety among children in the first level of kindergarten. The researcher used an experimental approach , the research community was the (Kazewa) kindergarten in the western education directorate in the center of Sulaimaniyah.The sample of study were purposely selected (30) children in the first level of kindergarten. The tool used was a survey form answered by the mothers of children. The results of study showed that the level of separation anxiety among children in the first level of kindergarten was high. there was a statistically significant difference between the pretest and the posttest ,and the difference was in favor of the posttest. This showed the effect of multimedia use on the relief of separation anxiety among the children in the study sample , as it was found that the variable (gender) has no role on the level of separation anxiety among the children in the sample.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 380-402

    Learning the third language and its facilities and difficulties or challenges – the centers of languages in the city of Erbil as an example

    Mizgin Abdurahman Ehmed, Hevin kamal Abduljabar

    We can learn the first language (mother tongue) and the second language easily and whatever the way is, but learning the third language depends on the situation, the age, time, sex, how you think and whether you want to get a job or any other reasons. Learning the third language may be easy to us or hard, this is quite different from one person to another; some people can acquire it in an easy way and some may not acquire it in an easy way or should try hard to get it, this research is entitled (Learning the third language and its facilities and difficulties or challenges – the centers of languages in the city of Erbil as an example): are attempts to clarify the aspects that may make obstacles to learn the third language. Of course the main problem is the language, and learning the third language is the same as the first and second languages you might face the same obstacles. In this research we try to focus on the motivations that make you learn the third language in the simplest way, or vice versa. This is worth a lot of discussions and exchanging ideas and that led the linguists to be divided into two different groups, each has many evidences to approve that. This matter is clarified and being focused on depending on a referendum held in four centers of languages in the city of Erbil.

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15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 403-421

    Faith in God among "The Holly Quran" and " Kenzaa Rabbh"

    Adam Abdul-Jabbar Abdullah, Niaz Hamad Ahmed

    This study deals with the uniform God in" The Holly Quran" and "Kenzaa Rabah", include introduction, four themes and Conclusion faith in God. "Kenzaa Rabah". The first theme includes the definition of the Holy Quran" and "Kenzaa Rabbh" which consider the helly book of the Sabian as it one of the oldest religions believe in the unity of Creator. The Holly Quran mentioned Sabian as they the followers of book. The second theme has been devoted to the words of faith in God in Holly Quran where inadequate from the unity of A- Huha is to create the creation. Which sent the prophets and the books ae formed by, and people join faithful and Kuffar, the happy from Paradise and naughty of the fire as the whole religion is given to Allah. It's not afraid of God. Allah doesn't see him. He is his own is the owner of creator Razak, schemer. The almighty Allah is the master in his university being not share by. The third theme adds the faith in God in "Kenzaa Rabah" and discussed the fact of accusing the Sabian that they worshiped stars and planets. Where they though ting for the existence of the learned God creator the one that doesn't hit the senser and doesn't lead to the creature. Allah is one and one religion and prophets were sent by their one God to the right and referred the words of God to the right of the whole offered by all the heavenly books. The fourth theme has been allocated to the comparison between "The Kenzaa Rabah" and "The Holly Quran" about unification of God and the presence of the relationship between the belief of Sabian and Islam. The conclusion come included the most important results of the research and including the following: The Sabian religion is regarded as the oldest heavenly religion on the face of the earth, and its history dates back to the first beginnings of unified human laws, just as the Sabian belief was discovered with the existence of the first human being: Adam, the first of the prophets, and the verses of God Almighty indicated in the horizons and in the souls, he has no partner, peer, or peer. instance. In drafting the study, the researchers used a comparative inductive technique.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 422-451

    The Second Treaty of Erzurum and the Ottoman-Qajar border problem and their influence on Blbas (1847-1880)

    Bakhtyar Mustafa Homar, Dilshad M. Abdulrahman

    Blbas was a tribal union and consisted of Mamash, Mangur, Piran, San, Ramk, Hormzyar and Gowrk tribes in the nineteenth century. They mostly lived a semi-nomadic life in Garmian and the deserted areas caused not comply with the regulations and restrictions of the Ottoman and Qajar states. As their long-standing tradition with the drop in temperatures and getting cold, they were heading to the hot areas of the Ottoman State (South of Kurdistan), and with the rise in temperatures and decrease in the pasture, they were moving to the highlands of Qajar state (East of Kurdistan). The migration and movement of the Blbas tribes began to cross the border and violated the provisions of the peace treaties between them, so the two countries accused the Blbas tribes of being the source of instability and crossing borders. In their treaty and border protocols, both countries have consistently referred directly or indirectly to the Blbas, they planned to oblige the tribes to take orders from the central governments and be inhabited in a specific area. The Ottoman and Qajar states used different techniques to abide the Blbas tribes such as; joint military attacks, tricks and deceptions, and creating conflicts among them. All this reveals the fact that the tribes of Blbas never gave up while they have been located in an important geopolitical position. Their courage and lack of surrender to the continuous ambitions of both states, they have always lived in an unstable and chaotic situation. They have become the major issue of the treaties and documents of the time when the Ottoman and Qajar states had a decisive impact on the history of the events in the region.

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 452-476

    The impact of commercial advertising on the public

    Sarkawt Waisi Kareem, Habeeb Ibrahim

    Throughout the world, commercial advertising’s have become an art and effective method of communication. It is a recent necessity for all countries, nations, classes, and races. All of them are working on commercial advertising and commercial advertising are the work of all. It is crucial that the Commercial advertisements are used properly and must at a high level, Kurdish satellite channels can live and manage business in this way. Advertisements can provide facilities for citizens and consumers especially when The commercial advertisings were used properly and correctly of the direction and goals of the right and bright way. In Kurdistan Region, commercial advertisements have passed through a short period of time. In the early stages they were at a very low level, until they were within technology development and the emergence of necessary instructions to organize advertising ,becoming more advanced and developed.The significance of this research which is a scientific attempt to demonstrate and determine the effect of the commercial advertisements of The Kurdish Channels in encouraging behavior of transaction by a pattern of This research ambition is to certify the emphasis extent of advertising Commercial advertisements on Kurdish channels. To what extent Kurdish satellite channels encourage consumer’s behavior to acquisitions Goods? Which are the business rhetoric that attracts more consumer attention to buy equipments. This research is a described research, we have used the method of surveying that is the most appropriate The method is set because the most accurate data and information can be obtained in this way. This research in which the theory of relying on practical media tools.It is one of the most significant theories in the domain of media. The society of this research consists of the population of Kurdistan region which consists of 500 individuals of male and female in all four provinces of Region (Erbil ,Sulaymaniyah ,Duhok and Halabja) participated in it. the researcher to collect data and Knowledge and achievement of research studies survey formused it, and in this study, the statistical text known as the SPSS system It's used.The most important results of the research are: the relationship between commercial advertising and Kurdish channels which Are a strong and effective direct connection, and a connection between commercial advertising and buying, it is a strong and effective direct relationship, in addition to commercial advertisements on Kurdish-sourced satellite channels.the importance of user information in selecting the necessary goods and services for the election It's the best choice. In addition, commercial advertising on Kurdish airlines has an important role to play in building trust and agreement with the Kurdistan Regional Government, particularly on topics that have been advertised commercially.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 477-499

    A footnote on) the places of knowing the holy Quran and explaining its truth( by Mala Salh Gozapany from verse 148 of the surah to verse 160 of Surat An-Nisa.

    Shkur Mahmood Abdullah, Abdulrahman Hassan Watman

    This study explores the life of a great scholar among the scholars of Islamic world. This distinguished scholar، who has spent nearly sixty years in serving knowledge and science، has written many valuable books. Consequently، his writings have offered a great service to the Islamic library and many great scholars were learned and educated on his hands. In this research an intensive investigation has been made on those footnotes that this scholar has written on a number of the holy Quran verses، in the interpretation “the places of knowing the holy Quran and explaining its truth” that was written by Abdulla Ibn-Ahmed Al-Nafasy. It is considered as one of the valuable books. It has an accurate academic style and only a group of exceptional scholars can understand it، for understanding the terms and concepts they are in need of these footnotes that “Gozapanky” Scholar has written. The study resolves these footnotes which mostly have been taken from sources، footnotes and reliable enlightenments for explaining “the places of knowing the holy Quran and explaining its truth”. Accordingly، it was done by rewriting the text as the writer wanted to be، then confirming the academic material from various aspects of the reliable sources، and simplifying these footnotes for readers and researchers، as a service and an easier way of taking benefit from it. The research explains the unknown aspects of the author’s life and unobvious places of the footnotes. It also referred the derived quotes to their owners as it is required in a scientific research. This paper comes up with a number of results which in general benefit all the researchers of the Kurdish scholar lives and their efforts and this great scholar in particular، including: “Mala Salh Gozapany” has been an educator، a Daii، a teacher and a Mufti، too ،The footnotes involve quoting، collecting، making concise that solve the difficult and the vague terms،The author، in his footnotes، has combined the interpretation of the Prophet companions and his interpretation These footnotes mention those distinguished signs that are taken from the holy Quran and the interpretation of “the places of knowing the holy Quran and explaining its truth”.

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 500-521

    Statistical Analyses of Weather Conditions Impacts on Consumptive Use for Rice Production in Sulaimani Province

    Bushra Qadir Karim

    In this study, we show the impact of climate on the rate of consumption of water for production of rice as an agricultural product in Sulaymaniyah governorate, Various data was obtained from multiple weather stations including (Dukan, Chwarta, Penjween, Bazian, Sulaymaniyah and Darbandikhan) from the year 2003until 2016, and also determing those climate factors that have positive and negative influences on the consumption use of water .Thorinthweet equation was used to estimate the amount of potential evapotranspiration using rice plant coefficient.In this investigation, we depend on Description method to describe the relationship between climate elements and consumption of water, with Comparing method to compare consumption of water between the metrological stations, and Depending on this mathematical formula, the amount of water consumption in the study area was also found. Furthermore, effects of geographical distribution at both seasonal and periodic levels of rice crop growth were identified. Our aim in this investigation is the ability to irrigate our crops in a scientific way. Detailed statistical analysis revealed that climatic factors exert great influences of almost 99%, The temperature may come in the first degree for the positive reasons, and for the moisture component in the first degree for the negative reasons.

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20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 522-539

    The identity of Justice in the Quran and its most important legacies in life

    Khdir Wsoo Ibrahim, Ommer Muhammad Amin

    Justice is that stay away from oppression and it is following desires and granting rights according to ranks and position and also in the term of governing and giving . it can be said that justice has many meanings in quran like: similarity, equality and avoidance of right . justice in quran includes many forms and aspects, fairness in speaking, writing promises , governing problems t and measurements . and also testimony and select witnesses and every thing which is associated with rights. what is obvious and clear is that people are different and they may be falling in problems. prophets were sent to remove tyranny and oppression from and eliminating damage. Justice has some aims like: Holding justice leads to fear of Allah security, love, and peace in countries. And heaven and earth send their blessings. It will lead merchant development and increased farming, livestock and cheapness. While individuals feel peace with themselves and their lives.

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21. 21
    Social Science Original Research pp. 540-555

    The Sunnah between Fundamentalists and Traditionaists

    Mohammed Qadir Hamad

    Talking about the Sunnah in the origins of jurisprudence is not a repetition of all that is found in the science of Hadith, but there is a big difference between some of its issues and terms, for example, fundamentalists talk about the authenticity of the Sunnah and the infallibility of the prophets, and the issues of news and construction, but the Traditionaists do not address those issues different definitions between the fundamentalist study of the Sunnah and the study of it in the science of the term Hadith and the differences between them and the consequent differences in the issue of (definition of the Sunnah and the definition of the Companion of the Hadith sent). The origins of jurisprudence were concerned with the search for Sharia evidence, the scholars of Hadith were concerned with the transmission of what was added to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), the scholars of jurisprudence concerned with the search for Sharia rulings of imposition, duty, delegate, haram and hatred, and those who are ready to preach and guide have meant everything that the Sharia has ordered or forbidden.

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22. 22
    Social Science Original Research pp. 556-581

    Islamic securitizations, what they are and their developmental role, a study in the experiences of selected countries.

    Nasreen Sulaiman Hussein, Ameen Mohamed Said Al-Idressi

    The research aims to present perspective of Islamic securitizations (instruments), their characteristics, and how they can contribute to achieving economic development, by shedding light on the applying experience in leading Islamic countries, namely Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and the Emirates. This research has applied the descriptive and analytical approach by addressing the nature of Islamic instruments, their characteristics and their developmental role. The research has concluded a number of results, the most important results are as follows: that Islamic securitization is one of the means that contribute to achieving economic development as an effective financing tool by linking the financial sector with the real economy, and it contributes to achieving economic development by financing investment projects and eliminating the problem of unemployment. Islamic securitization has achieved remarkable development in Malaysia, as the local securitization market in Malaysia is an important platform for government agencies and investment companies in securitizations. The ratio of Islamic securitizations to GDP in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia increased from 24.7% in 2012 to 39.34% in 2020. The United Arab Emirates ranked first among the Gulf Cooperation Council countries in issuing Islamic securitization with an amount of $63.644 billion.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 582-599

    From Dissonance to Harmony with Nature: A Material Ecocritical Reading of Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony

    Bahman Jabar Mohammed, Mohammed Dler Ameen, Kawan Othman Arif

    Although much has been written about Silko's Ceremony, little attention has been paid to reading the novel from a material ecocritical perspective. This study employs material ecocritical theory to expound the representations of humans, flora and fauna in Silko’s Ceremony, and how these entities are agentic and capable of producing meanings, communicating with each other, and altering the course of events in the novel. Influenced by new materialisms and the work of two leading theorists, Serenella Iovino and Serpil Oppermann, who co-edited a book entitled, Material Ecocriticism (2014), this new wave of ecocriticism highlights the importance of reading matter in texts or/and reading a matter as a text. The study argues that, in Ceremony, all Tayo’s relationships with nature, including springs, landscapes, animals, and humans, in which he remembers his relationship with his belated uncle Josiah and his cousin Rocky, narrate an experience of a story that can be viewed as storied matter. The study concludes that everything in the world that is presented in the novel is interconnected, entangled, and enmeshed in a complex network of relations and one should respect and regard the environment because human destiny is intrinsically interrelated with the destiny of the world.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 600-625

    The degree to which students use active learning strategies and their obstacles during field training from the point of view of supervisors

    Othman Abdullah Hama-Ameen

    The study aimed to know the degree to which students use active learning strategies and their obstacles during field training from the point of view of supervisors (educational specialization) in the College of Basic Education at Salahaddin University. To achieve the goal of the research, a questionnaire was prepared consisting of (24) items, which included two axes: (the degree of students’ use of active learning strategies, the obstacles to students’ use of active learning strategies), and the descriptive analytical approach was used. The study population consisted of field training supervisors in the College of Basic Education, after the study population was identified, the sample of the study was determined, The study sample consisted of (42) male and female teaching staff, and arithmetic averages and relative weight were used. Arithmetic averages and relative weight were used, and the results showed the following: First: The axis of the students' use of active learning strategies as a whole got an average of (1.75) with a degree (slightly). Second: Obstacles to using active learning strategies as a whole on an average of (3.21) with a degree(medium). The researcher made several recommendations, most notably: Adding courses to the plans of the College of Basic Education that include teaching and training students on active learning strategies in planning, implementation, follow-up and evaluation.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 626-647

    Job rotation and its impact on health care marketing An empirical study of the opinions of a sample of employees in a number of hospitals / Erbil

    Hazha Khattab Muhammed

    The research aimed to find out the impact of job rotation on health care marketing in (hospitals in Erbil), by studying the medical services provided by the surveyed hospitals. The research problem was expressed by many questions, including: What is the effect of job rotation on health care marketing? What is the reality of job rotation and health care marketing in the surveyed hospitals? For this reason, the researcher surveyed the opinions of the study population, which numbered (75) individuals, distributed among four hospitals in the city of Erbil, namely (Zanko-Al-Ahly Hospital, Rizkari Hospital-Governmental, Erbil Teaching Hospital-Governmental, and the College of Dentistry Consultant), (71) questionnaire were returned and (66) questionnaires, were valid for analysis, and the empirical results showed that there is a significant effect and importance of job rotation and health care marketing, and the research reached a set of conclusions and suggestions .

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 648-675

    The relationship of resignation the legitimate purposes and the bridging of pretexts

    Hirsh Ahmed Haji, Jamal Mohamad Faqe Rasul Bajlan

    The chapters on the principles of Islamic jurisprudence are overlapping and interrelated with each other, including abandonment, legal purposes, and blocking pretexts. This is explained in the following points: = What the Messenger (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) left intentionally but not related to the chapter on the legitimate purposes of facilitating the Islamic nation by leaving what he fears that the work will force - if he persists in it - and it is difficult for it, and the purpose of self-preservation by leaving what his nature hates (may God bless him and grant him peace) And the intent of taking into account the situation of others and pitying them by abandoning what removes it, the intent of repelling corruption and bringing benefit by abandoning a matter, the intent of deterrence and rebuke the doer by leaving the command, the intent of deterrence and rebuke the one who left the order, and other intents. = Blocking the pretext is to block the means to something, whether it is a means to a permissible or to a prohibited, and also the act of leaving is closing what the Messenger (peace and blessings of God be upon him) did not do, and this means that adherence to abandonment leads to blocking the door of innovation in the religion. = Just as blocking excuses are types, including what is obligatory, recommended, and permissible, so the Messenger (peace and blessings of God be upon him) left different types, including what indicates sanctity, lamentation and permissible, and not all of them are in the same position. = If the Messenger (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) left and approved another saying or action that he saw or reached, this only leads to permissibility. The first has the purpose of self-preservation and the second has the purpose of facilitating and distinguishing, and either abandoning a statement or in compliance with the general well-known ruling, such as the Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace) abandoning prayer on the hypocrites and standing on their graves. = Just as the pretexts are the invocation of what is a benefit to a corrupting one, as working in the opposite direction of what the Messenger (peace and blessings of God be upon him) left leads to a great evil, which is to find new things that must be blocked. = Both resignationand blocking pretexts.are different evidences in them, and based on them the jurisprudential applications as I have been given them.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 676-689

    Intertextual Context in Kurdish Political Discourse, with Reference to Referendum Discourse

    Srwa Faisal Azeez, Dyar Ali Kamal

    This study is entitled "Intertextual Context in Kurdish Political Discourse, with Reference to Referendum Discourse". Intertextual context is Norman Fairclough’s perspective in critical discourse analysis which is concerned with explaining the sources of discourse production. It highlights what these sources are and where they relate to other texts. This subject is at the second level of critical discourse analysis which is known as discourse interpretation level. It is a significant part which aims at reaching the common knowledge sources of discourse participants via interpreting the intertextual context of a given discourse. The aim is to achieve a common interpretation, for, in this regard; any discourse or linguistic act is in a deep relationship with some other texts. The current study is an attempt to interpret and to a large extent identify the sources of the referendum discourse (the whole face to face speeches of Massoud Barzani, Chairman of the High Council for Referendum). This study employs the descriptive analysis method. It, first, presents Fairclough’s view on intertextual context. Then, the depicted examples of this are presented in the referendum discourse.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(2).Paper27 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 690-715

    Factors of Verbal Violence Towards Students: Field Study in Public Basic Schools in Erbil City

    Rezhaw Nihad Abdulla, Izaddin Abdulsamad Rasool

    Violence in general, in all its forms, particularly verbal abuse, is one of the social and psychological problems facing educational institutions. Verbal abuse is widely spread and created educational problems, because in spite of this causing problems and disorders for the student and the effect of his/ her personality. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to identify the causes of verbal abuse toward students in public basic schools in Erbil city. For this purpose, the research, which used the quantity method, in the 125 basic schools of Erbil city, using samples in 10 schools, 381 students were assigned to the research criteria and as the research unit selected. As a result, the research has reached that "the impact of verbal violence, remains much more than other forms of violence, because the verbal violence had a direct effects on the student's passion and mind, at the same time, the research demonstrate, now in a number of Erbil's School, for controlling and organizing students, body violence has taken the place of verbal violence, and the results shows us that the verbal violence, among students itself, has increased in a considerable way.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(2).Paper28 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 716-741

    Social Media Addiction and Its association with Depression Indicators among Sulaimani University Students.

    Hoshiar Sadiq Sangawi, Farman Zahir Abdulla

    University students occupy a significant position in the human science, especially the psychological and educational studies. University students, all over the world, gain a great deal of interest because they are the bases of the future. This requires researchers to deeply dive in this field to serve the Kurdish students and build their future on firm scientific grounds. This research is considered a contribution in the human effort which examines the association between Social Media Addiction and Depression Indications among Sulaimani University students. It also testes the differences in the social media addiction and depression indications according to three variables: College specialty, gender and year stages. The research questionnaires were applied to (480) University students. Results indicate that Sulaimani University students have low level of social media addiction and depression indications. There is also a significant positive relationship (r=0.22 p<0.01) between social media addiction and depression indications among university students. The results also reveal that students in humanity science colleges have high level of social media addiction compared to students in practical/natural science colleges, however; this difference is not the case for the depression indications. In addition, the results show a statistically significant difference between gender in depression indications, suggesting that female students have higher amount of depression indications than male students. Finally, the results demonstrate no significant differences between students in second and fourth stage concerning the research variable of interest. In the light of the present study, the researchers have come out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(2).Paper29 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 742-762

    An analytical study on Opinions of the sample passengers of Iraqi airways

    Venkatesh Andavar, Jinda Qasim, Blesa Ibrahim, Srinivasan senthilvel

    The purpose of the study: Being one of the oldest airlines in the Middle East region, Iraqi Airways serves its customers with both domestic and regional travel flight services. This study aims to investigate the extent of satisfaction derived by the passengers of Iraqi Airways. Methodology: A survey was conducted with 300 customers who were using Iraqi Airways from Iraq. Thus, the passengers who used Iraqi Airways were contacted through travel agents. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 300 customers using Google Forms, out of which 223 were filled in and returned by respondents. The descriptive-analytical method of analysis for this study took the dimension of examining the passengers’ satisfaction towards Iraqi Airways based on the in-flight service variables namely: Crew Friendliness, Food and beverage, Cabin cleanliness, Seat comfort, Digital Entertainment, Toilet comfort, Child care, using SPSS VERSION 11 Results: The findings of the study state that the level of satisfaction from in-flight services is not up to the mark and especially passengers are not happy with crew friendliness, seat and toilet comfort. So they are not ready to recommend others to fly in Iraqi Airways, rather do they care about using the airlines again? Also, the awareness of customers towards the promotion programs and advertisements of Iraqi Airways is very low. Conclusion and recommendation: Since the influence of in-flight services is considerably strong the airlines have to focus their efforts on bringing the satisfaction of passengers up-to the expected level rather than directly shifting to the fleet and route expansion.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 763-788

    Youth and their participation in the political process

    Jabar Qader Ahmed

    Youth people are the most important basis for the development of social and political systems and heritage change in different societies, so that their influence and dominance over various areas of life appears strongly, especially with regard to lifestyle, thinking, behavior and their point of view in the way of managing the political system. young people plays a powerful role in their Participation in the Political process, such as participation and representation in the electoral process, Pressure on the political system to achieve their demands, who were always been on the forefront of political, cultural and social changes and They were part of the process of changing and rebuilding political systems , when their demands are not met and they do not feel their presence in the political sphere, they do not allow political stability and continuity, so their presence and role appear strongly in society. this research is quantitative research, and the aim of the research is to display the active participation of young people in the political process. The research community is represented by universities and institutes in Erbil, sample research study from university and institute students through data collected from a data collection questionnaire. As a result of this research, we have found that 17.4 % members in student unions and youth organizations. However, 82.6% were not members of any organization, and only 29.4% of the participants were members of political parties. With regard to their active participation in the political process, it is interesting to note that 60.7% of the respondents do not have information about single-constituency and multiple-constituency system for the elections in the Kurdistan Region.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 789-808

    The extent of auditors’ efficiency in using accounting programs to reduce audit risks

    Soran Muhammed Ameen Habeeb, Rizgar Ali Ahmed

    The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of the ability of auditors to use accounting software in reducing audit risk, because accounting software is one of the most important tools that various companies and factories use in their business and is of great importance is Various operations in the audit process and their impact on risk. This is because auditors' inability to handle these plans affects audit risk because the results of these plans are not properly audited. To achieve the research objectives, the statistical program SPSS was used and a questionnaire was created and distributed to a sample of examiners in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. After collecting and analyzing the data, the two researchers came to a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: Using accounting software in mathematical operations requires the auditor's expertise, awareness and ability to handle different types of these procedures. In light of the results of the research, the researchers concluded a set of recommendations, the most important of which is to increase qualification courses for auditors and the necessity of working to issue legislation or laws requiring the use of computer programs.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 809-837

    NLP as Individual Programming:

    Arazoo R. Othman

    The current study is an attempt to analyze two literary texts, namely William Shakespeare's play Hamlet and Bachtyar Ali's Kurdish novel The City of White Musicians, in the light of, neurolinguistics as an individual programming. These are from two distinct literary traditions that were picked because they essentially share the appearance of ghosts. To find out how these subtleties affect the reader's understanding, neurolinguistics is applied. Consequently, the paper's title was chosen. The texts serve as a sort of manual, and our goal is to identify the link that connects language and reason. These pieces are meant to affect the reader both while they are written and after. As a result, the influence is similar to programming and adheres to one of the core ideas of neurolinguistics, which will be covered in the introduction. The research tries to answer issues like The extent to which literary works' particular programming and neurolinguistics influence readers. Likewise, how "reaching success," one of the fundamental ideas of programming, is perceived. Moreover, Are there any similarities between the English and Kurdish texts in terms of neurolinguistics and personal programming? The methodology of the research is a thematic analysis method that is through studying the language and special terms from a variety of perspectives to illustrate the personal programming that is present in the texts and forms the main body of this study. One of programming's core principles is that success serves as a focus point for the procedures, according to the study's major findings. Additionally, self-criticism and the will to succeed are two other neurolinguistics foundations that are present in both texts.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(2).Paper33 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 838-873

    Lexicalization of transposed phrases in Kurdish language

    Muhamad Qadr Muhamad Amin

    This research is entitled of (Lexicalization of transposed phrases in Kurdish language). It’s an effort to present and analyzing for those phrases after the replacement of subject and predicate, during the process of transformational from deep structure to surface structure, became the lexicon unit. As it is known phrase is a syntax unit, but as a result of the development and change and the needs of language to naming and producing of new concept and meaning, again language resorts to other used units of language, that is why some of the language units moves from a level of language to another to reuse. One of those ways is reproduction of lexicon unit through syntax, one of the products of this way is the inverted phrase, again after the process of its inverting creator units. As an equivalent lexicon to a compound word.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(2).Paper34 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 874-891

    Cyclical comparison of succession of civilizations by Ibn Khaldun and Spingler

    Darstan Abdulrahman Hussin

    Civilization and history are two autonomous notions while there is an important correlation between them. We are not able to say anything on civilization without looking back at history. One can say civilization creates history and history rewrites civilization. It is the duty of history to explore and study civilization and the reason for their creation thoroughly. According to Spengler’s analysis the interpterion of civilization and history in his famous book (The decline of the West). He believes that the principal of history is civilizations. History is inconceivable in its true meaning, without civilization. He mentions that each civilization has its own figures. This philosopher believes that like all the other creatures civilization is born and alive and passes through all stage of live, youth, old ages and death. Which is a current role of history. Conversely, Ibn Khaldun considers that history is a science among the sciences, it has its own methods that the historical events can be clarified historically and each accident can be attributed to its actual intention. The historians must use different methods. They must have a critical idea. He believes that human society is developing just like an alive creature. Whenever a society becomes historic, another society takes its place. This cycle goes through several stages, migration stage, invasion stage and urban stage. Consequently, these theorists have an alive cycle analysis for the stages of civilization. They believe that as human beings civilization are born they grow and then they breakdown. Nonetheless, they have different opinions, Spengler claims that history isn’t a science. Conversely Ibn Khaldun has tried hard to identify history as a science. According to Ibn Khaldun, the nations are trying to improve life from migration to civilization. But then again according to Spengler the nations are basically belong to the civilization.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(2).Paper35 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 892-910

    The Inevitability of Disagreement in Islam and The Necessity of Resolving It

    Ahmed Mahmood Ahmed, Amira Aziz Qadir

    This study works on reinforcing the idea of overcoming "secondary discrepancies" that occur when interpreting religious texts. It emphasizes the need to establish a common view that categorizes the Islamic values over differences, promoting a dedicated obedience to these principles while steering clear of peripheral debates. These distinctions could incite conflict among Muslims and jeopardize the stability and cohesiveness of society. Furthermore, utilizing religious issues and societal needs for political advantage and party interests, without proper respect for the Association of Muslim Scholars and decision-making bodies, compounds these challenges.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(2).Paper36 1 views Read article