Volume 11
Issue 3
- Published
- 29 June 2024
- Articles
- 39 articles
- Access
- Open Access
Table of Contents
-
01
Social Science Original Research pp. 1-23
The legal regulation of the crime of enforced disappearance in Iraqi law
Hussein Abd Ali Issa, Shakhawan khdir Rasull
Iraq occupies an advanced position in the list of countries that suffer from widespread cases of enforced disappearance, but its penal legislation is still devoid of punishment for the crime of enforced disappearance, despite the fact that it is one of the first countries to accede to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance of 2006 based on Act No. (17) of 2010 which raises the question of how criminal accountability for the perpetrators is based on national legislation, especially the Penal Code No. (111) of 1969 and the Iraqi Supreme Criminal Court Act No. (10) of 2005. To exclude the legislative shortcomings in the punitive legislation regarding the criminalization and punishment of enforced disappearance, the efforts of the Iraqi legislator in recent years have culminated in the introduction of the draft law against enforced disappearance of 2018, as well as the draft penal code of 2021, which constitutes a significant step towards Iraq’s fulfillment of its international obligations stemming from the international convention For the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance of 2006. The research is devoted to studying Penal Code No. (111) of 1969 and the Iraqi Supreme Criminal Court Act No. 10 of 2005 to examine the possibility of their application to cases of enforced disappearance. It also includes an explanation of the mechanisms for the enforcement of international conventions, especially the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance of 2006, in Iraqi legislation, as well as an analysis of the texts of the draft law against enforced disappearance of 2018 and the draft Penal Code of 2021 to present appropriate recommendations regarding the criminalization and punishment of enforced disappearance in them.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper1 0 views Read article -
02
Social Science Original Research pp. 24-45
The concept of court and its most crucial aims in Quran
Ommer Muhammad Amin, Khdir Wsoo Ibrahim
It can be said that judicature is a settlement of a conflict between two opponents by the law of quran. while filing a complaint with a judge to those who organizers yhat the judge and opponent must keep to in the trail process. The judicature has many meanings in Quran. the most important meanings are first،ordering and completing worship،ruling acting fulfilling commands completely and end the obstacles among people and insisting on things. another one is promise and the will all meanings mean ending problems. The court is a terrible mandate. no one can give rights apart from those who know and act on them. in the judicature، there are several targets، including the showing and explosure the rights،the settlement of disputes، removable of oppression ، and reconciliation between people and also imposition of limits.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper2 0 views Read article -
03
Social Science Original Research pp. 46-73
The use of Melody and Harmony Elements as Techniques in 20th Century Music
Hiwa Talat Arif, Ihsan Shakr Mohsin Zalzala, Idris Abdullah Mustafa
This publication is a descriptive-analytical study, Depends on qualitative method. Describes a specific phenomenon or event or thing, depending on the books and sources include examples, and analysis of those examples that are related to the innovations that occurred in the common materials (melody-harmony) used in the twentieth century, and how it was used as a new technique in music. The views of famous composers of the twentieth century are about the change in the definition of music. In their opinion and according to the definitions and materials available, today’s music expresses human feelings more broadly and appropriately, therefore, musical production is performed more profoundly. According to this new and contemporary view, the development of music is discussed and emphasizes how natural materials are used in their works freely, as well as how artistic studies and their goals are presented to humanity by finding new sound effects and how they are different from the past music. This study discusses (Polyphony), where many sounds are used simultaneously based on the standards of global western music, known as (Classical Music). This research includes Problem, Importance, and Objectives of the study in the first part. The second part is devoted to the definition, and information on several important topics, and discusses the most significant changes that have occurred in the twentieth century. The third section focuses on the elements of melody-harmony, presents the necessary information, the changes that have occurred in these elements, and includes analyses of the examples. This publication then concludes with a presentation of the results and a list of bibliographies.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper3 0 views Read article -
04
Social Science Original Research pp. 74-99
The Semiology of Title Poeticness in Jabar Jamal Gharib's "The flying Birds that are Dross" novel
Abdulstar Perdawd Hasan, Sardar Ahmad Hasan Gardi
This study is entitled (The Semiology of Title Poeticness in Jabar Jamal Gharib's "The flying Birds that are Dross" novel). The study attempts to shed light on an essential and influential subject which is the semiology of title poeticness. It introduces the term and concept of semiology of title poeticness and its value as a semiological icon within a broad genre like novel. There has not been much research in Kurdish literary works aimed at presenting the role and position of semiology of title poeticness in the genre of novel. Hence، the current study highlights the hidden aspects of semiology of title poeticness، that is، it uncovers the meanings behind the masks of the titles at each level of morphology، syntax، rhythm and melody and meaning within the above-mentioned novel. The poetic titles are semiologically interpreted in order to highlight the writer's message behind the iconicity of the poetic-like titles.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper4 1 views Read article -
05
Social Science Original Research pp. 100-130
The role of Baghdad Kurds in writing diaries and memories between the years 1991 - 2003
Shakhawan Abdullah Saber, Shwan Ahmad Bapir
Writing diaries and memories is an educated attempt by the Kurds settled in Baghdad between the years 1991 to 2003. The Kurds settlements in Baghdad has a long historical root, their footprints can be easily seen in different fields, from the establishment of the Iraqi country in 1921 and the establishments during monarchy all the way to the foundation of the republic in 1958. Kurds have had different role in Iraq till 2003. A number of those Kurd who settled in Baghdad felt the importance of writing their diaries and memories to familiarize the new generation and to create a source for the researchers. Investigations about such a field has a historical significance due to its diverse nature. Besides, the political developments, social aspects, media, economics, education, geography, women, civil…. etc. such, diaries and memories contain significant information that can have a profound historical impact on the modern history. Monarchy era is paid more attention compared to the republican era which shows the monopoly of politicians and military elites in which (5) out of (8) of those diary and memory writers were among them. Women had a narrow space in this field and the writers depended on themselves in writing their diaries and memories.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper5 0 views Read article -
06
Social Science Original Research pp. 131-160
The metaphoric perception in language and literature
Bizhwen yahya mohammed
The research is titled (The metaphoric perception in language and literature "Sherko Bekas's "Darbandi papula" as an example), which is a literary linguistic research. In the research, several rank forms were presented, and Sherko Bekas has marked the rank of forms by using a set of forms and giving a meaningful sign of his feelings. It is an attempt to identify and present the process of presenting hidden images of a lexical form, more commonly known as metaphor in linguistics, which mark linguistic metaphors and replace morphological form. According to the semantic theory of composition, these metaphors are expressed as a major sign, so language can be considered as a common tool of language science and literature genre, especially the research has focused on the language used in poetry, in this way The creation and analysis of metaphors is involved in both semantic and pragmatic aspects, if it is not easy to understand the metaphor.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper6 0 views Read article -
07
Social Science Original Research pp. 161-188
Arab states' attitude towards the Algiers agreement 1975
Omeed Yaseen Rasool, Mohammad Abdullah Kakasor
After the resumption of war between the Iraqi government and the Kurds in 1974, the Iraqi government sought about another plat to overcome the Kurdish revolution: it was approaching Iran, because Iranian government supported the Kurds in every way, including the military backing. The Iraqi government entered into negotiations with Iran by assistance of the Arab countries with strong ties. The Arab states did not remain silent about the events in Iraq, intensified their efforts to help both countries closer to each other and end the long-standing conflict between them, Finally, they successfully managed to sign the Algiers Agreement, Iraq and Iran were reconciliated. As the result of the agreement, the Kurds were the biggest losers because the September Revolution ended for fourteen years continued. This paper consists of an introduction, two basic topics and conclusions. The first topic discusses the role of Arab states in bringing Iraq and Iran closer together, and the second topic focuses on the Algiers agreement and the reaction of Arab states to the agreement. At the end of the study, the most important results of this study are presented in several points.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper7 1 views Read article -
08
Social Science Original Research pp. 189-206
The Reflection of Culture in the poems of (Qani and Piramerd)
Qasim Mohammed Aziz Qadir, Fuad Rashid Mohammed
This research delves into the profound impact that Qani and Piramerd poems have had on culture. The study explores how these works of poetry have shaped cultural expression and left an indelible imprint on society. Through a careful analysis of these poets' works, this research uncovers the rich influence that their poems have had on society over the years. The works of these poets have been highly regarded, preserved as a national heritage, and passed down from generation to generation. Moreover, the study reveals that the language and proverbs used in these poems have become part of the cultural fabric and continue to provide guidance and wisdom to present-day society. Overall, this research underscores the importance of understanding the role of poetry in shaping culture and addressing cultural issues. By exploring the influence of Qani and Piramerd poems on culture, we can gain valuable insights into the cultural dynamics and issues that have impacted society for generations.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper8 0 views Read article -
09
Social Science Original Research pp. 207-234
Politics and Ethics in Farabi’s View
Kaifi Abubaker Hamad, Zryan Hamza Aziz
Farabi, the great philosopher and founder of Islamic philosophy, has a comprehensive global political system for managing humanity entitled the city of Fazila. The city of Fazila is a city that is perfect in all aspects and contrary to the cities of non-fazila and leads us towards eternal happiness. The people of Fazila are working hand in hand for happiness. Farabi, taking advantage of Islam and ancient Greek philosophy, establishes a strong political system in which he believes that morality and politics bind an inseparable relationship. This means that the essence of politics reaches virtue within the framework of morality and the commitment of the people of Fazila a city to high morals. The ruler and the country's president are very important to Farabi. It is an important source of policy implementation and the high principles of The City of Fazila and provides happiness for its people. The ruler has qualities such as psychological, physical, and wisdom that distinguish him from all the people of the city and provide him with the ability to take responsibility for the country. In this way, Farabi establishes the theory of the Islamic State as a Muslim philosopher, and despite taking advantage of old Greek philosophy, especially philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, it opens the time for the realization and preservation of a set of established Islamic principles, such as believing in God, the messenger and the angels, the existence of inspiration and the revelation of God, and knowing the psyche and the universe in his Islamic state. In terms of education, politics, morality and division of the community classes, and the characteristics of the city's president and ruler (Shahfailasuf), there are common and different points between Farabi and Plato. Comparing the views of the two philosophers helps to understand Farabi's views in Fazila and the theory of his Islamic state in general, and Farabi's view of politics and ethics in particular.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper9 1 views Read article -
10
Social Science Original Research pp. 235-259
The American factor influence on the British position during the Iranian oil crisis 1951-1953
Zulaikha Hadi Mihi, Qahtan Raouf Abdullah
The issue of nationalizing oil in Iran has already been addressed by researchers in previous studies that were characterized by comprehensiveness، However، this study attempts to shed light on the ongoing controversy in some aspects related to the British position، which were not resolved in previous studies، in light of the data which we obtained from unpublished documents and the recently published British and American documents and memoirs of decision makers in the countries concerned. There are still those who believe that the oil interests of Western companies were the most important factor in formulating the British and American decision، but there is another school that believes that the security factor and the exigencies of the Cold War were the most important factor in resolving matter the way it was done. This study is an attempt to shed further light on this controversy. The study will give special importance to the American factor and its influence on the British position during the Iranian oil crisis. The importance of the research is evident in the fact that it specializes in studying the first real attempt by a country that seeks to nationalize one of its most important resources in the Middle East in the atmosphere of the Cold War. Therefore، the study is an attempt to explain and analyze how and why the government of Muhammad Mosaddeq was seeking to nationalize Iranian oil ، and we discuss the challenges it faced in order to achieve that goal. As for the methodology of the paper، we study the debate on the subject by following the historical methodology in addressing the issues in a chronological way and critically analyzing the discourse. While doing the analyses، we compare the British archival material with that of American and the Iranian. The collected data from the archival material will be used to evaluate the previous studies in the field. As for the structure of the research، it consists of an introduction، two sections، and the conclusion. In the preface، light is shed on a historical renunciation of the Anglo-Iranian company. As for the first section، it is devoted to studying the development of British oil interests in Iran (1902-1951)، in which the conflicting British and Russian interests towards Iranian oil addressed. Besides، the differences between the views of the Iranian government and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company during 1947-1951 on the oil crisis are explained in detail. The second topic deals with the stand of the United States of America on the oil crises and its impact on formulating British position during the Iranian oil crisis 1951-1953.While explaining the US stand on the crisis ، we will point the two distinct stages in this regard .Finally ، we explain and discuss how the US and British government had eventually reached the conclusion that a joint efforts were needed to overthrow the government of Muhammad Mossadegh on August 19، 1953. In the end study will present its most important findings.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper10 1 views Read article -
11
Social Science Original Research pp. 260-282
The Culture impact of the change process on the direction of the work of the Sulaimani Band
Daroon Noori Omar, Ehsan Zalzala, Dilshad Mustafa Raheem
The process of change in music depends on several influences, which can vary in the form and path of change due to differences and cultures. In this study, we will focus on some aspects of change that affect the situation of music and change the direction of music in the selection and determination of music. Some of these changes may be related to the internal culture and others may be related to the external culture itself, and of course many of these appear to be the path of innovation. The Sulaimani Music Band has made serious efforts in this field both inside and outside Sulaimani and their efforts can be analyzed appropriately in academic field. . This study is an attempt to explore these changes in terms of media and political power and opening of culture to the surrounding cities and the extent of the impact of these changes and how much change they have created and become a favorable environment for change and innovation in music.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper11 0 views Read article -
12
Social Science Original Research pp. 283-301
Efficiency of Deductive and Inductive Approaches to Teaching English Grammar:
Abbas Zubair Malla, Neamat Majeed Abbo
The necessity of grammar, how it is taught and how much it should be incorporated into language teaching remain matters of discussion in most ELT classes. Considering this fact, knowing teachers' beliefs towards teaching grammar is significantly beneficial for researchers. Thus, this research studied English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers' beliefs towards teaching grammar in deductive and inductive approaches in the Sunrise curriculum in Duhok high schools. The study used a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) strategy for data gathering and analysis. The participants were EFL teachers of Duhok governorate high schools. The results showed that Duhok EFL teachers of Sunrise curriculum preferred using an inductive approach to teaching but they use the deductive approach because of some reasons such as the time of the lesson, number of students in a class, etc. This study might help EFL instructors employ appropriate approaches to teaching in the classroom.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper12 0 views Read article -
13
Social Science Original Research pp. 302-321
The Comparing the efficiency of professional behavior as a determinant of effectiveness among coaches from the point of view of female volleyball and basketball players for some clubs in Iraq.
Shayan Abdalla Mohammed
The research aims to know the levels of professional behavior as a determinant of the effectiveness of coaches in volleyball and basketball for some clubs in Iraq at the ages of 14-18 years, and to know the differences in the levels of professional behavior as a determinant of the effectiveness of coaches in volleyball and basketball for some clubs in Iraq at the ages of 14-18 years. The researcher used the descriptive approach in my survey style and the causal comparison of the nature of the research. Female players for some clubs in Iraq were identified for the two volleyball games, which numbered (11) teams, with (154) players, and basketball, which amounted to (6) teams, with (84) players. The research sample amounted to (230) female players did this after excluding (8) female players from the two games for the purpose of the reconnaissance experiment The researcher used a number of means to collect information, and a scale was determined to measure professional behavior, conduct the exploratory experiment, find the scientific bases for the scale, and then conduct the main experiment, and in order to process the data, the researcher used the electronic statistical bag (spss) and reached the following conclusions that the volleyball and basketball coaches for the included clubs In the research, they enjoy acceptable professional behavior from the point of view of the female players. The levels of coaches for the two games are distributed between very good and very weak, and most of the sample was concentrated at the average level. There was no significant difference between the coaches of volleyball and basketball from the point of view of male players.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper13 3 views Read article -
14
Social Science Original Research pp. 322-348
The effective of a training program to improve self-concept among students with speech disorders in the primary school
Alyas Ahmed Khalil, Afrah Yassin Muhammad al-Dabbagh
This study aims to measure whether a training program for children with impairments in early stages is useful at enhancing their sense of self-concept. To accomplish research’s objective, two hypotheses were formulated; one alternative and the other one invalid. The empirical method was used in which the design was to select one group with pre and post-test. The procedure requires the presence of one group for which a pre-test is conducted and then exposed to the training program, after which a post-test and a follow up test are conducted one month after the end of the application. The research participants consisted of the students of the third, fourth, and fifth grades in the primary stage at the Emirati Dar Al-Ataa Center affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in the center of Erbil Governorate for the academic year (2021-2022). The study sample consisted of (5) students, with (4) males and one female, from the age groups (9-12) years. The researchers prepared the self-concept scale and the number of its items in its final form reached (34). The scale was applied to the main sample after calculating the validity and correlation coefficient for each dimension of the scale and its total score, extracting the discriminatory power, ensuring its stability by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of (0.850), and calculating the half- segmentation of it which was (0.827). The data was analyzed based on a fundamental sample, the statistical package program (SPSS) to reach the results of the research. According to the study’s findings, the post-test significantly improved self-concept compared to the pre-test, while there was no statistically significant difference between the two tests in terms of enhancing self-concept (post and follow up). The researchers made several recommendations and other ideas in light of the research findings.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper14 2 views Read article -
15
Social Science Original Research pp. 349-373
Narration in the novel ”Soad and the military” by Najm Wali
Sabah Kareem Maulud, Sandy Andrya Amman
This research deals with addressing the character in the novel (Suad and the Military) by the expatriate Iraqi novelist (Najm Wali)، who is considered one of the well-known novelists in the Arab world in general and in Iraq in particular، especially outside the Arab world. The research plan is based on three types of characters: (the main character)، (the secondary character)، and (the developing character)، and is preceded by an introduction to the novelist character، as it is one of the most important and important narrative components in the novel، as it specializes in the study of characters from The external and internal aspect and the effective role that it possesses to reach the detection of various aspects، such as the psychological aspect and to clarify the various individual differences، by distinguishing between the external physical image، and the internal psychological image، and through the novelist's description of it. And its role in taking positions in order to reach a complete picture of it and its definition in the linguistic perspective، and then the terminology، followed by the most important results reached by the research، and the references used in it. * Najim Wali، born in 1956، was born in the city of Al-Amara، left Iraq in 1980 and now resides in Germany. He holds a BA in German literature from the German (Hamburg University) and Spanish literature at (Completense University) in Madrid. Concordia) in (2018)، and his novels: (The War in the Tarab neighborhood) in (1989)، (A place called Kumait) in (1997)، (Tal Lahem) in (2001)، and (The Picture of Youssef) in (2005). )، (Angels of the South) (2009)، (Baghdad Malboro) (2012)، (Sarah’s Sin) (2018)، and two short story collections: (Mary’s Last Night) (1994)، and (Waltz with Matilda) (1999)، (The Book of Baghdad، a Civilian Biography) in (2015)، and finally his novel (Suad and the Military)، which is his last work، as it was published last year.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper15 0 views Read article -
16
Social Science Original Research pp. 374-398
The Class Mobility in the Transitional Society
Khadijah Rahman Saadi, Mohammed Hussein Mohammed Shwany
This study entitled (class mobility in Transitional Societies - Kurdish Society as a Sample) aims to explain how did class mobility is happen in Kurdish society as a sample of transitional society, especially after the changes that took place in Iraq after 2003, aims to analyze the measures and characteristics that characterize social classes in general and Comparing the classes and then the historical stage in which the social differences appeared, by using certain information gathering methods such as observation and data available in some official institutions after 2003, where these data indicate the division of society into some classes based on social theories. We can call these classes According to its characteristics, the upper layer, the middle layer, and the lower layer.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper16 1 views Read article -
17
Social Science Original Research pp. 399-416
Corruption of ministers in the countries and emirates of the Islamic East ( AD1220.820 / AH617-205)
Ramadhan Ahmed Mohammed, Farhad Haji Aboush
This study aims to explain the phenomenon of corruption among ministers in the countries and emirates of the Islamic East in the period between the year (205 AH / 820 AD) to the year (617 AH/1220 AD). This phenomenon was one of the dangerous developments that took place in those emirates, as a group of ministers could ascended that position in those emirates, and were able to reach a high position in the society. A group of them gained an absolute power and interfered in the affairs of the government. The prominent feature of the ministry's position in the countries and emirates of the Islamic East was that it was offered for sale, so everyone who paid the most would get it. In order to restore the huge amounts they spent to get these high positions, they had illegal strategies such as raiding and bribery, and this was a reason for the spread of corruption in the highest positions of the state. The study is divided into eight axes, the first of which was devoted to mentioning the corruption of ministers in the Tahirid emirate, while the second was about the corruption of ministers in the Zaydi emirate, and the third axis dealt with the corruption of ministers in the Samanid emirate, and the fourth axis was devoted to talking about the corruption of ministers in the Ziyarid emirate, while the fifth axis dealt with the corruption of ministers in the Buyid state, whereas the sixth axis dealt with the corruption of ministers in the Ghaznavid state, and the seventh axis focused on the corruption of ministers in the Seljuk state, and the eighth and final axis was about the corruption of ministers in the Khwarizmi state.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper17 0 views Read article -
18
Social Science Original Research pp. 417-439
Conversational Implicature in debate between Ali Bapir and Mala Bakhtyar.
Babarasul Nori Rasul, Muhsin Ali Husein
The result of the speech of one of the important pragmatic theories has a prominent place in the researches, the image of most of the natural languages is united in this point, which the speeches of the language speak in the face, but in the content it has a hidden meaning, And this is the meaning of it in the appropriate surroundings This theory originated by Grace, in Grace's opinion, the statements in some positions do not show the purpose. In this research, it has been tried to explain how to overcome the basics and how can the listener understand the speeches and make sense of them? Especially in the debate, the sender and the recipient change their roles, so adherence to the basic symmetry of cooperation that goes on its way, but the introduction of the basics will cause them to explain more about their speech, so they need to answer each other several times and explain give him more.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper18 2 views Read article -
19
Social Science Original Research pp. 440-470
Execution the decisions of the constitutional court
Luqman Naaman Abdulrahman, Khamosh Omer Abdulla
The constitutional judiciary is one of the most important constitutional and judicial institutions of the state. It has an important role in resolving lawsuits related to the state’s constitution, or those that have a constitutional dimension, and resolving constitutional issues. Decisions must be decisive and final and have binding force on all constitutional institutions of the state, meaning that they have authority Absolute towards all authorities within the state, in order to comply with and implement the decisions of the constitutional judiciary by state institutions. Having said that, the content of this research under the title (Execution of the decisions of the constitutional court) discusses the form and authoritativeness of the decisions of the constitutional judiciary, and the execution of these decisions by each of the authorities (legislative, executive, and judicial), and overruling by constitutional court with the rulings of the Iraqi Federal Supreme Court.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper19 0 views Read article -
20
Social Science Original Research pp. 471-503
Multidimensional Concept of “Puritan”: Who were the Puritans and when they appeared?
Darawan Abdulqader Ahmed, Hewa Hameed Shareef
This study focuses on the origins of the concept of “puritans” and explores and defines the multiple Puritan identities. Due to differing views on puritans and their complex identity, there has not been a standard and unified definition of “Puritans.” Much research has been devoted to creating an all-inclusive term that can represent Puritan experience. In English, the word “Puritan” has a standard meaning, but the original meaning has changed and mutated overtime in part due to the misuse and alteration of the word by anti-Puritan groups. That has contributed to the Puritans’ complex identity. Moreover, researchers disagree on how to define the concept of Puritan. Thus, this study tries to discuss and deconstruct various views on the notion of “Puritan” to present a multidimensional meaning of “Puritans”. We also explore why and how a particular religious community were considered as “puritans” to show who the Puritans were and who could be identified as a Puritan. This allows us to better understand how puritanism as one of the most influential religious movements in Christianity in general and in Protestantism in particular played a significant role in founding the United States of America, one of the best countries in the world.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper20 0 views Read article -
21
Social Science Original Research pp. 504-521
The health situation in the cities of Southern Kurdistan in the nineteenth century
Saman Hussain Ahmd, Rewas Fatah muhamad
The content of this research talks about the health situation in the cities of southern Kurdistan in the nineteenth century, which its population was suffering from poverty, back wardness illiteracy, destruction, high taxes rates and bad political conditions, due to the bad economic, social and political circumstances, beside these, a variety of dangerous diseases like (plague, cholera, malaria, fever, diarrhea and vomiting.) had spread in (Sulaimani, Kirkuk, Hawler, Ramanduz, Amedi) durnng the years (1820, 1821, 1830, 1831,1832, 1845, 1865, 1871, 1889, 1900 …), which caused great economic, social, political losses and health disasters. sometimes they caused the death of nearly half of these cities population. Low health awareness and lack of health service forced the inhabitants of these areas to resort to alternative medicine, magic and sorcery and the shrine of the righteous. The indifference and neglecting of the health sector by Ottoman Empire caused frequent health disasters, despite the fact that the Ottoman state had opened several hospitals and quarantine centers in both cities Sulaimani and Kirkukein the seventieth of the nineteenth century , but they were not provided enough budget as compared to the military sectors , the laste money was allocated for the helth sector, no hospitals or governmental health centers were found in cities like Hawler , Koya , Rawandz and the Amedi tell the beginning of the twenentieth century.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper21 1 views Read article -
22
Social Science Original Research pp. 522-546
The effect of political factors on agricultural land ownership and grain crops in Erbil Governorate 1975-1991
Najmaddin Abdullah Ismael, Mahdi Muhammad Qader
This research is entitled the impact of political factors on the ownership of agricultural land and cereal crops in Erbil province in 1975-1991. During the research, the agricultural situation in Erbil province was of special importance for economic development. These include the industrial and commercial sectors, as agricultural products have become an important resource used as raw materials in the industrial sector, in addition to agricultural activities and products have affected the movement and trade processes and exchange. Whether in domestic or foreign trade. Ownership of agricultural land in Erbil province has been under the influence of the Agricultural Reform Law to regulate and improve agricultural land. Based on several official government data and statistics obtained, the impact of political events in Iraq and Kurdistan on the ownership of agricultural land and grain crops in Erbil province between 1975-1991 is presented.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper22 0 views Read article -
23
Social Science Original Research pp. 547-569
Theories of Social Alienation Analysis in the Family
Parwin Abubakrd Mohammed, Bokan Tofiq Raza
Family, as a small effective system for the establishment of the entire society always leaves heated questions to scholars and social workers. Throughout the research, the issues of parental alienation have been apparently highlighted. The reasons for the foremost problems are numerous incompatibilities among the couples and the raise of many divorces. Family, as a small corporation contains several other correlations like the relation between the husband and the wife, as the formation of all the other family relations. Besides, the interactive relations of the family members then the compound families are seen. Furthermore, the new mode of the formation family relations, in the terms professions, positions, age, and literacy rate change, according to the present time of the society, culture, tradition, religion and different extents.The existence and non-existence of the modern world’s reality, family relations take many questions and issues, when this reality has apparently expressed, that the initiation, formation, role and duties are constantly changing. Furthermore, in the standard of living, the family members face challenges, alternatives and determination which all leave their influence the variety of family relations. In one way or another, the influences are seen as the catalyst of the emergence of social alienation among the families.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper23 1 views Read article -
24
Social Science Original Research pp. 570-615
Geographical Assessment of the Random Housing Phenomenon in Khabat City and Ways of address it
Sakar bahaddin Abdulla Almudaris, Hevi Abdulla Azo
The random housing phenomenon is one of the Urban Environment’s most significant problem, it is a complex issue that causes multiple problems in the cities, and it is spreading fast, therefore, scientists named it the cancerous expansion. Khabat city had its share of this phenomenon due to its strategic and economic importance. This research aims at addressing this phenomenon using advanced planning and statistical methods. The research presents three main hypothesis, most importantly: statistical methods have the capacity to address the researched problem by showing its levels to achieve the research goal. The research relied on the inductive method. The research plan included four axis in addition to an introduction. The first axis introduces a theoretical frame of the phenomenon. The second axis focuses on the special variation of the studies phenomenon, while the third axis discusses the factors affecting the spread of the phenomenon in Khabat city. The final axis studies ways and methods to address the phenomenon. Finally, the present research has shown a number of conclusions The most important one is random Residences which is in 2021 presently stated as making up of 37% of its entire population, 44% of its housing, and 44.3% of the entire areas in khabat. in all neighborhoods Kabat district has been dividid random Creation of detailed database in the Government agencies and the enforcing the law for punishing those who trespass or violate the rules in residence. excesses are the most important recommendations which has been mention in our research.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper24 0 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 616-640
The institutional nature of political power according to new directions in institutional theory
Omed Abdulqader abdalkarim, Sardar Qadir Muhiddeen
Institutional theory is one of the oldest theories used to analyze political issues and phenomena. In the classical period, this theory emphasized the constitutional and legal aspects, while paying more attention to the official institutions of the state, especially the powers (legislative, executive and judicial). In the 1950s, due to the rise and dominance of the behavioral school, this theory was ignored by researchers in the field. However, the beginning of a new phase of institutional theory in the 1970s; the emergence of all three directions (historical, social, and rational choice) was also a strong factor in attracting researchers to use institutional theory in their studies. At the same time, political power has always been of interest and debate in political analysis, although the concept has often been portrayed in the guise of an individual and a ruling group. But in fact, one of the characteristics of political power is institutionalization. For this purpose, this paper describes political power and new directions of institutional theory. On the other hand, it analyzes the nature of institutionalization and how the process of institutionalizing political power is carried out within the framework of new directions of institutional theory.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper25 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 641-666
The penal Responsibility of the special moral Person on the Economic Crimes
Sarhad Ibrahim Mohammed, Safaa Aldden Mohammed Gaznai
The recent economic، social and technological developments resulted in the emergence of multiple private large economic and financial institutions or corporations (the "Corporations") that perform a range of activities with significant influence on the society. Indeed، this can bring great benefits to the society if their activities are properly made، while cause severe damage if they corrupt. Hence، the dangers caused by these corporations and the expanding scale of their damage can lead to economic crime، which is far greater than the harm caused by natural persons. Thus، it is no longer acceptable to ignore such crimes، particularly when the civil penalty is no longer appropriate to ignore their deviations on these corporations which brought huge profits to them. This created an advanced jurisprudence calling for the necessity of bringing punitive measures against these corporations in order to prevent and lessen their dangers to the society. The rapid transition from socialism to capitalism in Iraq after 2003 led to a sharp increase in the number and diversified activities and economic openness that controlled the economy، while the criminal jurisprudence was steps behind such fundamental changes. This research aims to demonstrate the importance of designating criminal responsibilities to these corporations to protect the society، and to identify the legal loopholes in Iraq on how to address them. Despite the existence of the principle of “publicity” for economic crimes or not economic crimes، according to the conditions that must be met in order to be take responsibility، under Article (80) of the Penal Code No. 111 of 1969، hitherto this article alone cannot go side-by-side with the dangers created by these corporations، which requires exclusive fundamental amendments، introducing more legislation providing strict punitive measures against these corporations aiming to safeguard the overall economic system.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper26 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 667-691
Transferring and delaying words in the book of ( Al bahir Al madid fi tafsir Al Quran almajeed ) li Ibn Ajiba
Dlsoz Jaafar Hussein ahmed, Ahmed Ali Mohammed Ameen
This research, tagged with (Transferring and delaying words ) in the book fo (Al bahir Al madid fi tafsir Al Quran Almajeed) li Ibn Ajiba,So this study seeks to highlight the importance of transferring and delaying words by Ibn Ajiba and tries to show the grammatical significance of the miraculous Quranic systems that carry hidden connotations and linguistic secrets can only be reached by reflection and contemplation of the Quranic speech and divine expression The style of( transferring and delaying words)occupied the thought of grammarians in the past, starting from Al farahidy and Sibawayhi, then the grammarians followed them examples , especially Sibawayh, where he focused on the significance of attention and care and alert the addressee by changing the sentence and deviating from the original grammatical structure agreed upon by the grammarians in the Arabic sentence. The phenomenon of transferring and delaying words at the beginning is a grammatical phenomenon and then rhetorical, we find that Al-Jurjani paid attention to it in his book(Dalael Aleajaz) clearly interested and then focused on the importance of the significance of the transformation of words from one place to another place, and the beauty of accuracy in meanings, especially in the Holy Qur'an, because the Qur'anic systems and meanings are not realized by everyone except the expert in Arabic, and this is what made Sibawayh and Al-Jurjani and others to indicate the role of meaning in these transformations that occur in the Arabic sentence. We tried in our study to reveal the phenomenon of transferring and delaying words in ( Al bahir Almadid) with a statement of their significance as much as possible, and God bless you.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper27 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 692-723
Narrative Semiology of Personal Brokerage in Jababr Jamal Gharib's Novel "The Time of Balqis's Crying"
Halmat Baiz Rasool, Talib Jalal Ibrahim
Narrative semiology has evolved with the trends and directions of semiology. Philip Hammon's theoretical view of narrative personality is one of the foundations of narrative expansion and the elements of narrative have a role and influence in guiding critical and narrative research. This paper is entitled "Narrative Semiology of Personal Brokerage in Jababr Jamal Gharib's Novel The Time of Balqis's Crying". It is an attempt to practice a new theory of semiology within the foundation of narrative personality, how are that foundation and the system of personality signs embodied in the narrative text? In coordination with the reader, he presents the personal meaning through signifier and is mindful of its semantic dimension.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper28 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 724-736
The Rise of Decolonial Image: Postcolonial Reading to Django Unchained Movie by Quentin Tarantino
Samal Marf Mohammed
This paper provides postcolonial analysis of Django Unchained movie which is written and directed by American Film writer Quentin Tarantino in 2012. More specifically, the analysis focused on three primary components: firstly, Quentin Tarantino’s critique for slavery of blacks and racial discrimination, secondly, Orientalized Oriental discourse via postcolonial lens, and thirdly, decolonization discourse which is represented by Django, the protagonist of the movie. Throughout the movie, the viewers can see many scenes of slavery and racial intolerance which reflects many historical facts in the era of American slavery; including how blacks were obliged to work and how they were treated inhumanely. In a similar vein, the viewer can see the spirit of Orientalized Oriental phenomenon through Stephen as one of the major actors of the movie who embodies the phenomenon which supported abusing with blacks although he is a black actor. Quentin Tarantino gives a spectacular role to Django who becomes a symbolic emancipation of blacks and earns his freedom and frees his wife, Broomhilda. Postcolonial critics react against the imperial history of colonization, like the structure of racism as well as colonial power which reshaped itself by Orientalized Oriental discourse. After all, Django Unchained Movie contributes to the discourse of postcolonialism in which Quentin Tarantino reveals some historical facts about African American slavery, and in contrast to many other Film Makers, he gives a good role to non-European hero, Django.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper29 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 737-762
Climate change crisis in Iraq
Peshawa Anwar Nasralla
Climate change is progressively becoming a serious and discussed issue. Besides this, there are clear evidence, observed, and confirmatory reasons for the multi-dimensional climate change impacts worldwide. Just as the countries and regions have not played an equal role in environmental pollution, heat retention, and climate change. Similarly, the effects of these phenomena are significantly different in the countries; thus, many of the main vulnerable places and others are its beneficiaries. Apart from other fields, the areas that are heavily damaged will also be affected in terms of political geography and geopolitics. Generally, the Middle East, typically Iraq, is one of the countries that will be heavily affected by climate change. This research investigates the climate change geopolitical dimensions of Iraq using the descriptive-analytical method. The findings illustrate that present and future climate change are the provenance of many complications, including environmental, economic, and political and security, both at national and international level.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper30 0 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 763-794
Contribution and involvement of Hazbans in islamic civilization(648_923H/1250_1517AD), Bahri and Charkas mamluks era as an illustration
Hussein Abdalrahman Hussein
Al-Hazbany played a significant role in building and managing authority during the Middle Ages, establishing a Kurdish emirate within the Islamic state. Their influence extended beyond their homeland, as they journeyed thousands of kilometers towards Egypt and the Levant, actively participating in state affairs. Notably, the tribe made substantial contributions to scientific development, particularly during the eras of the Bahri Mamluks and Circassian kingdoms. The research comprises an introduction and two sections. The introduction sheds light on the origins of the Al-Hazbany tribe, their geographical presence, and their early political engagements, Especially in the Kurdistan regions, because they started their first political and military uprising in Kurdistan. The first section explores the multifaceted role of the tribe in the Bahri Mamluks kingdoms, covering administrative, scientific, religious, and literary aspects, Because with the disappearance of Ayyubid rule, the Hazbanis continued to provide scientific and administrative services. In the second section, the focus shifts to the Circassian kingdoms, providing insights into the administrative and scientific roles of the Hazbanys and their significant contributions to reconstruction. We note that during this period the Kurdish Hazbanis paid attention to the aspect of prayer، for example, the construction of mosques, scientific sites and even places known by their names, but it is not known why they were used.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper31 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 795-814
Women in Islamic thought and philosophy in Baghdad and Andalusia for two centuries (5-6 AH/11-12 AD
Sangar Abdalla Rasul
Due to the extensive discourse and scholarly investigation pertaining to the status and involvement of women within the academic and cultural hubs of this particular area, the ongoing disparities and vehement confrontations between adherents and detractors of Islamic ideology regarding the standing and contributions of women persist. Consequently, it is imperative to approach this matter with a discerning outlook that is devoid of prejudiced perspectives and is situated within the framework of the historical epoch. Intellectuals, professionals in the field, and even members of the general public frequently engage in a wide range of discussions regarding women's rights and how their status among Muslims challenges this perception. Our study makes an academic and scientific effort to examine this problem from a Muslim point of view. During the period spanning the fifth and sixth centuries AH, which correspond to the eleventh and twelfth centuries AD, an examination of the historical contexts of Baghdad and Andalusia reveals significant developments. Through meticulous research and thorough analysis of various sources, it is essential to elucidate the perspectives held by Islamic groups and movements on the subject of women. It is imperative to gauge the extent to which societal cultures and traditions permeate religious attitudes towards women. Based on this foundation, a comparative analysis of the viewpoints espoused by Islamic religions and movements in both regions under scrutiny will be undertaken. The study presents the views of scholars and Philosophers in Baghdad and Andalusia, and explains the participation of women in public and cultural activities in both regions.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper32 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 815-832
The slave class of Sparta City State in the fifth century B.C
Dilman Mohammed Sabir
One of the most important social classes of Spartan city-state society was the slaves, known as the Helots. They were the majority of the other classes. As a result of Sparta's colonialist operations, most of its population was enslaved, especially both regions of Laconian and Messenia, this class belonged to the state in terms of ownership, so they were used for many political and economic purposes and whatever heavy responsibilities were on their shoulders, on the other hand they were harshly supervised, because these were basically free people and forced As slaves, they therefore constantly tried to be free and regain their citizenship, until they carried out several rebellions and revolutions, known in human history as the Spartan Slave Revolution in the 5th century BC. This research, shed light on the characteristics of the slave class in the city-state of Sparta and the early stages of slavery in and their differences from other Social classes, then the way they were treated by the rulers of the city-state and revolted this class for their elementary rights, against the rulers of the city-state of Sparta.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper33 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 833-849
Al-Ibdal according to Al-Alusi (d. 1270 AH) in his interpretation Ruh al-Maani
Kubra Jalil Hussein
The phenomenon of substitution is one of the most important phonetic phenomena in Arabic, and much has been said about it, both ancient and modern. So I decided to write a research on it, aiming to conduct a descriptive and analytical study on the term substitution, its concept, and the method of analyzing it according to one of the commentators, namely Al-Alusi. To clarify his position on him. We decided to limit our research to the well-known and common cases in its interpretation that occurred due to the phonetic relationship between the substitute and its substitute. So we excluded those rare cases that occur between distant sounds that do not have a phonetic vowel between them, and we limited ourselves to sounds with united exits, close ones, and in the case of not The presence of an output relationship led us towards the acoustic characteristics of the two replaced sounds.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper34 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 850-873
Challenges of teaching skills (student teachers) in the kindergarten practical education process from their perspective
Shalaw Abdullah Ibrahim
Practical education is a significant part of the educational and psychological tools represented by vision and practice. This has a positive impact on teacher preparation The second semester is devoted to practice in kindergartens, lasting six weeks. This is a real training opportunity for student teachers to demonstrate their skills and learn many teaching and kindergarten skills that will become a teaching experience in the future. The aim of this study is to identify the obstacles of student teacher teaching skills in the process of practical education in kindergartens in central Sulaimani, all of which were female. Utilizing a descriptive research method, the researcher employed a measurement tool consisting of 33 items categorized into six areas to identify obstacles to teaching skills among basic education students. The research sample comprised 82 student teachers. Statistical treatment of data was conducted using the SPSS program, facilitating the analysis of collected information and percentage weight. Finally, the researcher came to several conclusions: Level of obstacles to teaching skills Practical education among teacher students is generally high. The field of teaching materials, educational supervisors and kindergarten staff is generally at a weak level among student teachers, but the fields of planning, personality and teaching methods of teachers are at a high level.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper35 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 874-895
Kurdish EFL Teachers' Attitudes Towards the Use of Computer-Assisted Teacher Corrective Feedback in Teaching Writing Classes
Hogar Mohammed Tawfeeq, Awder Raza Aziz
Technology has recently played a crucial role in facilitating English language learning and teaching. A considerable body of literature has examined the influence of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in ESL/EFL classrooms, specifically its mediating role in developing the learner’s language skills. This study aims to investigate the attitudes of Iraqi Kurdish EFL teachers towards using CALL tools to provide teacher-corrective feedback in EFL writing classrooms. It also seeks to determine whether the teachers’ demographic characteristics influence their attitudes and preferences towards using technology in their classes and computer-assisted teacher corrective feedback (CATCF). A quantitative research design was followed, and the data was collected from questionnaires administered to Kurdish EFL teachers at the public universities’ language centres in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The study's descriptive and inferential findings indicate that although Kurdish EFL instructors were sometimes anxious about using technology, they had an overall positive attitude towards CATCF, preferred using technology to teach their classes of writing, and were aware of the modern tools to teach writing classes. The results of this paper have some implications for EFL writing teachers.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper36 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 896-915
Agent in Kurdish language (Bahdini subdialect)
Vian Ibrahim Ali
The agent in the Kurdish language, especially in modern grammar, is known as a semantic role, limiting its function to the sentence level. To contradict this view, an attempt has been made in this study to explain the agent at both morphological and syntactic levels. At the morphological level, some derivational bound morphemes play a major role in forming some nouns that carry within themselves the concept of the agent known as agent nouns. Also at the sentence level, in addition to the semantic features of the noun phrase that identify and distinguish the agent role from other roles, it is expected that the verb phrase can contribute greatly in the identification and recognition of the agent. For this purpose, Larson's theory (1988) has been employed to deconstruct the VP-shell into the main verb phrase VP and the light verb phrase (carrier of the concept of agent in the VP). The sentences are analyzed according to Chomsky's minimalist program principles. Research data is collected from the everyday speech of Bahdini dialect speakers. Results show that Larson's theory of deconstructing the VP could be considered the best and only way to analyze the agent in the Bahdini sentence; and the morpheme (ان), in addition to its agentive and causative functions, can also function as a light verb.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper37 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 916-939
Orientational Metaphor in Central Kurdish
Karzan Abdullah Jezhny, Srwa Faisal Aziz, Dyar Ali Kamal
This study is entitled "Orientational Metaphor in Central Kurdish". It attempts to explicate how non-spatial concepts are metaphorised in terms of various aspects of space in Central Kurdish. The main aim of the study is to interpret spatial metaphorical expressions that express the cognitive processes of meaning-making. The study adopts the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT)within the framework of cognitive semantics. It deals with orientational metaphor as a specific type of conceptual metaphor. In cognitive semantics, language is a mirror of thought; linguistic expressions are manifestations of conceptual mappings structured in the mind. The data of the study is taken from ordinary everyday Kurdish. The data analysis illuminates the spatialization of a wide variety of abstract concepts through metaphorical uses of space. The study is in line with the cognitive linguists in that linguistic expressions that represent concepts are not semantically independent, as the Anglo-American philosophical tradition claimed, but are structured with respect to one another. Spatial concepts are first structured in thought in the form of a formula based on physical and socio-cultural experiences, and then expressed via linguistic metaphors; accordingly, metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon, it is in thought, not in language. It is patterns of thought that are echoed in patterns of language.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(3).Paper38 1 views Read article -
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Social Science Original Research pp. 940-964
The Potential for Implementing Democratic Assessment through Authentic Assessment Practices in the Context of Kurdistan Region Public University English Departments
Dler Abdullah Ismael
This study explored the potential for implementing democratic assessment through conducting authentic assessment practices in three university English departments in the Kurdistan Region. Democratic assessment could be tremendously influential in education as it allows teacher-student negotiations about educational issues, resulting in making progress in education. Specifically, the study investigated the nature of teacher-student relation, the power of EFL students in discussing and making decisions about how to assess them, the provision of assessment ethicality through student accommodation, and the educational benefits of democratic assessment. All these issues were investigated by employing two research methods: interviews with 15 university EFL teachers and three focus group interviews, epistemologically adopting interpretivism and phenomenological approach. The findings revealed that, firstly, democratic assessment through authentic assessment practices were implemented along with satisfactory teacher-student relations, but still inadequate, unplanned, and students were not befriended. Secondly, it discovered that, although teachers believed in students’ rights to discuss assessment issues with their teachers, students’ power in discussing and making decisions as to how to assess them were limited in terms of disregarding students’ opinions and being indifferent about their preferences. Thirdly, participants believed in implementing various authentic assessment practices, instead of one shot exams, to provide fair assessments leading to assessment ethicality. Fourthly, to varying degrees, all the participants admitted, perceived, or believed that democratic assessment could have significant benefits for teaching and learning English language, achieving fairer, more accurate, more reliable, and more valid assessments accompanied by multi-dimensional feedback to students, resulting in more learning progress.
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