Volume 11
Issue 4
- Published
- 29 August 2024
- Articles
- 34 articles
- Access
- Open Access
Table of Contents
-
01
Social Science Original Research pp. 1-31
Jacobson’s Distinctive Features and the Analysis of assimilation in Kurdish Bahdini local dialect
Kasar Yaseen Mohammed, Hamdiya Hassan Mohammed
Distinctive Features are generally used to describe the smallest units of sound in both phonetic and phonological analyses which aims to differentiate between the meaning of one word and another in a certain language. The topic of distinctive features has always caught the interest of phonologists and many schoolars used these features as the smallest units of sounds in order to describe sound features in all human languages. This research is an attempt to represent the distinctive features of Kurdish language, as well as to explain assimilation through Jacobson,s Distinctive Features in order to reach some phonological rules in Kurdish language. Samples are taken and analysed from revels written by speakers from the center of Duhok in order to represent the distinctive features of the sounds which affect the adjacent sounds, as well as creating the rules of the sounds which affect each other. Jacobson’s features are mainly based on a acoustic description of sounds. The most important hypotheses of this research show that this theory meets the following requisitions: Distinctive Features (DFs) can describe a natural class of sounds. They can also describe the distinctions of sounds in all languages of the world and these features can be defined phonological. In conolusion it is clear that in Bahdini local dialect, The changes often affect the sound which carries the feature (±voiced) of stop and fricative sounds in general, and upon the feature (+voiced) of fricative in novel particularly.
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02
Social Science Original Research pp. 32-53
Music Arrangement in Kurdish songs in Suleimani
Rawand kamal Dilshad, Ehsan Shakir Zalzala, Dilshad Mustafa Rahim
Performed music is an important and unique part of the world's music center and its different situations are analyzed through several scientific theories. The Kurdish Music Center has its own efforts in the field of composing and distributing music and can be classified into different categories and by resorting to these scientific principles can be treated scientifically. Since the beginning of its establishment, Sulaymaniyah has been a city full of artistic products and various innovations. Therefore, working on this entity is an important task of scientific research and excavating the history of this invention requires more scientific research, especially since the state of scientific research in the field of music and analysis of production situations is not at the necessary level. This research is an examination of the musical works that have been distributed in the city of Suleimani. It also classifies and distinguishes works in terms of stage and style. Along with these is the analysis of each of the songs sampled by the researcher in terms of form, harmony, distribution of words and use of musical instruments
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03
Social Science Original Research pp. 54-80
The role of verbs in sentence depth
Azad Ahmad Hussain, Aziz Khald Abdalla
The research is devoted to investigate Sulaimani Central Kurdish dialect. The focus of the research is on Syntax and it is related to language meaning, because there is an overlap between Syntax and Semantics, the structure of Sentence has two sides, (Form and meaning), and verb as a main element of the Sentence plays a major role in sentence structuring. The importance of this study is rely on the previous studies, some aspects of Kurdish Syntax have been applied to the branches of (GB) theories. This study is the use of another powerful aspect and connected theories to Kurdish Syntax that is the role and power of verb in Kurdish Syntax. At this level it is the division of meaning. Which gives Semantic roles to other phrases in the Sentence. Another side of verb role is demanding the necessary phrases, because they are used up to the verb demand. In other words, verb dominates both Syntactic and Semantic aspects of the sentence.
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04
Social Science Original Research pp. 81-113
The Effect of PDEODE and SWOM Strategies in Developing 10th Grade Literary Students’ Historical Thinking Skills
Azhi Hama Qazi Rahim, Saman Hussein Ahmad, Zana Othman Muhammad
The current study which is an extract from a PhD dissertation adopted a mixed- method, experimental-design to find out the effect of PDEODE and SWOM strategies in developing tenth- grade literary students’ historical thinking skills. The sample of the study consists of sixty tenth grade students from the literary branch at Tafan Preparatory School for Girls. After equalizing them, they are divided in this way: Group A regarded as the first experimental group taught by PDEODE strategy, Group B as the control group taught conventionally and group C taught by SWOM strategy as the second experimental group. For each of these groups, a twenty- four daily teaching plan was used and a 30- item test was prepared by the researcher to know the effect of these strategies in developing historical thinking skills. After analyzing the data through the statistical method ONE- WAY ANNOVA, it was displayed that there are statistically significant differences among the groups in a way the first experimental group is better than the second experimental and control groups. It was also concluded that PDEODE and SWOM as two new teaching strategies can provide appropriate platform for improving teaching and learning processes as they focus on students’ intellectual, psychological and personal dimensions, making them the center of the process which enables them to apply their knowledge in different contexts.
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05
Social Science Original Research pp. 114-140
Women's Political and Economic Role in The Empire of Achaemenid
Shalaw Mustafa Abdalrahman, Hassan Qadir Mahmood
Women played a significant role in the political and economic realms of the Achaemenid Empire. This role is due to the rights given to women by Zoroastrianism and later institutionalized into law within the empire's constitution. This allowed women to actively participate in political decision-making and engage in economic activities of their society. Within the royal palace, women wielded considerable power and influence, often serving as key figures in the ascension of kings to the throne. Therefore, when someone became king with the support of his mother or sister or queen, he could not disobey the queen or mother or sister during his reign. Moreover, women in the palace and among the Persian dynasties formed their own groups, safeguarding their economic interests and political positions. The groups have often been used to spy, kill and oppose those who have acted against the interests and orders of senior women Thus, any discussion of the political and economic field of the Achaemenid state would be incomplete without acknowledging the pivotal role and influence of women within these spheres.
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06
Social Science Original Research pp. 141-157
The Role of Persian Ilkhani Khan in spreading Shia Idealism during the Mongolian time
Goran Abdulla Dasani, NERGS BAEZ HAMAD
The role of the Ilkhan kings in spreading altashyie. Although the Mongolians weren’t abide by the rules of religion therefore they didn’t have any sort of conflict over it but as they mixed with the world of Islam and converting to Islam they become part of the conflicts between sunnis and shias.The leaders become a sort of strength for either side that were accepted or refused by the Ilkhan kings.Thus in several phases altashyie grew and become the formal religion of the kingdom.They had dispute and and conflict with the sunnies.this is at a stage the Ilkhans did not understand and have not had the proper information about the Islam religion.Therefore,sometimes they completely regreted which of the two sides of the religion to choose and support.
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07
Social Science Original Research pp. 158-180
The reflections of e-learning from a sociological perspective
Halala Gharib Abdullah, Alia Faraj Mustafa
E-learning has gained considerable importance in the fields of education and teaching. This is because E-learning or distance learning brings direct replacement or is complementary to on-campus educational institutions especially in the cases of emergencies that cause disruption of face-to-face learning in schools. The aim of this research is to present the reflections of e-learning on university students, to present the philosophy of e-learning, the reasons and justifications and types of e-learning, the method is descriptive. Although this type of learning has a long history in some of the neighboring countries of Iraq and in the world, it is a relatively recent mean of learning in the Kurdistan region. This is due to the rapid and continuous changes in technology in the world which has been of paramount concern to researchers. In order to present and analyze the reflections resulting from these changes, the field of education has considered how these changes affect society. In today’ world, education is one of the most important factors to make progress in societies. According to the scientists in the field of education, these findings and the new advents of present-day technology have positively affected almost all the institutions in the society.
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08
Social Science Original Research pp. 181-205
The National identity in Kurdish proverbs
Pareshan Khalid Sabir, Sirwan Jabbar Amin
Identity is intimately related to people’s understanding of “who they are,” “what they are,” and what matters to them. This understanding depends on a number of factors. Identity also creates similarities and differences between individuals or groups. In fact, the emergence of identity is the emergence of similarities and differences between oneself and the other. That is, when someone says I am that person, that family, that nation, he says I am different from this and that and the others. National identity is an individual's sense of affiliation with a nation. Geography has its impact on language and national identity. Without this geography, called the country, states, cultures and civilizations could not exist. Lifestyles, forms of communication and languages have emerged according to the areas in which people live. This research is entitled “National Identity in Kurdish Proverbs”. Through the study of the content of Kurdish folk proverbs, many of the characteristics of the national identity and civilizational characteristics of an important part of the population of Kurdistan, especially in the center and south, can be known. This includes familiarity with the customs and traditions and the nature of the economic, social and political situation. This research is an attempt to get to know the Kurds through the Kurds themselves, not foreigners. This paper aims to demonstrate this role. The aim of this study is to show the role and characteristics of proverbs as some examples of oral means of expressing Kurdish national identity, because proverbs are the wisdom of human experience and a mirror of culture, opinions, norms and lifestyles. For this purpose, the method of "descriptive, analytical" has been used to interpret the content of the proverbs that carry national identity.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper8 0 views Read article -
09
Social Science Original Research pp. 206-230
Estimating Children's Language Development from The Perspective of Kindergarten Teacher’s of The Shahrazor District.
Mihraban Hussen Salih, Nazeera Salih Mohammed
This study aims to identify the level of the language development among preschool children in Shahrazor district from the perspective of teachers, and it is relationship to some of the variables: Gender, social status of the child's family, birth sequence, family size and economic status. Used A measure from the study (Al-Dardir et al., 2016) consisting of (58) items, and it was applied to (89) children male and female from the kindergarten, the measure was answered by kindergarten teachers which is the number of the all teachers in the Shahrazor District. The study used the descriptive analytical approach and the study tool were consisted of language development. The study result showed that the level of language development among the children of Shahrazour district is weak in the total degree, and was there area of language development, the field of verbal communication has received the first grade,Then followed by the field of readiness for reading (pre-reading skills) ranked second, and followed by the field of comprehension ranked third, then readiness for writing (pre-writing skills) came in the fourth rank. In addition, the study results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the average degrees of the level of language development in due to the variables: gender of the child, the social status of the child’s family, the birth sequence and the economic status of the family. In addition to a set of recommendations and two suggestions for language development of pre-school children.
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10
Social Science Original Research pp. 231-249
The importance of Jazeera Rigin in syriac sources
zardasht dlshad khudhur, Haidar lashkry khzr, Mahdi salh farhan
This study is concerned with the position and the importance of Jazeera region in Syriac texts by shedding light on the geographic border in Islamic sources and making a comparison with Syriac sources. The different names by Syriacs historians was according to their mind, the weight of the region has reflection in the Syriac sources and records. Undoubtedly, most of the Syriacs historians had lived in that region, and they were witnesses of the most events, which consists of political and religious events. All the changes which have been brought about in the region have had direct impact on representing the social condition. Most of the population of the region are Syriacs in the Syriac records and writings, that is why the Syriacs are considered as the original people of the region. In addition, the region has been pictured as a main center of Christian religion, Syriac language and culture, as most of the Syriacs historians were religious men, all of their writings were composed with religion. They show more religious conditions of the region in the Islamic authority framework, they refer to many names of the Christian Churches in the region.
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11
Social Science Original Research pp. 250-285
The impact of various speech styles on high school students' moods
Ali qadir hamarash, Rozhan Noori Abdullah
The goal of this study is to, in theory, introduce the daily speech patterns of people in society in an unbiased manner, reflect these various patterns on the minds of other people, and then assess the results of the study. Theoretical aspects: To describe many styles of communication, such as the aesthetic style of speech (enthusiastic style), gentle speech style (normal), aggressive speech style and threatening speech style to present the notions of (style, speech, psychology). The following speech types are allotted: debate speech, polite speech, impolite speech, taboo speech, indirect communication, formal speech, and informal speech. Practical aspect: In this portion, the findings are examined once the research tool has been prepared, the research sample, the research community, and the tool's reliability and stability have been established. Ranya's six high schools were chosen at random. A total of (600) survey sheets were given out to high school students in both grades (10 and 11). One sample and two independent samples t test are used for the analysis.
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12
Social Science Original Research pp. 286-319
Coalition Army humanitarian assistance for the refugees from South Kurdistan on the Turkish border in 1991.
Saman Majed Mohmmad, Hersh Abdullah Hama Karim
This study illustrates the amount and significant types of humanitarian assistance, which provided by the coalition forces to the displaced people from South Kurdistan on the Turkish-Iraqi border in 1991. The coalition forces arrived directly to help displaced people because they were around in the area. However, they provided the most necessary emergency supplies because they were capable to deliver hundreds of tons of humanitarian aid and basic necessities of life. Since they had the necessary equipment to carry out emergency supplies to distribute to displaced people in the Turkish-Iraqi border, especially dropping such emergency supplies by plane. The confirmation and adopted of Resolution 688 by the United Nations Security Council led to receive influx of humanitarian aid to the displaced people. The Western countries with the help of US, after confirmed the Resolution 688, played a major role in the making of no-fly zones above latitude (36) in the north ,and the making a peace zone (Safe haven,)in parts of Iraqi Kurdistan. Therefore, the coalition forces could easily deliver this humanitarian aid assistance to people in need and protect them from the repression of the Iraqi government. Later, the coalition forces built several (temporary) settlement camps near the city of Zakho in order to return the displaced people to the peace zone area. They provided humanitarian needs such as food, water and health for the displaced people in the center of these camps. Moreover, they rebuilt many service facilities along the ceasefire zone, saving thousands of lives and returning refugees to their homes.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper12 0 views Read article -
13
Social Science Original Research pp. 320-340
Characteristics of Total solar energy in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Suliman Abdullah Ismael, Ahmed Aziz Abdulla
This study analyzes, the characteristics of solar energy in the Kurdistan Region, solar energy is considered one of the most important elements of climate, Because the increase and decrease of this important species affect all other species, the reason for choosing this study is due to the importance of this topic that has not been properly worked on in the field of climate geography in Kurdistan. To reach an accurate result, the researcher took (10) weather stations in different areas of the study area such as (Amedi, Haji Omeran, Halsho, Mosul, Soran, Erbil, Kirkuk, Sulaimani, Halabja, and Kalar), In this study, the analytical method was used, the researcher reached several important conclusions that include the suitability of the study area to rely on this energy, Because, the annual value of solar energy reaching the roof of the Atmosphere at the level of the study area reaches (29.68) megajoules/m2/day. The average total solar energy reached the level in the study area reaches (15.85) megajoules/m2/day. To a large extent, the amount of total solar energy available varies from year to year It contains stability. On the other hand, the results of the classification of total solar energy in the study area, showed that in (52.12) days more than (15) megajoules / m2 / day.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper13 0 views Read article -
14
Social Science Original Research pp. 341-374
The effect of Translated Film Cartoons in Increasing Educational Values on Children of Kindergartens from the vision of their parents
Karzan jamal hussain, Kareem shareef Qarachatani, Karwan Mohamed Hassan
The objective of this research is to decide how translated film cartoons affects in increasing educational values on children of kindergartens from the vision of their parents. Moreover, to realize how these film cartoons have an effect on children within the determination of the level of their efficacy according to the difference in (gender and type of their kindergartens), then the identification of consequential positive and negative aspects of these translated film cartoons on children. The author used qualitative analysis within a survey and questionnaire forms as a tool for this survey which were filled out by the parents of children of kindergartens inside the Sulaimani city, the researcher used systematic random sampling for the questionnaire within 350 parents. Eventually this study proved that translated film cartoons have effects in an educational value of children from kindergartens, however it confirmed that the difference in gender and type of kindergartens have not any roles in the efficacy of translated film cartoons on children of kindergarten according to their parent’s point of view, hence the efficacies either on male and female children also children from private and public kindergartens are the same. Beside this, according to the results the most important superb values which children will learn from translated film cartoons are about (health, hygiene and esteem), however the most harmful behaviors that children will take from these film cartoons are the behaviors of (insulting, cursing and lying).
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper14 0 views Read article -
15
Social Science Original Research pp. 375-396
Compound words of Central Kurdish from the perspective of configuration theory
Ali Hamad Osman, Diler Sadiq Kanaby
This study is entitled “Compound Words of Central Kurdish from the Perspective of Configuration Theory”. to analyzes compound words from the perspective of Configuration theory. The scope is within the framework of Cognitive Morphology based on Zaki Hamawand (2011). The importance of this research is the originality as the first work in Kurdish language on the mentioned field above. The concept and meaning of compound words are changed, according to people's view and experiences. They fall into different domains, which is the problem. The aim of the study is to find a solution from the perspective of configuration theory for it, and identify the domain and facet, that include Central Kurdish compound nouns and compound adjectives. The focus is only on compound nouns and adjectives among compound words for analysis process. In addition to the researcher’s interest and being native in the targeted language, the used materials are taken from library data that are used as sources in the study. The paper consists of an introduction, two sections, conclusions, and the list of references. As a result, the domains and facets that contain Middle Kurdish compound nouns and compound adjectives are identified, which are explained by distinguishing two kinds: first, Compound words in Inter-class words. Second, Compound words in Intra-class words.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper15 0 views Read article -
16
Social Science Original Research pp. 397-418
Applying New Media Techniques for Conveying News and Information by Journalists of Broadcasting News Channels
Ako Ali Omar, Hardawan Mahmoud Kakashekh
Despite the fact that the new media through which people around the world are aware of the up-to-date developments as it is the most widespread form of communication, there are still confusions and unclarities among the journalists of news channels in delivering news and data. This research aims to know whether journalists and members of media have developed the new technics and taken advantage of them, or they had not improved. The distinction and selecting the most suitable applications that journalists increasingly use as new media technics require a scientific way of research in order to clear the confusion properly. This research is a scientific attempt to identify the level of awareness and usage of the new media technics by journalists of the Kurdish news channels through taking a sample of the channels’ correspondents that would indicate what suitable applications and how they are used as a new media technic. The research is qualitative and is conducted through surveys. Questionnaires are responded to by 84 correspondents of the news channels, from which samples are intentionally taken. The respondents’ opinion is measured this way. A number of objectives have been achieved in this research. The most important one that the researcher has realized is that the majority of the journalists that work in the news channels are males. Additionally, the majority of the research sample indicates WhatsApp is the most used app. Recommendations are provided at the end of the research.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper16 0 views Read article -
17
Social Science Original Research pp. 419-453
Geodemographics and population distribution of Garmian administration
Mohammed Mahdi Karim, Jaza Tofiq Talib
This research; It study the population reality (population change and distribution) in the Garmian administration. The data of population were taken from censuses (1977, 1987), estimates (2002), agricultural survey of (2012), and the researchers' own surveys were taken for all Human Settlements of Garmian administration in 2022, so that all changes and distribution are made according to dimensions (temporal and spatial) in order to interpret and analyze them scientifically and objectively. Since the location of the study area is of great geopolitical importance. becouse of those political and demographic processes of the last century. approach of study is (quantitative method) and methood of (Descriptive-analytical). the transformed population; During the study, there was a significant change in size, from 86,910 people in 1977 to 327,071 071 people in 2022, an absolute change of 240,161 people. Even their distribution characteristics have generally taken a negative direction. The balance of environmental, spatial and numerical distributions has been completely disrupted. The important results of the study is that the administrative authorities of Garmian and Sulaimani provinces can feel the dangers of deteriorating population distribution and put limits on the negative directions and plan to restore the population balance.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper17 0 views Read article -
18
Social Science Original Research pp. 454-480
Geographical analysis of the effect of climate variables on comfort days in Darbandikhan district, by using Terjung classification
Aram Ridha Ezaddin, Luqman Wasu Omar
Climate has a direct impact on human health, comfort, and the execution of various activities, practical climate scientists are pay attention to the relationship between climate and humans. The aim of this study is to understand the climate types that have a direct impact on human comfort and to show the relationship between climate types and climate well-being in different time. To accomplish the objective of the study, the “Terjung " classification, which is a specific measure of a peaceful atmosphere, was employed. The study utilized records of climatic species in the Derbandikhan district between the years of 2002 and 2021. The study concluded that the impact of climate types varied according to the seasons and months of the year. The results showed that there were 48 calm days with a value of (0), accounting for a rate of (13.2%), and 58 calm nights with a value of (0), and accounting for a rate of (15.9%) throughout the year. Furthermore, the study found that the effect of calm and pleasant wind (-b) during the day was observed for 34 days, representing a rate of (9.3%), and at night, it was observed for 49 nights, accounting for a rate of (13.4%) throughout the year.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper18 0 views Read article -
19
Social Science Original Research pp. 481-515
The Philosophy of Education and Knowledge in the view of Ghazali
Darstan Abdulrahman Hussin, Bayar Othman Qadr, Zryan Hamza Azziz
The abstract of this paper includes sources and methods of access to knowledge and methodic doubt in Ghazali viewpoint and describing the concept of education in the philosophy of Ghazali. The sources of obtaining knowledge in al-Ghazali’s view are not only the senses and the intellect, but also the revelation of the prophets. This means that the prophets own a special knowledge that is not normal to all the people, and the ordinary people must follow. The senses communicate the knowledge of mind, but reaching the truth is not achieved through feelings and minds alone. Emotions and thoughts are doubtful and often deceive us. We do not reach the knowledge of certainty, especially in metaphysical matters. The things that fall on the other side of the world are feelings, so Ghazali uses doubt to reach the knowledge of certainty, and this can be found through guessing. Ghazali thought that human could achieve the truth through the incident. The term ‘Education’ is used in every language which all focus on the preparation and training. Islam has given great importance to education and the Holy Qur'an itself. Imam Ghazali has played a major role in Islamic education. He has many writings, such as ‘Ihya Uloom al-Din’, which is a valuable encyclopedia of renewing the Islamic sciences and Islamic education. Ghazali tried to turn Islamic education towards Sufism. And the goal of Islamic education is to prepare a single believer committed to achieving happiness.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper19 0 views Read article -
20
Social Science Original Research pp. 516-537
Diversity of dialects of the novel characters according to the descriptive stylistics, the novel (Alye di ye pre) as an example
Ara Ali Ahmed, Dildar Ibrahim Ahmed, Aram Yousif Ibrahim
Methods of style directions are considered as backgrounds for certain reasons and mechanisms of the methods followed, to interpret linguistic or literary discourses and to identify certain methodological characteristics according to certain scientific methods to avoid inferential decisions and interpretations, according to linguistic levels, As a result of contemporary linguistic research done through the use of linguistic sciences in order to identify aesthetic aspects of literary works and writings. Descriptive stylistics is considered an important direction for interpretation of any innovative discourse, because the nature of methodological research, some linguistic directions are important for interpretation of any text it takes hold of itself. Because the concept of expression among linguists is connected the material form of speech, such as speech versus content, which becomes a linguistic meaning for that speech, or the sounds spoken and written on the surface of expression with surface of content, because language is speech. Either they are just some voices and each nation speaks through them, or they are voices that express their actions. This research is entitled (Diversity of dialects of the novel characters according to the descriptive stylistics, the novel (Alye di ye pre) as an example), is an attempt to explain the language expression of characters according to the theory of descriptive stylistics. Expression methodology is a good basis for interpreting text according to the mechanisms it works with in order to convey the right direction for understanding the message of each text.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper20 0 views Read article -
21
Social Science Original Research pp. 538-555
A Comparative Study of English and Translated Kurdish Business Contracts from lexical and Syntactic Perspectives
Alan Abdullah Qadir, Kazi Hassan Saleh
In Kurdish, legal translation as a non-literary translation has received little attention in the field of translation studies. One genre of legal translation that is specifically under-studied is business contracts. This paper analyses and compares features of English and Kurdish business contracts from lexical and syntactic perspectives. It also addresses the issue of LSP lexical and syntactic precision used in the translated Kurdish contracts by translators. To this end, the paper attempts to identify the translation procedures and norms that manifest in translating business contracts from Kurdish into English. As a result, it scrutinizes a set of 20 Kurdish-English business contracts translated by professional licensed translators using Toury’s (2012) three-phase methodology. The translation direction is from Kurdish into English because it is the most practised direction by the translation service providers in Iraqi Kurdistan. The study demonstrates that both Kurdish and English legal languages use similar syntactic and lexical tools in drafting business contracts. It also reveals that initial norms, preliminary norms, and the law of interference are shown in the Kurdish- English translations. It further discloses that transposition, amplification, and couplets are prominently employed to deal with translation challenges. This paper is significant because it is the first attempt to scientifically investigate semantic features of originally written as well as translated Kurdish business contracts. For further research, it recommends a further focus on differences in legal systems and languages between Kurdish and English
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper21 0 views Read article -
22
Social Science Original Research pp. 556-578
Violence as a Coercive Tool to Establish State Control in Harold Pinter’s One for the Road
Lona Dlshad Mohammed Amin, Rebwar Zainalddin Muhammed
After Harold Pinter became a member of PEN and Amnesty International in the early 1980s, he grew interested in global politics and started to openly speak up against human rights violations present in several countries of the world. Then, in 1984, he published One for the Road, which is considered his first overtly political play. Taking place in an unnamed country and historical period to preserve its universality, the play portrays the torture and violence practised by totalitarian regimes against political dissidents. This study examines the use of various forms of violence in the text and analyses their role as the means to establish state control over nonconforming individuals, break their will and coerce them into submission. For this purpose, a socio-political approach is used by employing the Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung’s theory on violence. The detailed analysis of the play reveals that tyrannical systems dehumanise and debase noncomplying citizens using political ideology as an excuse so that imprisoning and torturing them becomes justifiable.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper22 0 views Read article -
23
Social Science Original Research pp. 579-603
The Kurdish Translation of English Collocations in Shakespeare’s the Tempest
Nazanin Muhemmed Rasul, Hussein Ali Wali
Collocations have always been an area of interest for linguists. They study this phenomenon in both translation and language dimensions. The way of using collocations in a source text and the way of translating them are important keys to indicate a text’s linguistic, stylistic and cultural features. It is beyond doubt that collocations are essential word combinations that enhance the pragmatic appeal of a text. More specifically, literary authors use collocations to make the language of their literary works more figurative. Therefore, translators need to be careful enough during their translation process in order to preserve the uniqueness of a language. The present article aims to study those English collocations in literary texts that are translated into Kurdish. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher takes account of William Shakespeare’s famous play (The Tempest) that is translated into Kurdish by Dr.Azad Hama Sharif who is a famous Kurdish translator. For the same purpose 59 collocations that are used in that literary work are chosen to be the data of the study. Then the selected collocations are classified according to the strategies that are used to translate them. Moreover, the frequency of using each strategy is also presented. The article explores an explicit analysis of translating those collocations from the source into the target language by using Vinay and Darblen’s model of translation. It also delineates that claque is the most used translation strategy and modulation is the least used strategy.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper23 0 views Read article -
24
Social Science Original Research pp. 604-617
Unveiling Avant-Garde: A Study of Fady Joudah's Textu Poetry
Arwa Hussein Aldoory
The study examines how Japanese haiku poetry, which has been popular in American poetry since the turn of the 20th century, was revisited by Fady Joudah. The paper argues that current Arab-American poetry's avant-gardism is best shown by Joudah's appropriation of this poetic form in his poetry collection, Textu. Joudah’s new poetic genre tackles topics pertaining to the Arab-American identity in the digital era by utilizing avant-garde approaches. The suggestiveness of Haiku, which emphasizes the visual picture, word accuracy, and clear diction, is brilliantly appropriated by Joudah. The paper significantly demonstrates how a smartphone can condense pages of invocations and disclosures. It contends that Jouda's text message-like poems, which are each restricted to 160 characters, may most effectively capture the hurried spirit of the twenty-first century represented by its growing use of cell phones’ texting and twittering.
10.26750/Vol(11).No(4).Paper24 0 views Read article -
25
Social Science Original Research pp. 618--632
The ingredients for spreading tourism culture
Hataw Karim Khader, Darbaz Muhammad Hassan
The importance of spreading tourism components lies in identifying these tourism structures and trying to use them. This is to raise the cultural level of the population towards tourism culture and raise the level of tourism culture in a way that treats tourists properly without distorting the culture of the host country. The aim of this study is to identify the factors for the Spreading the elements of tourism and defining society is crucial for building a tourism industry in developing nations, which is seen as a valuable economic resource. The research has two sides: theoretical and operational, and the descriptive analytical approach was applied. Theoretically, reference was made to numerous publications and academic theses that had been written specifically to the factors contributing to the rise of tourist culture. Regarding the operational element, a questionnaire was created and given to a random sample of guests in both these hotels and tourist areas. To gauge the questionnaire's stability, Cronbach's alpha was used. The study questionnaire was next examined for the presence of internal stability (credibility), which demonstrates the degree of coherence or correlation between the questionnaire's paragraphs. In order to determine whether the study's assumptions of which indicates that (there is an importance of the components in spreading the tourism culture) and another of which argues that (there is a statistically significant relationship between the components and the tourism culture). The research produced a number of recommendations and conclusions, the most significant of which was that the desire to promote tourism awareness and culture is one of the prerequisites for the development of tourism infrastructure because it is practically impossible to discuss the growth of the tourism industry without a high level of public awareness of the industry. The creation of a national center or institute for the dissemination of tourism culture, which develops educational programs and studies for the community, workers, and those involved in the tourism sector, is one of the most crucial recommendations. This will help everyone, especially the residents of Sulaymaniyah governorate, understand the significance of tourism culture.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 633-643
A comparative study between the two vertical jump tests of stability and the platform jumping device in measuring the explosive power of the two legs in female volleyball players
Emad sadradeen hameed, Muhamad qadir hama rash
The research aims to: - To identify the differences between the two tests of the vertical jump of stability and the platform of the jumping platform in measuring the explosive power of the two legs of the female volleyball players. - Identifying the relationship between the two vertical jump tests of stability and the platform jumping device in measuring the explosive power of the two legs in female volleyball players. As for the research hypothesis:- -There are statistically significant differences between the standing vertical jump tests and the jumping platform device in measuring the explosive power of the legs in female volleyball players. - There is a significant correlation between the two standing vertical jump tests and the jumping platform device in measuring the explosive strength of the legs in female volleyball players. The research community was determined by the intentional method of the players of the first degree of volleyball in the Kurdistan Region / Iraq.The research sample was determined by the random method from the research community, which consisted of players from these clubs (Hajiaoa, Rania, and Tactac,koya University Team) which in total were 37 players, One female player was excluded from the Hajiao Club due to not attending the test day, and (6) female players from the Koya University team were excluded because of their participation in the reconnaissance experiment. Thus, the size of the final sample reached 30 players out of 30 players, with a rate of 81.01%. The researchers used the descriptive approach in a comparative study method. And the correlations, and after obtaining the results, they were discussed in a scientific manner supported by the sources to achieve the research goals. In light of the research results, the researchers reached the following Conclusions: - There is a correlation between the springboard mat test and the standing vertical jump test in their measurement of the explosive strength of the legs in female volleyball players. - There are differences between the springboard mat test and the vertical stability jump test in their measurement of the explosive power of the legs in female volleyball players, and in favor of the springboard mat test.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 644-663
The level of psychological resilience of women with breast cancer in the center of Erbil Governorate
Jeyran Sabah Abdulla, Omar Yasin Ibrahim
A recent study investigated the level of psychological resilience of women with breast cancer in the center of Erbil Governorate. It holds the following objectives: (i) to examine the prevalence level of psychological resilience among women with breast cancer. (ii) to examine the difference in the level of psychological resilience according to variables (Degree of cancer and social status). The population of the research comprises women with breast cancer in the center of Erbil governorate, the researcher selected simple random sampling, which included (225) women with breast cancer. To measure the research variable, the researcher built the scale of psychological resilience, which includes (30) items. The researcher accomplished the scale's face validity and discriminatory power and maintained all the scale items. The researcher measured the reliability through the half-segmentation method, the value was (0.77), and based on the Spearman-Brown equation the value reached (0.87). The research shows that women suffer from breast cancer because of a lack of psychological resilience. The study further demonstrates statistically significant differences in psychological resilience according to the degree of cancer. There is a statistically significant difference in psychological resilience according to the social status variable in favor of married women. Based on the current findings the researcher mentioned several necessary recommendations and suggestions.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 664-688
Measuring self- awareness among university youth in Erbil- Governorate
Muhamad Saddiq Aljabari, Srwa Jaafar Hussein
Research Aims:- The researcher pursues the following aims in this research:- First: Constructing a measure of self-awareness among university youth Second: - Measuring self-awareness among university youth. Third: Finding out the statistical differences in the level of self-awareness among university youth according to the variable: 1.Gender (male-female) 2- specialization( scientific- humanty)3- Stage( second- fourth) The population of the current research consists of Salahaddin University students for the academic year (2017-2018)، for the imperturbability of the research sample and to measure the variable (self-awareness) the researchers have chosen the random sample method (716) male and female students for their research to.، and the criteria consisted of (46) items، and the researchers elicited the apparent validity of the measuring and did not delete any paragraph from the criteria، therefore they take out the discriminatory power of the paragraphs. The researchers relied on the retest method to calculate the stability of the self-awareness scale، as the value of the stability coefficient in self-awareness was (0.89). The researchers reached the following results: Constructing a scale to measure self-awareness among university youth consisting of (46) items in the form of declarative statements with appropriate psychometric characteristics. University youth in Erbil governorate center have a high level of self-awareness. There are no statistically significant differences in self-awareness among university youth، depending on the gender variable (male، female). 4-There are no statistically significant differences in self-awareness among university youth، according to the variable of specialization (scientific، humanity). 5-There are statistically significant differences of self-awareness in college youth in both stages (second-fourth) in favor of fourth stage. Under the spotlight of the results، the researcher came up with some conclusions، recommendations and suggestion.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 689-711
The effect of the flipped row strategy on a number of kinematic variables in the Performance art and achievement of some basic skills in volleyball
Nihad Ayub Qadir, Dzhwar Ola Ahmed
This research aims at revealing the impact of flipped classroom strategy on a number of kinematic variables in the art of performance and achievement of some basic skills in volleyball; recognizing the differences between pre-tests and post-tests for both experimental and control groups، detecting the differences between both experimental and control groups in post hoc tests of the researched variables. Furthermore، the researchers applied the experimental curriculum in order to adapt it to the nature of the research. The research community consists of (160) students (males and females) from the Faculty of Physical Education، and the research sample reached (40) students of the second stage. The sample was then divided into experimental and control groups، randomly putting 20 students in each group; and the tested sample consists of (12) students due to the lack of commitment of some of them to apply the curriculum and the absence of many others. The two researchers then conducted the processes of homogenization and parity of the two groups، all of which show a value greater than 0.05. In addition، the sample ratio reached15%، and the two researchers in this study arrived at the conclusion that there was a difference in measuring skillful performance between accurate measurements (tests) and the measurement of art of performance by the residents. Moreover، the strategy of flipped classroom has the effect of improving some of the kinematic variables (working angles) of some of the basic skills in volleyball. Besides، there are kinematic variables of the human body that have much to do with the stage of learning skills (handling، receiving transmissions)، compared to variables that have little to do with the learning process when emphasized by the instructor.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 712-740
Employees' rights in the Kurdistan Region: a jurisprudential evaluation study
Hady Jalal Karim, Mohammed Abdullah Ahmed
This research aims to show and clarify the rights enshrined in the right of the public employee in the Islamic Sharia emanating from the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah and Sharia policy books. All alike, and legitimate rights manifest in moral and psychological rights and financial rights. Financial rights are formed in salaries, bonuses, retirement, and so on. Moral rights revolve around vacation rights in all their forms, better dealings, defending them, stimulating progress and innovation, and so on. The study relied on the inductive, analytical and survey approach accompanying the list of questionnaires that inquired, and directed questions related to the rights of employees.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 741-763
Negotiation and agreement between the Umayyad state and the Ahlul Bayt( Alawites) and their supporters
Hassan Abdulla Muhammad
The name of(Umayyad)comes after the name of their father whose name was"Uayya bin Add shams bin Adbukmanaf.Ma'away bin Abi Sufyan bin Harb this known as the first calipher of Umayyad. According to most of the sources، after Hassan bin Ali's resigned from caliphate،and they made an agreement in 661 Ac/41 H which is known as "A'am Al-jama'a"، Ma'away became the first caliph of Umayyad. Nearly most of the domestic issues had been finished. this kind of agreement had become a tradition among all other Umayyad caliphs that they tried to make such agreement with the family of( A'alawyyah) in order to confirm their rule beside coming to power inherently instead of through consulting system. Therefore Yzid bin Ma'away tried hard to deal with Hussein bin Ali because he thought that his rule will not be more stable and legal until getting Hussein's support. When Abdulmalik bin Marwan became a caliph in Sham inherently while he had a serious struggle with Abdulla bin Zuber، caliph of Hijaz. For the sake of the confirmation and trust of his rule، he tried to make a deal with Muhammed Hanifa bin Ali، and they confirm his rule after the murder of Bin Zuber.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 764-788
Designing tests for some physical abilities and predicting the level of performance skill for academic school football players at the ages of (13-14) years
Sarbaz braim khdir, Nawzad husen darwesh
The study aims to design tests to measure some physical abilities in the study sample, to find standard grades and levels for some tests of physical abilities in the study sample, preparing equations to predict the level of performance skill of soccer players in terms of mobility tests in the research sample. The researcher used the descriptive approach, and the research community was selected from football academy players with ages (13-14) years in Raparin. The research sample was selected intentionally, which included (260) players. So as to reach the results, the researcher used a set of statistical programs by using SPSS. It was concluded to find and determine the grades and standard levels modified for the research sample in the physical tests. It is concluded that these tests can be accepted as an evaluation method and indicator to show the player's physical and skillful condition, and to define an equation to predict the level of performance skill in terms of physical abilities.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 789-802
Subversive acts and political assassinations inside Kuwait (1983-1988)
Fawzeya Abdulla Saeed, Salah Muhammad Saleem
The Iran-Iraq war began in 1980 and lasted for eight years, and there were many reasons behind that war, but the most important of them is Iran’s attempt to export its Islamic Shiite revolution to Iraq and then to other Gulf countries, and this was a reason for these countries, especially Kuwait, to provide material support logistical, media, etc., to Iraq during the war period, and that cost Kuwait a lot, as it was exposed during the war years, especially during the period (1983-1985), to a lot of sabotage and political assassinations, the most dangerous of which was the explosions in the American embassy and the French embassy in 1983 In addition to that, the attempt to assassinate its Emir, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, in 1985.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 803-818
Dialogue scenes and their dimensions in the novel of "Bab Al-Sama' Hotel" by Burhan Shawi
Abdullah Ibrahim Faqi Saleh
A dialogue scene in a novel gains a great and effective importance to clarify the human’s psychological needs and instincts. It is the most vital narrative means that the novelist uses to express his/her visions, thought and perspectives through the main and marginal and marginal characters in his/her novel. In this study, it is intended to combine these scenes and their dimensions as an effective method to understand and explore the human psyche through the dialogues of the characters. This may enable the reader to clearly visualize what was going on in Iraqi society during the last decade of the twentieth century and the beginnings of the twenty-first century in light of the accumulated overlap between art and reality in man’s everyday life. Additionally, this study attempts to approach these dimensions in the introduction and four sections distributed among the social, psychological, political, philosophical, appended to the most prominent findings.
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