Issue 1

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-17

   Personality in Kurdish Hayran with the Hayran Examples of Mustafa Kor Khoshawi

   Aram M ohammed Abdullah, Mehdi Ahmed Mahmood

   This research which is titled (Personality in Kurdish Hayran with the Hayran Examples of Mustafa Kor Khoshawi) is an attempt for analyzing personalities in Khoshawi’s hayrans and it sheds light on the relation between personality and hayran in Kurdish literature. It investigates personality aspect and the roles of those people that have been shown in the contents of those hayrans. The research gives importance to the relation between hayran and other fields of Kurdish literature like story and novel because they all have been gathered under the umbrella of Kurdish literature. Hayran can be regarded as the main column of constituting Kurdish folklore. The main goal of the research illustrates that hayran is not an ordinary conversation but rather it is a special literary structure that relates to personality, place and time. The method of analytical descriptive has been applied in this research. The result of this research has manifested that hayran and personality are the two faces of one coin and hayran cannot be separated from personality because the contents of hayrans are developed through personalities and they gain literary significance for themselves. After analyzing the texts of hayrans, we come to the conclusion that hayran is not only a literary art but rather a social instrument to deliver emotion and idea. The personalities in hayran have shown as semi facts of society which their aim consists of conveying expression and social message. this has been clearly shown in the hayrans of Mustafa Kor Khoshawi. In the end, the conclusion and abstract of the research have been demonstrated in English language and also the list of sources.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 18-33

   Phoneme Change in Pishdar Accent with Respect to Optimality Theory

   Hamza Hussein Hama

   It is obvious that change is widespread in all aspects of language; therefore, it is essential to take this fact into account when dealing with all levels of language. Phoneme change refers to those that happen according to the phonotactic rules of a particular language. In such changes, the occurrence of consonants and vowels play a great role in constructing the syllables. In fact, language is made up of a sound system, the larger units such as morphemes and words are the result of the systematic combination of the phonemes. As compared to the other levels of language, the sound level is more liable to change in a way some think that when a change happens in a particular position in a word it also Happen in all other similar positions in other words. The purpose of doing this paper is to deal with phonemes in the framework of optimality theory in Pishdar accent. The data of the paper consist of the samples taken from the accent, collected, and then analyzed. For this purpose, more than 60 speakers over 16 years of age in Pishdar district have been interviewed. The samples have been gathered and arranged according to IPA symbols and they have been analyzed finally. The method used in doing the research is descriptive-analytic focusing on the change that phonemes undergo, especially the consonants. One of the concluding remarks is that phoneme change is considered to a great extent in Pishdar accent.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 34-54

   The Geographical Distribution for The Central Directions and The Intensity of Rural Areas of Rwandz District.

   Shwan Saleh Azeez, Pshtiwan Shafeeq Ahmad

   The key topics in geographical sciences are the distribution patterns and direction of population concentration, which illustrate the relationship between land and population. Particularly, the study of rural settlement populations is more significant, whereas the relationship between population and land is more clearly defined in these areas. This study aims to assess the trends in population distribution in Rawanduz District's Rural Settlements. It uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to explore present settlement patterns. The quantitative method has been used in this study to analyze and measure the spatial distribution of population concentration, rural settlements, density, and central locations. Exploring rural settlements by this scientific approach lays the groundwork for future rural settlements. This study aims to map and explore the central points of rural settlement distribution in the area of the study. At the same time, it increases the village's comprehension of settlement patterns. The study first examined the distribution patterns in Rawanduz District's Rural Settlements to achieve this aim. The study then used statistics (quantitative method), and GIS tools (namely ArcGIS Pro 3.1), including spatial statistical tools to analyze the central directions, and extracting central points and nearest neighbors, as well as Spatial analysis tools with Interpolation (IDW) function to explore population density and attraction areas.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 55-85

   High School Teachers Self-Efficacy and Their Relationship with Attitudes About Boycott in The Independent Administration of Raperin

   Aram Rasul Khdir, Kawa Ali Muhammad

   The aim of this study is to determine the level of teacher self-efficacy and their attitudes about the boycott in general and to determine the relationship between teachers' self-efficacy and their attitudes about the boycott the research community consisted of 1850 high school teachers in Raperin administration. The sample of the study was 300 male and female teachers randomly selected from the appropriate class. The self-effecacy was consisted of (35) items and (19) items remained after validity and relalibility. The researcher prepared scale for measure (attitudes about bycotte) wgich cosist of (35) items finally after validity and relialibility remained (25) items , The results showed, the level of self-efficacy among high school teachers was generally high. Teachers have positive and high attitudes about boycott and there is no relationship between self-efficacy and attitudes about boycott, finally there is no stastically significance deference about each self-efficacy teachers and attitudes about bycotte according to Gender.

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 86-106

   Culture as a Soft Power in the Policy Romanisation (64 BC-138 AD)

   Fursah Ahmad Hussein

   This research, entitled Culture as a Soft Power in Romanisation Policy (64 BC–138 AD), is a historical-analytic study that focuses on the use of culture as a soft power in Roman policies. In contrast to the commonly held belief that Rome had always depended mainly on the use of force, or "hard power", the research attempts to offer a new understanding on the strategy and policy of dominance of the Roman state through the application of the "soft power" theory. In terms of foreign policy, we assume that the Romans used cultural appeal as soft power in addition to economic hegemony and military conquest to establish their dominance over the conquered peoples and annexed lands. Based on the historical-analytical approach, the study aims to demonstrate how Roman rulers employed cultural elements such as urbanisation, theatre and public baths alongside other strategies and as part of foreign policy to consolidate their authority without relying regularly on military force. Overall, the study demonstrates that cultural policy was a successful instrument of power in Roman policy and comes to the conclusion that these cultural institutions were successful in diminishing protests, integration and social interactions, and establishing central authority without the use of power.

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 107-124

   The Functional Roles of Language from the Perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics

   Shadan Hamaamin Mhammad

   The nature and essence of language is such that human beings cannot clearly comprehend, analyze, and interpret it without using it in a practical way. Functional linguistics is one of the subjects and issues of modern linguistics that emphasizes the study of language from a social perspective and the functions that language performs in society. That is to say; the school of functional existence of language connects, on one hand, to the existence of society and, on the other hand, to the functions that language performs or indicates In this regard, the British linguist Michael Halliday has conducted research in this field and has attempted to clarify the role of language relationships as a large system whose parts are interconnected and inseparable from each other. From this point of view, he shows that language serves seven different functions, particularly in early childhood development. These functions reveal how children use language to meet various needs and interact with their environment. This study aims to analyze and explain the fundamental functions of language in the Kurdish language, based on Halliday's systemic functional linguistic theory. For this purpose, the book "Kurdish Reading" for third grade primary level has been used as a sample.

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 125-147

   The Relationship Between Future Anxiety and Academic Performance Among Students of Raparin University

   Mohammed Rasul Khadr, Dastan Omar Mahmoud, Basida Haider Anwar

   The primary objective of this study is to explore the relationship between future anxiety and academic Performance among students at Raparin University, as well as to examine the role of demographic variables (gender and specialization) on the study outcomes. To achieve these objectives, the researchers employed a descriptive "correlational" methodology. The researchers developed a standardized form consisting of a future anxiety scale with 24 items and an academic achievement scale with 25 items, with complete psychometric properties conducted for both scales. Subsequently, the scale form was distributed using stratified random sampling to )360(students at Raparin University, of which 194 were male and 166 were female. For analyzing the collected data, the researchers utilized the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The most significant findings of this study include: Generally, future anxiety is at a moderate level, while academic Performance is at a low level. Furthermore, it was found that professional and economic future anxiety is higher among males compared to females; however, regarding "health and fear of death" future anxiety, it is higher among females compared to males. Additionally, academic Performance is higher among females compared to males. It was also revealed that students specializing in humanities and social sciences have higher future anxiety compared to students specializing in natural and applied sciences. However, specialization differences had no significant impact on academic achievement levels. Finally, it was found that there is no statistically significant relationship between future anxiety and academic Performance t.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 148-176

   Climatic Water Balance in Both of Qandil and Bastasten Watersheds

   Hushyar Ibrahim Mina, Mohammed Qader Rasool

   Climatic water balance indicates the differences between excess and deficiency of water; in this way we can get accurate and scientific data. It is used as a basis for designing water absorption plans and treating water deficiency. The significance of the study is that we are getting accurate and scientific data about monthly water quantity in the study area, with the aim of reducing deficiency of water in the dry season. The main goal is getting accurate data about excess and deficiency of water in all months of the year. Also creating a map for climate elements and climatic water balance in the study area. Each of the methods of comparative and analysis methods are used for analysis of climate elements data showing on the map in the study area, with a specific equation for climatic water balance, and shows excess and deficiency of water in the study area. We have got some results by using each of the Efanov and Thornthwaite equations in the study area. From (11-4) months for 6 months, water balances are in excess in all weather stations; in contrast, from (5-10) for 6 months, we have water deficiency in all weather stations. Also, in an average year, regarding climatic water balance, the water deficiency in the study area is between (1306-)-(1580.3-) mm and is divided into 4 zones from south to north towards water deficiency decrease, so that the minimum water deficiency line between (-1306) – (-1374.5) mm is located in the north of the study area and the maximum water deficit is between (-1511.7) – (-1580.3) mm and is located in the south of the study area.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 177-195

   The Character of The Child in The Novel "Bohajin" By Nafeh Aqrawi

   Zuzan Sadiq Saeed, Shima Ahmed Salim

   One of the philosophers of the Enlightenment is “Jean-Jacques Rousseau”, although he was not a successful father, because he left his children in an orphanage after he separated from his wife. However, he was able to establish an educational and training method for the world - which most countries follow today -and put it under the name "Emile" and the style of this book was similar to the style of writing a novel, that is, making "Emile “a character for a child and through this child he established the principles of education. After this book was published, he returned to the orphanage to get his children back, but it was too late because they were given to families who did not own the children, and thus "Rousseau" lost his children because they changed the names and did not know which family had taken his child or children. Middle Eastern societies in general have their own rules and principles, as most countries apply the rules of the clan or the prevailing social system is left by feudal lords and money owners; therefore, people's livelihood is at the mercy of these people. The novel "Al-Ansar" is one of the Kurdish novels in which the writer was able to embody the character of "Emil" the child with the character of a child in the adolescent stage, “Saeed" .In this way, the writer shed light on the prevailing customs and traditions of Kurdish society in a specific area, as well as the strict paternal authority and the injustice that followed it and emotional deprivation, all of this on one hand and taking children out of schools to work in the markets while they are in a stage where they need to be satisfied by playing and enjoying childhood on the other hand. Through this novel, it became clear that Kurdish society at that time was going against the direction of Rousseau's educational principles. Therefore, we find that children who live in a restrictive environment will have weak personalities. Therefore, he chose this novel as an opportunity to show the prevailing educational system in some societies.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 196-213

    The Director's Role in Translating Symbols and Signs From The Text into Cinematic Imagery

    Adnan Osman Ali, Zhilwan Tahir Bapir

    We observe that cinema is in a constant state of change and development, both in terms of techniques and artistic form. It produces diverse films and outputs in terms of content and various complex models (dual propositions). Undoubtedly, all aspects and sections of film production have been influenced by the developments that occurred during the technological revolution. What draws attention is that viewers do not easily notice the efforts of the "unknown soldier" in the entire process—the person who strives with all their energy to produce a good film. This unknown soldier is the director, who is credited with the film's success and bears the responsibility for its artistic and technical aspects. The director’s understanding, cultural level, intelligence, and artistic experience manifest their impact and signature in the film's content. One of their primary duties is to translate the script, this written text, into a language of images, transforming static characters into vibrant individuals that come to life before our eyes, conveying the events and conflicts from the pages to the camera. The director bears the responsibility for these transformations, turning words, sentences, and scenes into imagination and visualization, which should be present in all films, regardless of their levels. Without imagination and visualization, there can be no event. Thus, the director is the backbone of producing a good and distinguished film, especially in Kurdish cinema, which has undergone many changes and developments in both artistic and technical aspects. However, in terms of creating images and imagination, this does not progress in parallel with the ongoing developments. Therefore, in this research, we aim to shed light on this important and sensitive topic.

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 214-235

    Understanding The Comprehensive Status of Women in The Achaemenid Empire (559-331 B.C.), Before the Discoveries of Clay Tablets from Persepolis

    Shalaw Mustafa Abdulrahman, Emad Abdulqadir Mohammed Saeed

    much of the information came from the Greek historians. Besides the information about Achaemenid women, these reports included information about the early beginnings of Achaemenid women and how their roles later became more dispersed or scattered, also strange and peculiar information was found in the reports about Achaemenid women in their stories and plays. This view of Achaemenid women by the Greeks was based on two formulas, first, it was because the political tension and constant fighting between Greece and the Achaemenid Empire, and secondly, the big cultural differences between them, especially in how they viewed women. A more accurate understanding began to emerge with the study of primary sources, which is cuneiform texts. In fact, the deciphering of these texts brought a change to researchers’ views on Achaemenid women. This shift began in the late 19th century, following the discovery and translation of clay tablets dating back to the Neo-Babylonian period (626–539 B.C.). Later, from the 1920s onward, extensive archaeological excavations at Persepolis (Takht-e Jamshid) uncovered thousands of inscribed clay tablets and seals, which many of them directly referred to women. These discoveries opened an entirely new perspective on the roles and activities of women in the Achaemenid Empire. The inscriptions revealed that women participated commonly in economic, social, and political life, often working alongside men. They were not only employees but also landowners, factory owners, business managers, artists, and laborers. In this research paper, we have thoroughly examined some of these clay tablets to better understand the significant role women played within the Achaemenid Empire. To do so, we focused on explaining the impact of women from the royal family, those from the royal, and those from outside the palace, each on their own.

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 236-257

    Child Protection Mechanisms in Rehabilitation Institutions is a Field Study in the Kurdistan Region

    Faraidun Aziz Ali, Parwin Abubakir Mohammad

    Child protection is a progressive and systematic process. Among all local and public institutions and organizations, child protection has a profound and multidimensional interdependence. This process cannot be accomplished and protected by one entity; rather, it requires real and serious collaboration and contribution by all related sectors within society. As a result of this engagement and collaboration, the development of healthy and productive individuals who can contribute meaningfully to the community will occur. This study is a multi-dimensional investigation into a general descriptive approach that has been used. The communities that mentioned in this research are composed of basic centers which are women’s and children’s reform centers in the Kurdistan Region located in (Sulaymaniyah, Erbil, and Duhok). The study sample constitutes of all children referred by the courts to rehabilitation schools whose data equals 40 juveniles (38 males and 2 females). A scale or measurement structure is designed in this study as the primary tool for data collection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the child protection process within the reform institutions of the Kurdistan Region. School’s rehabilitation is one of the highest levels of child protection based on the findings of the research. Additionally, the study states that the approaches applied by the staff in dealing with the children in these institutions are commonly appropriate and positive. Furthermore, the research proves that the services and basic needs provided to the juveniles by the institutions are maintained at a satisfactory level.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 258-281

    The Importance of Prioritizing Quality Journalism in Kurdish Digital Media

    Zhyan Aziz Mahmood, Magded Khdir Ahmad

    The concept of quality and its application in digital media play a pivotal role in enhancing performance and improving user satisfaction. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify and assess the extent to which journalistic quality standards are prioritized in digital media and to examine their impact on professional journalistic performance. In the current media landscape, earning public trust has become essential, requiring adherence to recognized standards and mechanisms that ensure the quality of journalistic output. The significance of this research lies in its focus on Kurdish digital media, where evaluating the degree of attention to quality journalism provides valuable insights into how media outlets can align with professional standards, improve their performance, and strengthen public trust. The study aims to investigate the presence and application of journalistic quality standards in media content by analyzing both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of news reporting. The findings indicate that while the Ava News and Ava Media websites demonstrate some adherence to reliability standards, particularly in ensuring message clarity, their practice of impartiality is limited. The analysis reveals a tendency to prioritize governmental perspectives over balanced reporting and a lack of respect for diverse public opinions. Furthermore, the credibility of the news is undermined by the insufficient attribution of authentic sources.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 282-302

    Technological Applications and Their relationship With the Learning Motivation Performance of kindergarten Children from the Perspective Teachers

    Aram Mohammed Saeed

    The aims of research are to Understand the level of Technological Applications in Kindergarten from the Perspective of Teachers. And understand the level of Learning Motivation Performance of kindergarten Children from the Perspective of Teachers. And to show the relationship between Technological Applications and Learning Motivation Performance of kindergarten Children from the Perspective of Teachers. In this study, the researcher employed descriptive survey methods. For the Purpose of this research, the Technological Applications scale developed by Alsaeed, and etc (2019), Consisting of 16 items. Furthermore, the Learning Motivation scale designed by Alsamawi (2018), compressing 16 items. Upon extracting the Scientific criteria, including construct validity and interna consistency, the research sample was divided into 93 teachers. The teachers were selected using simple random sampling. Statistical analyses, including one sample t-test, means, and Pearson correlation coefficients, were then applied. The result of Technological Applications in Kindergarten is perceived to at medium from the Perspective of Teachers. the level of Learning Motivation Performance of kindergarten Children is perceived to at medium from the Perspective of Teachers. And additionally, a weak positive statistical relationship was found between the Technological Applications and Learning Motivation. Based on the result, several recommendations and suggestions were Presented.

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15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 303-324

    Psychological Weaning Among Kindergarten Children from The Perspective of Teachers

    Ahmed Omer Mawlood, Nyan Namq Saber

    The purpose of the present research was to examine the level of psychological weaning among kindergarten children as perceived by their teachers, taking into account the differences in age, gender, birth order, and parental literacy levels. The study utilized a descriptive research design since it was deemed the best to fit the study’s objectives. The research population consisted of kindergarten teachers throughout the Sulaymaniyah city, during the 2024-2025 academic year (N = 1,321), from whom a sample of 439 teachers was taken. A 40-item consultation form was designed for the data collection which manipulated previous field studies. To ensure its validity, the instrument was verified in advance by administering it to the sample. Arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, and one-way ANOVA were the primary statistical techniques used in the study. The findings revealed that children experience a high level of psychological weaning. Particularly, substantial differences were discovered depending on gender, with female children experiencing higher levels of psychological weaning. While there were no major differences in terms of age (4-5 years), birth order, or parental literacy levels.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 325-345

    Ecology In the View of Murray Bookchin

    Rebwar Ismail Mustafa, Muslim Hassan Mohammed

    This study presents a philosophical and detailed analysis of the ecological thought of Murray Bookchin, the American philosopher and founder of the theory of social ecology in the twentieth century. The primary aim is to offer a new and broad perspective on the relationship between the environmental crisis and contemporary social and political systems, which have a direct impact on the future of humanity and life on Using a descriptive and analytical approach, the study highlights Bookchin's life and his scientific and philosophical works, along with the historical development of the concept of social ecology as one of the fundamental concepts of critical thought concerning the essential relationship between human beings and nature. The philosophy of ecology is presented in a precise, systematic, and scientific manner, especially its fundamental and profound criticisms of capitalism and systems of governance. Bookchin does not view the environmental crisis as merely a technical or scientific one that can be solved with technological fixes; rather, he sees it as a reflection of a deeper, broader social and political crisis that requires fundamental social solutions. He believes that the roots of this crisis lie in the structure of economic and political systems, thus necessitating radical changes for the reorganization of society. The most important conclusion is that Bookchin's ideas on libertarian municipalism, social self-management, and direct democracy offer a powerful and practical alternative for successfully confronting the environmental crisis and building a just society that is in balance with the environment.

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 346-363

    A Logical-Analytical Inquiry into Language and the Rejection of Metaphysics from the Perspective of Rudolf Carnap.

    Surchi Nadir Mahmood, Hassan Hussein Siddiq

    This study employs an analytical approach. Beginning from the logical analysis of language, it aims to reject metaphysics through the lens of Rudolf Carnap's philosophical position. Logic is considered a gateway to philosophy. It serves as a tool to prevent reasoning from falling into error, and at the same time, to produce precise and meaningful expressions. From the tradition of analytic philosophy—starting with Russell, Frege, and Wittgenstein, and continuing with logical empiricists and logical positivists—logic has undergone a significant transformation. Classical logic was replaced with modern logic, which is fundamentally grounded in mathematics. Mathematics, as a basis for constructing logical foundations and logical expressions, plays a prominent role. Mathematical foundations are considered doubtless and absolutely true (abstract and necessary), which is why analytic philosophers sought to derive reliable knowledge from it, and through it, protect themselves from metaphysical and meaningless terms. That’s why analytic philosophers attempted to systematize logic in a way that aligns with the scientific foundations of their era, and to use it as a scientific method by which scientific terms and concepts could be defined. From the perspective of analytic philosophy, anything that cannot be traced back to empirical foundations or cannot be verified by reliable evidence is considered meaningless. Many metaphysical and abstract philosophical problems, in Carnap's view, are not genuine problems; rather, they result from the misuse of language. Empirical verification is the criterion for distinguishing between meaningful and meaningless expressions—meaning that every term must have a referent in the world and must be verifiable in order to have meaning. For Carnap, language plays a vital role. Human beings must base their language on logic. Scientific investigation must rely on a rational (meta-language), which treats logic as a foundation for language and knowledge. Through such a logical language, a methodological approach to gaining scientific understanding of the world becomes possible. The world, for Carnap, is of utmost importance because what exists in the world is empirically observable. Hence, logic and language are key to understanding the world in a scientific manner. Which terms are logical and which are meaningless? How can language and logic construct the relationship that allows us to distinguish between true and false, meaningful and meaningless expressions? For Carnap, a meaningful expression is either empirical and can be verified or has a basis in logical-analytical structure. Any other expression is considered meaningless and devoid of content.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 364-396

    The Causes and Effects of Non-Compliance with the Annual Principle of the Public Budget in Iraqi Federal Law

    Hamadamin Mohammed Mustafa, Hemin Rasul Murad

    The annual principle is considered one of the procedural principles of the public budget, which essentially signifies the preparation of the state’s public budget for a fiscal year. This principle is crucial from the perspectives of state politics, the economy, and finance. In terms of politics, the annual principle ensures continuous oversight by the legislative authority over the activities of the executive authority. With regard to the economy, it provides the state with accurate estimates of its expenditures and revenues and highlights the challenges facing the economy in a way that enables officials to take the necessary measures to address them. The central problem of this study is that the federal state of Iraq suffers from non-compliance with the annual principle of the public budget. Therefore, the authors, using a descriptive and analytical method, seek to examine the principle, its historical emergence, the justifications for its application, and the exceptions to adherence, along with analyzing the causes, effects, and negative consequences of non-compliance through three main arguments. In conclusion, the authors argue that complying with the annual principle of the public budget is of paramount significance, and its application is justified by political, economic, and financial factors for which specific legal provisions have been enacted. Yet, the state has often violated the principle, which has consequently left negative impacts on the state’s overall capability. Non-adherence to the principle has weakened state institutions and undermined the economic, financial, security, and legal performance of governments. The authors ultimately present several recommendations, including the amendment of relevant constitutional and legal provisions and addressing the challenges of adherence in order to remove obstacles and eliminate the harmful effects of non-compliance with the principle.

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 397-417

    Self-Efficacy and Its Relationship with Problem-Solving Ability Among Student University

    Shima Azad Ahmad, Khalid Ismail Mustafa

    The aim of this study is to determine the level each of (self-efficacy and problem solving, and to determine difference in the level each of them according to variables (Gender and department satifaction) and also know the relationship between self-efficacy and problem-solving. The research population are koya university student’s for the academic year (2024-2025).the researcher randomly selected the faculty of humanities and social sciences as a sample and the researcher elected 500 students by random proportion sample, for measurement self-efficacy the researcher prepared The scale that consist of (19) items and is divided into four dimensions and the researcher did the psychometric for the scale such (types of validity and relialibility researcher used the scale (Cross, Bacon, Morris) for measure problem-solving which consists of (10) items and is divided into two dimensions the and the researcher did the psychometric for the scale such (types of validity and relialibility. The results of the study showed that the level of self-efficacy among students of Koya University is good and satisfied, so Problem solving among Koya University students is at a good level and they are satisfied with it. There is no statistically significant difference in each of self-efficacy and problem solving according to (gender and department satisfaction). There is also a strong direct relationship between self-efficacy and problem-solving. Finally, in the light of the findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

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20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 418-439

    Chairs And Thrones in Zagros from The Second Millennium B.C.

    Darya Siamend Mamend, Kozad Mohamed Ahmed

    This research is an unveil of the photographic documents on the chairs and thrones of some specific areas in the Zagros, we have selected the best examples among them and analyzed the structure of their designs, from this point of view the history of the beginning of our predecessor’s power can be identified and revealed clearly, by depending on the sites left on the archaeological remains, we have shown the different designs of chairs and thrones in the area. In spite of the fact that the region has experienced many political changes in the second millennium BC, it has always stood against attacks and occupations by the powerful states of Mesopotamia at the time, precisely the Assyrian state, but the carved sites on the (milestones on the stones in the foot of the mountains, metal pieces and seals, are undeniable evidence of the power of the Zagros peoples and the sitting of their kings, emir and rulers on the chairs thrones of kingdom, these sites are often recorded with cuneiform inscriptions containing the names of gods, kings and rulers, which gives us a clearer understanding of the siting people on the chairs and thrones

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21. 21
    Social Science Original Research pp. 440-457

    The Social Role of Religious Institutions in Kurdish Cities in the Century of(4−6AH / 10−12 AD)

    Dlawar Qader Sedeeq, Rasul Ibrahim Rasul

    Within the field of civilization, cities and urbanization are a lively and vital topic of study. While this has deep historical roots, it continues to hold significant importance in shaping social and cultural life, and thus receives considerable attention in academic and cultural discourse. As social and socio-economic centers, cities bring together diverse groups and classes of people whose living conditions necessitate the presence of various institutions. Each of these establishments, according to their role and function, impact on the organization of daily life, social relations, and the cultural and economic activities of urban populations. Among them, religious institutions are the most well-known, since they have long been of a great deal of importance in the social life of cities. Kurdish cities of the 4th and 6th centuries AH (10th and 12th centuries AD), were undoubtedly among the vibrant urban centers within Islamic civilization and their religious institutions, in particular, played a crucial role. This study is devoted to examine the religious institutions and their influence on the degree of social consciousness. The study is organized into two primary sections: the role of religion itself and the influence of religious institutions on social atmosphere. The study includes introduction, conclusion, and bibliography.

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22. 22
    Social Science Original Research pp. 458-479

    The Poetics of Place in the Novel of “Dimdim Castle” by the Writer (Arab Shamo)

    Walat Mohammed Taher M. Saeed, Ebdi Haci

    This research, entitled "The Poetics of Place in the Novel 'Dimdim Castle' by Novelist Arab Shamo," is an attempt to demonstrate the strong relationship between place and man, and the reciprocal impact of different types of places. The poetics of place refers to the aesthetic and semantic characteristics produced within the novel, where the place is not merely a background but becomes a cultural and historical symbol that reflects a social and political reality. The research was conducted based on the principles of the structural-statistical method. From the very beginning of human life, a strong and powerful connection has existed between man and place. The place is the carrier of human experience, values, and meaning; it has an effect on the psyche and the determination of human identity. Among the most important findings of the research is that benefiting from the narrative techniques of foreshadowing and flashback, the description of places, and the expressive style with selected words and artistic images, creates beautiful scenes of "Dimdim Castle" through thought and imagination, embodying the life and authenticity of the place. It is worth mentioning that our research consists of two parts. The first part discusses the concept of poetics in general. The second part deals with the place, its types, and the extent of man's relationship with it.

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23. 23
    Social Science Original Research pp. 480-498

    Case Assignment to Complements within Lexical Phrases

    Shahrazad Issa Meshko, Sanya Jabar Abuzeid

    This study uses Case Theory in the Government and Binding framework to explore the role of complements in lexical phrases within the Bahdini sub-dialect of Kurdish. Complements are essential elements in syntactic structures; In some phrases, they are obligatory, while in others, they are optional. Their presence and structure are essential at both syntactic and semantic degrees and fundamental to multiple branches of generative grammar.The research searches the case grading of complements to lexical leaders and extensive verbs, nouns, adjectives, and prepositions in Bahdini. The primary emphasis is on overt case form, including the accusative, which quality gender-specific markers in plural forms and abstract or unblemished cases. The study investigates the groups of complements that accept cases, the features of these cases, and the criteria for case tasks determined by the syntactic position and structure of both the complement and the lexical head. The result shows that not all lexical phrase complements in Bahdini have case marks. The allocation of cases varies by the phrase's internal structure and the element's grammatical function. The research utilizes a descriptive-analytical methodology, concentrating solely on the syntactic and semantic dimensions, employing data from naturally occurring language examples in Bahdini to validate the theoretical discourse.

    10.26750/w6dne285 1 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 499-523

    The Drainage Basins' Morphometric and Hydrological Features in Choman District's Northeast and North

    Peshewa Mohammed Ali, Barzan Mohammed Hamad

    This research is a morphometric analysis of the watersheds in the northern and northeastern valleys of Choman district, which includes several watersheds: Darband, Nawanda, Dilza, and Warda watersheds, with a total area of (83.145) km², located between the latitudes (36°47’10” - 36°47’58”) North and longitudes (44°49’15” - 44°58’46”) East. The highest peak is in Darband watershed at (3607)m, followed by Nawanda watershed at (3584)m, Warda watershed at (2117)m, and Dilza watershed at (2800)m. The lowest points of the watersheds are 1207, 1156, 1137, and 1100 respectively. The length of Darband watershed is (13.65)km, Nawanda watershed (11.99)km, and Dilza watershed (8.63)km. The shortest watershed is Warda at (3.91)km. Darband watershed has the greatest width at (5.67)km, Nawanda (3.26)km, Dilza watershed (2.34)km, and Warda watershed (0.78)km. The drainage density of Darband watershed is (5.47)km²/km, Nawanda watershed (0.48)km²/km, Dilza (0.44)km²/km, and Warda watershed (0.41)km²/km. Generally, all watersheds are close to circular in shape. Detailed morphometric analysis of the watersheds reveals that the morphometry of drainage networks has an impact on the geomorphology and landforms, as well as the size and characteristics of the temporary river systems in the study area. This research utilized remote sensing technology and Geographic Informatio System (GIS) with Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data.

    10.26750/ayrc5e97 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 524-547

    The Impact of Six-Dimensional (PDEODE) To Acquire the Literature Concepts by Eighth Graders in Kurdish Literature

    Shivan Ramdhan NabI Doskee, Diyar Abdulkareem Saeed

    The purpose of the this applied linguistic research is to find out the effectiveness and efficiency of the pedagogical strategy "six-dimensional" or named PDEODE in instruction of Kurdish literature for Eighth graders in order achieve a language acquisition. This study is conducted by designing examinations for two equal groups by the researchers. The experimental group is taught by the effectual strategy "six-dimensional", whereas the controlled group is educated by normal strategies and techniques. The evaluative exam was carried as a post-test. The participants are girls who are eighth graders from morning state schools of Duhok Educative directorate/ Ministry of education (KRG) in the academic year 2024-2025, their number is approximately 1935 students. Vina school for girls and Peshang schools were opted deliberately in the center of Duhok. The experimental group was selected randomly that contains 26 participants from Vina school, while the controlled group form from Peshang School which includes twenty-seven respondents. The evaluative exam was designed as form of MCQ which consists of three questions which is divided into twenty-four branches or sub questions. The assessment process was carried out from 2/10/2024 until 23/12/2024.T.test was adapted in order to assess and gain data for statistics. SPSS program is used to analyse data from the two collected samples. The experimental study shows the adaptation of six-dimensional strategy is very practical, useful, effective and efficient for acquiring literature concepts in contrast to the controlled group. The researcher found out the results, recommended and suggested the future research projects.

    10.26750/54smzj83 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 548-575

    The Impact of Using the Strategies of the Listening Triangle and Carousel on the Achievement of Eighth Grade Male Students in Kurdish Grammar

    Ageed Ramadhan Tukil, Ayad Fayzallah Othman

    The aim of this study is to examine the effect of using Listening Triangle and Carousel strategies on the academic achievement of eighth-grade male students in the subject of Kurdish grammar.The researchers used a quasi-experimental design with equivalent groups. The sample included eighth-grade male students from public boys’ schools in the Directorate of Eastern Education in the city centre of Duhok during totaling (2056) students in (16) schools for the academic year 2024–2025. The researchers intentionally selected Bzav School, and then randomly divided the students into two groups:Experimental group (D): 31 students Control group (A): 32 students.The experimental group was taught using the Listening Triangle and Carousel strategies, while the control group was taught the same subject using the traditional method.The researchers designed two types of lesson plans for each grammar topic: One using the Listening Triangle and Carousel strategies for the experimental group Another using the traditional approach for the control groupTo measure achievement, a test consisting of 35 items was developed, with psychometric properties considered for accuracy and reliability. After a season of teaching and the end of a semester, the researchers administered the test, collected data, and performed statistical analysis using the T-test.The results showed that the Listening Triangle and Carousel strategies had a positive and significant effect on the academic achievement of students in the experimental group.

    10.26750/ypwnc235 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 576-594

    Political Changes External to The Median State (700-550 BC)

    Hemin Rashid Darwesh, Hilmi Rasool Raza

    The rule of the Median country is considered as one of the periods in the history of ancient east, because in many ways which had a great influence on the civilization and countries after it. The Median nation by came to heights of Iran and after settling on this land, the water and air of the region were suitable for settlement. They developed their own external political system, which was expansionism and liberation from Assyrian dominion. Diako founded this political system and it reached its peak of development under Kiaksar. Eventually, it was the Medes who, in agreement with the ability of their neighbors such as Babylon, removed of the Assyrians from the political field. A number of Median commanders at the beginning of the govern of Cyrus II and Astyages the last Median kings advantaged from the help of Cyrus the Persian and In this regard, they played a major role in the devastation of the Median nation and the rise of the Achaemenid nation. Despite all that has been done, the Political history external the media is one of the most complicated topics in the political history of the Old East and still remains very unclear. Although, it has not been completely studied, this paper discusses the most significant political changes external of the Median nation, with nation such as Assyria, Orthodoxy, Scythians, Babylon, etc., which is more objectively based on the method (description-analysis) and comparative interpretation of changes and events.

    10.26750/v36acg38 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 595-617

    The Dynamics of Social Change in the Philosophy of Ibn Khaldun

    Renas Brahim Hamed, Ahmad Mahmood Ahmad

    This study is a part of a scientific investigation into the philosophy of “social change” in the view of Ibn Khaldun. It is divided into three parts, each addressing key topics. The first part searches the concept of “social change”, focusing on Ibn Khaldun's definition and interpretation. It assesses his analysis of the two different stages of urbanization ”before and after” and shows the signs and characteristics of each stage, connecting them to the broader process of social change. The paper also mentions the effect of geography on behavioral differences and evolving social norms and roles, as discovered through Khaldun’s philosophical views. Furthermore , it examines Ibn Khaldun’s theory on the biological cycle of civilizations, states, and political institutions. The study further highlights the causes and behaviors he identifies as mechanisms driving what he terms "social change," concluding with several essential results and suggestions.

    10.26750/a5rmea48 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 618-645

    Selecting the Best Site for Establishing a Nature Reserve Using the AHP Model in Raparin District

    Dimen Abdullah Hussein, Luqman Wsu Omar

    Nature Reserves are considered one of the most important tools for protecting the Environment and preserving wildlife and Biodiversity, Especially in areas with unique Ecological characteristics. The emergence of Environmental problems in a dangerous way has led to several Methods, The establishment of natural reserves is one of the best ways to combat these problems.This study aims to shed light on the status of natural and human resources for establishing a nature reserve in the Raparin area of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, As well as the challenges facing its establishment and development. The study also highlights the importance of the study area's Geographical location and its environmental features, Which can serve as the starting point for such a reserve. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing fieldwork data, Quantitative tools, and satellite imagery. One of the most effective site selection methods for establishing nature reserves, The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), was applied. The results revealed that the area has significant potential, with the 'Highly Suitable' and 'Suitable' categories accounting for 41.13% and 24.4% of the land, Respectively. The 'Moderately Suitable' category covers 12.30%, While 'unsuitable' areas constitute only 5.8%.

    10.26750/cnhmgd66 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 646-664

    Moral Education from the Perspective of Bertrand Russell

    Sarkar Hamarashid Saeed, Niyan Namiq Sabir

    This paper sheds light on moral education based on Russell's ideas and explores the role of education and morality in society. The descriptive analytical method is used for .It also focuses on freedom of thinking as a foundation for developing morality. Russell follows a method that frees individuals' minds and develops critical and independent thinking as a foundation for emotional, physical, and social cognition in educating children. According to Russell, actual morality derives from an environment where independent thinking exists and allows individuals to develop a sense of responsibility guided by reason and empathy instead of being imposed by authority. The study, through a combination of philosophical ideas and modern practical education, proposes an opinion on how Russell's ideas can address current problems of moral education in the first six years of a child's development. According to Russell, moral education starts from birth until age six. In this study, we clarify the aspects that serve as a foundation for the child's moral education. These aspects are rooted in certain human emotions that actively participate in developing the child's physical and psychological well-being, which relates to their personality in the future. All in all, this trend in education focuses on a reasoned and logical framework for developing a responsible human personality from the perspective of moral education in the modern world.

    10.26750/ff3egh08 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 665-686

    The Discourse of Fani s’ Poetry in the light of Perspective of Norman Fairclough’s Critical Analysis

    Omer Ahmed Ismail, Avin Asos Hama

    Discourse is the characteristic of the actions performed by the speaker in a social environment to convey a meaning that is incorrect and is the way of using language in the literary context Mortal poetry from the perspective of Norman Fairclough is an attempt to analyze the discourse of Fani poems. Fani, is one of the prominent poets of the mid-twentieth century in Bitwin and Pishdar, has become a prominent voice of his time. In this research, based on the contextual content of the texts and the historical aspects and from the perspective of the views of Norman Fairclough, we have tried to understand the political discourse. As a result, we have come to the conclusion that Fani has unconsciously tried to deal with language and use it in the service of literary expression and literary discourse, thus making poetry a political, social and national issue for Fani. The structure of our research consists of two parts: the first part is to introduce the terms and concepts of discourse, the steps of discourse analysis between the views of Norman and Fairclough, and the second part is to practice the poet's poems in discourse analysis, which is the interpretation of the content of the text using the historical and social dimensions, the analysis of political, national and social discourse in Fani's poems. The list of references and abstract of the study are discussed in Arabic and English.

    10.26750/q8kqpe88 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 687-711

    Organizations of the Kurdistan Laborers Association in Pshdar area during 1975-1989

    Qadir Muhammad Muhammad, Sadq Ibrahim Muhammed Salih Abdurahman

    In the second half of the last century, organizational activity and arrangement were considered as a part of the political and secret struggle for the parties in South Kurdistan. The organization of the Toilers of Kurdistan, as a political party at this stage, was one of the backbones of the organization's survival, which, together with the armed movement, played an important role after the armed revolution at the beginning of the 20th century’s last quarter. Pishdar, as a geographical center and a part of its social composition that had high national feelings, helped the development and success of the Kurdistan liberation movement, in which its base and presidency were in the border areas. The community’s assistance, in terms of economic or spiritual, had a good effect on the success of the entire process of organized and army activity that formed the core of the revolution of that period. Pishdar organizations, due to Pishdar’s geographical location, played an active role in political movements and protests, especially in the uprising of Qaladze on April 24, 1982. They also helped the Peshmerga forces in collecting food, medicine, and conveying messages of the other areas to the center, especially after the Anfal period and the slowdown of organized activity in the cities because of the pressure from the regime's oppressive institutions, they then become the link between the leadership and center of Komala and the isolated cities. What is the role of Kurdistan Laborers Association in Pishdar region in helping and strengthening Kurdistan libration movement? What were the actions of the organization during (1975 - 1989)? In this research, we depend on descriptive and analytical methods for the sake of documentation of the events, oral history has been used.

    10.26750/2366qc74 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 712-727

    The Thematic Biography in the (Siya) Romance Novel

    Hlbeen M. Hussein, Ramadan H. Kader

    The genres of biography and novel share a complex and interweaved relationship. This study, titled “ The Thematic Biography in the (Siya) Romance Novel “ , explores the biography of Mamdoh Salim Beg and inspects how factors of his life are mirrored within the ( Siya ) romance novel. The analysis targets to specifying whether the novelist’s narrative is purely imaginative or be affected by real-life experiences and events. Throughout a detailed comparison between Mamdoh Salim Beg’s actual life and the novel’s narrative structure , the research constructs the novel’s biographical nature. This study is segmented into two main sections. The first section discusses the definition of biography, variety kinds of biographies (autobiographical and topical), the connection between biography and the novel, and the relationship between the novel and history. The second section is structured into two main areas: The first area focuses on thematic biography within the ( Siya ) romance novel, delivering a brief biographical synopsis of Mamdoh Salim Beg aligned with a textual introduction. The second area analyzes Mamdoh Salim Beg’s As a result, we vhave come to the conclusion thematic biography within the ( Siya ) romance novel the research consist introduction, conclusion, references, and a summary available in two languages: Kurdish and English.

    10.26750/6j3r4453 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 728-744

    Educational Counsellor and Challenges in Working withSpecial Needs Students

    Ashna Sleman Abdulla, Najat Mohammed Faraj

    This study aims to examine the social challenges faced by educational counsellors in developing the skills of students with disabilities within school settings. The emphasis on this objective arises from the pivotal role that educational guidance plays in supporting and enhancing the abilities of students with disabilities. Despite its significance, the implementation of this role is hindered by a range of challenges, which this research seeks to identify and analyse. Adopting a qualitative research design, the study employed thematic analysis to interpret data collected through in-depth interviews. Findings reveal three main categories of challenges. First, administrative challenges include a limited understanding of the counsellor’s role, inadequate coordination within work teams, insufficient material resources, a lack of financial rights, minimal incentives or recognition, and the absence of professional training opportunities. Second, challenges related to the counsellor’s professional performance, such as low job satisfaction and insufficient experience or expertise. Finally, challenges linked to the families of students with disabilities, encompassing non-acceptance or concealment of the disability, limited awareness and access to information, and students’ resistance to instructions.

    10.26750/80fmra38 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 745-764

    Legal Guarantees for The Protection of The Financial Rights of Public Employees in The Iraqi Kurdistan Region.

    Rabar Muhammad Mahmood, Mustafa Hussian Rasool

    Public employment is one of the most vital areas within administrative law. It plays a central role in the structure of public administration, particularly when it comes to defining who holds positions in government service—commonly known as civil servants. Civil servants form the backbone of the administrative system. The efficiency and success—or failure—of government operations largely depend on how well these employees perform their duties and how effectively they apply the law in practice. Their performance directly impacts the protection of public rights, especially financial rights guaranteed under existing laws. When someone takes on a public role, the law grants them a set of rights and benefits. One of the most significant of these is the right to financial compensation. Once a civil servant is legally appointed, they become entitled to all the financial and professional rights defined by the legislature for that role. This makes the system governing civil servants’ financial rights a cornerstone of public administration. It's built on a legally defined relationship between the employee and the state. In Iraq and the Kurdistan Region, these financial rights are determined strictly by law, leaving the government no room to alter them arbitrarily. This legal certainty ensures that civil servants’ financial entitlements are protected and upheld.

    10.26750/c1y5bd61 1 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 765-792

    Selection of the most Suitable Site for Dam Construction in Pishdar (AHP). District Using the Analytical Pyramid Process (AHP)

    Mohammed Qadir Rasul, Azadin Juma Darwish

    This study paper looks into the assessment of dam construction and the spatial distribution of suggested dams in the Pishdar District through using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Geographically speaking, Pishdar district is located in the eastern part of the Kurdistan Region and the northeastern part of Sulaymaniyah Province. However, the district extends between latitudes 36° 32′ 0″–36° 06′ 0″ N and longitudes 45° 20′ 0″–44° 54′ 0″ E, with a total area of 1,331.4 km². As a matter of fact, due to the population growth, the need for water has been increasing significantly, and on the other hand climate including rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, and frequent droughts, groundwater levels are dropping, seasonal rivers and canals are shrinking and drying up along with the Iran’s policies on governing the groundwater in the region have further made the situation worse. Most importantly, these factors highlight the necessity of this research. The objectives of this study paper are to determine suitable locations for dam construction, as well as to assess the characteristics and water storage capacities of the proposed dams and estimate the potential water inflow. At the end of our research paper, we reached a number of findings, the most important finding is that both natural and human factors in the region are favorable for dam construction. According to the AHP model, six locations were identified as the most suitable sites for dams. Their suitability levels were classified as very suitable, suitable, somewhat suitable, or less suitable. Importantly, no site was categorized as completely unsuitable for dam construction.

    10.26750/d483qr98 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 793-813

    Dynamic Identity

    Hazhar Othman Abdalla, Zanyar Kareem Abdul

    This research focuses on the dynamic and fluid identity of the protagonist of The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), a novel by Mohsin Hamid (1971-). It claims that the protagonist’s identity is continuously reconstructed with extrinsic and intrinsic ruptures through the lens of postcolonial theory because it provides a framework to analyze identity formation process, particularly the concept of Orientalism by Edward Said (1953-2003) with dual identity and psychological split by Frantz Fanon (1925-1961). The research discusses how the protagonist’s identity is shaped by the global power relations, racial mistrust, and power conflict in America after the 9/11 attacks. It analyzes some of the crucial scenes of the novel and demonstrates how Islamophobia and Western stereotyping generate a crisis in which belonging as well as subjectivity are at stake for Changez in his double consciousness toward resistance. His journey from a New York-based corporate elite to an opponent of American imperialism in Lahore is a tale about decolonizing both political and personal aspects. The form of the novel, as a monologue directed at an American man, emphasizes the ways in which identity shakes under the pressure of fear and suspicion. Furthermore, this research contributes to broader discussions of migrant identity, postcolonial resistance, and the capacity of literature to undermine dominant ways of seeing and treating the Other.

    10.26750/fkw3fc75 3 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 814-838

    Investigating Kurdish EFL Learners’ Preferences to Oral Corrective Feedback at College Level

    Omeed Lazkeen Ahmed Almahmada, Mohamed Basil Kasim Al-Azzawi

    This study aims to investigate Kurdish EFL learners’ preferences to oral corrective feedback (OCF) and any differences between Kurdish EFL learners’ preferences to OCF strategies based on gender. It was carried out at four different departments of English in Duhok city. The participants of the study were 104 Kurdish EFL learners; 52 males and 52 females. A quantitative research methodology was used to conduct the study. Survey questionnaires were used to collect data from learners and SPSS program (version 26) was used to analyze the data collected from questionnaires. The results revealed that after finishing from speaking was the most preferred timing of correction among the participants. Regarding types of spoken errors and OCF strategies, participants mostly preferred the correction of serious spoken errors and metalinguistic explanation was the most preferred strategy. In addition, the results revealed that there were some gender differences in Kurdish EFL learners’ preferences to OCF strategies. The implications of the study’s findings will be of great significance to teachers, teacher training programs and curriculum designers where they highlight the importance of tailoring OCF and incorporating certain teaching methods based on learners’ preferences and gender. Furthermore, it suggests the employment of qualitative methodologies and inclusion of other variables in order to have a better understanding of the study.

    10.26750/5q93v614 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 839-863

    Drone Operations by Non-state Actors in the Middle East

    Parwar Saeed Saido, Shoker Abobeker Aziz

    This study examines the impact of drone technology on the operational capabilities of armed non-state actors (ANSAs) in the Middle East, following 2010; the Middle East entered a new era of conflict, the escalations led to the appearance of new terrorist groups like Islamic state in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), and regional competition led to increased involvement of armed groups in the conflicts. Drone technology has extensively contributed to these conflicts through armed non-state actors in the region. The research focuses specifically on Hezbollah and ISIS in drone warfare. It explores how the adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has reshaped traditional paradigms of asymmetric warfare by enhancing reconnaissance, precision strike capabilities, and long-range operations. The research has conducted a comparative analysis between both groups in terms of when Hezbollah, supported by state sponsorship, has developed a structured and technologically sophisticated drone program, whereas ISIS has employed an improvisational, low-cost approach aimed at disrupting enemy forces through innovative tactics. The research indicated how drone technology has significantly increased their reach and precision in targeted strikes, highlighting their ability to project power and adapt to evolving battlefield conditions. Ultimately, the increasing accessibility and deployment of drone technology by (ANSAs) in conflict zones, particularly in the Middle East, poses significant challenges to traditional security paradigms and necessitates a deeper understanding of its impact on asymmetric warfare. The aim of the study is to answer the question of how have Hezbollah and ISIS utilized drone technology to reshape their operational capabilities and asymmetric warfare strategies in the Middle East? The study underscores the growing need for flexible security policies in response to the proliferation of drones beyond state control and their integration into hybrid and irregular warfare strategies.

    10.26750/y0wwmz91 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 864-888

    The Influence of Well-Being, Pay-For-Performance and Job Satisfaction on Job Performance

    Heirsh Mohamad Sabir, Bakhtiar Aubaid Sharif, Bestoon Abdulmaged Othman

    The paper will address the correlation between employee well-being, pay-for-performance and job satisfaction and job performance of the employees in Sulaimani Municipality in the public sector. The primary goal is to discover which factors have the greatest impact in the determination of job performance here. Data were gathered from 507 employees of the municipal offices in the various departments using a structured questionnaire. The hypothesized relationships were tested with the help of structural equation modeling (SEM).The results indicate that job satisfaction has the most positive effect on job performance followed by employee well-being. Pay-for-performance, however, did not reveal any significant effects, which means that financial incentives may not be as efficient in motivating the employees of the public sector as psychological and emotional factors. The results suggest that it is necessary to establish positive working conditions that will stimulate well-being and satisfaction to enhance performance. The study offers practical recommendations to policy makers and managers who are interested in enhancing employee productivity within the developing country context.

    10.26750/9y4acf18 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 889-930

    Kurdish EFL Students’ Perceptions of the Merits and Shortcomings of Native and Non-native English-Speaking Teachers at the University of Duhok

    Vian M. Poulis, Sabrin Ali Ramadhan

    This study aims to find the merits and shortcomings of Native English-Speaking Teachers and Non-Native English-Speaking Teachers in teaching listening and speaking courses through gender and group analysis across five dimensions: teacher’s personality traits, professionalism, pedagogical approach, cultural competence, and linguistic competence. To achieve this aim, a descriptive survey design was employed using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 100 students, whereas qualitative insights were obtained from semi-structured interview with 10 students. All participants enrolled were third-year students in the Department of English Language, College of Basic Education, University of Duhok. The research collected both quantitative and qualitative data from participants of both genders who belonged to three different Groups. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 24 to calculate percentage, Chi-square tests, and significance values (p), while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The findings show that both types of teachers have their own strengths; Native English-Speaking Teachers are more effective in pronunciation and natural fluency, while Non-Native English-Speaking Teachers are more effective in grammar and structural clarity. However, the contradiction between questionnaire results and interview insights reveal that students have different attitudes towards the two types of teachers, which are influenced by the clarity of instruction and the accessibility of communication. Implications for teacher training and curriculum development are discussed.

    10.26750/2q58m436 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 931-957

    Analysing the Security of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in the Context of the US - Iran Conflicts Through the Lens of Regional Security Complex Theory

    Rebin Siyamand Mola, Shoker Abobeker Aziz

    This paper discusses the geopolitical rivalries between the United States and Iran, the United States as a global power and Iran as a regional power, in the context of security dynamics in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) using the Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) as a tool of analysis. Although constitutionally recognized, The KRI exists as a non-state actor in a contested sphere of influence within the broader Middle Eastern Security Complex. Using a qualitative methodology and discourse analysis of political statements and events, the paper explores the effects of the American military presence and Iranian proxy activities on the domestic security of the KRI. These findings reveal that the United States has been selectively offering military assistance without politically supporting Kurdish aspirations for independence, while Iran has been putting more pressure through its proxy militia groups, missile strikes and economic pressures. These tensions were further intensified by the 2020 assassination of Qassem Soleimani, which significantly rendering the region’s vulnerability to proxy related violence. RSCT offers a critical framework for understanding the sub-state vulnerabilities in complex regional conflicts and reveals how the security of the KRI is fundamentally intertwined with the dynamics of regional power politics. Moreover, the research provides to both theoretical and practical literature about the way in which regional conflicts undermine constitutionally autonomous actors like the KRI. Eventually, the paper demonstrates that the security situation in the KRI is shaped by its entrenchment in the broader geopolitical rivalries between global and regional powers.

    10.26750/sxwm0y42 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 958-977

    Enigmatic liberation of Displaced Womanhood in Elif Shafak’s The Bastard of Istanbul (2006) and Gharbi Mustafa’s What Comes with the Dust (2016)

    Sawza Qader Fattah, Hawzhen Rashadaddin Ahmed

    This study presents a comparative analysis of Elif Shafak’s The Bastard of Istanbul (2006) and Gharbi M. Mustafa’s What Comes with the Dust (2016) to explore how these texts – written by two authors from different genders and ethnic backgrounds – depict displacement as a paradoxical tool for female liberation, giving voices to their ongoing struggles. The research examines that women in these two literary works suffer the pain of unbelonging due to dominant exclusionary discourses and that they seek settlement through self-displacement. By means of a critical framework informed by Third Wave Feminism and the postcolonial discussions, this paper examines womanhood in Turkish, Kurdish, and Armenian patriarchal communities in the texts under analysis. Furthermore, the study establishes historical linkages between female experiences – Armanoush and Nazo – being exposed to atrocities during the Armenian Genocide in 1915 and ISIS attacks on Yezidis in 2014. By means of applying comparative tools of analysis, the study investigates how social and historical legacies shape the representation(s) of women, focusing on their shared experiences of rape, slavery, and abuse across different geographical and cultural landscapes. This research argues that these authors utilize the traumatic experience of displacement not only to expose gendered violence but also to chart a path toward reconstructed identity and hard-won autonomy for their female characters.

    10.26750/xwgsb861 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 978-1003

    Investigating University EFL Teachers’ Feedback Literacy and Practices in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

    Sumaya Ismael Arfi, Karmand Abdullah Hamad

    With the changes and development of educational systems worldwide, feedback has received scholarly attention. Student learning depends on effective feedback, but giving appropriate feedback has proved to be a challenge to both teachers and students. This study investigates teachers’ feedback literacy and practices at universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq from the perspectives of the students. It also aims to explore the types of feedback that teachers provide to enhance students’ learning outcomes and motivate them through learning from the feedback. To achieve this aim, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, including both close-ended questions and open-ended questions. The participants were 211 third-year and fourth-year students of English department at Soran university. The results indicated that students had a positive attitude towards providing different types of feedback. The participants also preferred receiving individual feedback from teachers rather than general feedback in front of their classmates. The results also showed that students perceived significant inconsistency in the feedback they receive from different teachers and emphasize the importance of more standardized and coordinated approaches to ensure clarity, fairness, and effectiveness. Moreover, the results showed that feedback in front of classmates, general feedback, self-consciousness, teachers' bias, and limited time are the most common challenges that students face while receiving feedback.

    10.26750/8z299d51 2 views Read article
45. 45
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1004-1036

    The Change in Turkey's Strategy Toward the European Union

    Mohammed Taher Mohammed, Omran Omar Ali

    This research tries to examine and analysis the changes that occurred in Turkey’s strategy towards the European Union from 2002 to 2024. The Turkish strategy towards the European Union underwent several stages. During the Justice and Development Party’s rule, this strategy converged through accession negotiations with intensive diplomatic activity. Then, there was a divergence and a lukewarmness between the two sides due to various reasons. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the efforts made by Turkey to join the European Union after 2002, as this period witnessed two expansions in 2004 and 2007, an obstacle during constitutional and legal reforms to meet the Copenhagen criteria. Then we touched on the change that occurred in the Turkish strategy that made the European Union, in particular, after 2007, and the transformation of this strategy towards the Middle East and the BRICS countries, especially Russia and China. Based on these data and transformations, the study tries to answer the primary question: What explains the change in the Turkish strategy towards the European Union? . It can be concluded that the change in the Turkish strategy towards the European Union occurred as a result of multiple reasons related to the European demands related to the Copenhagen criteria and the fear of some European countries of Turkey’s accession to the European Union, in addition to the changes that occurred in the regional and international environment, which prompted the ruling Justice and Development Party to diversify its strategic partners.

    10.26750/v27n4p48 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1037-1056

    Manifestations of Place in the Novel “Bahar-i Rash” by Ahmed Mohammed Ismail

    Jwan Abdulqader Abdullah

    The significance of “place” emerges as one of the most vital elements of the novel, serving as the setting where events unfold and through which characters move. At times, place acts as the central axis of the narrative work. In the realm of the novel—and specifically in this work—place is often deeply intertwined with questions of self, identity, and existence. Place in a novel differs from its reality in the physical world; it is a fusion of fact and imagination, possessing its own unique characteristics and distinct dimensions. The importance of place lies in its role as an active element in the development and structure of the story, as well as in shaping the nature of characters and their relationships. It is a space that encompasses and influences the entire narrative framework. We can assert that a creative novelist is one who bestows creative value upon a place, utilizing it to activate other narrative elements such as characters, time, and storytelling techniques. Kurdish novelists have devoted immense attention to “place,” treating it as a fundamental pillar in their works. This stems from the fact that the essence of the Kurdish struggle for survival is rooted in the land. Land and place are primary catalysts in the Kurdish quest to achieve an independent identity and exercise the right to self-determination. Essentially, the struggle is a struggle for the land, because land signifies identity (as exemplified in Ibrahim Ahmed’s novel Zhani Gal). Accordingly, we have chosen to study the concept of place in the novel Bahar-i Rash (The Black Spring) by the distinguished writer Ahmed Mohammed Ismail. In this novel, the author addresses the Anfal genocide committed against the Kurdish people by the former Ba’athist regime in the 1980s. Through the narrative, he highlights the attempts to obliterate Kurdish identity by depopulating the land of Kurdistan of its indigenous inhabitants through mass murder and forced displacement. However, Kurdish resilience proved stronger than the enemy’s brutal and aggressive methods. This eternal bond of love between the land of Kurdistan and its people is a central theme of the novel. Based on this premise, the research topic was selected: “Manifestations of Place in the Novel Bahar-i Rash.” The study explores the concept of place through two main sections.

    10.26750/d5pv4105 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1057-1081

    The Role of Smart Leadership in Achieving Strategic Recovery

    Daham Sabir Hamad, Abdulrahman Zrar Abdulrahman, Jwan Saadallah Rashed

    The research aims to know the relationship and impact of smart leadership represented by its dimensions (emotional intelligence, rational intelligence, spiritual intelligence, personal intelligence) on the dimensions of strategic recovery represented by (speed, apology, compensation, initiative) from the point of view of managers in Korek Telecom Company in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The general framework of the research is represented by the research problem, which was defined by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship and influence between the independent variable and the dependent variable. For this purpose, a hypothetical scheme was designed that expressed two hypotheses that were subjected to statistical tests to verify their validity. The questionnaire was used as a means of obtaining data. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The research community represented all managers in Korek Telecom Company in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and their number reached (150) managers. Due to the small size of the community, the researcher decided to adopt the comprehensive enumeration method to determine the sample, as the forms were distributed to them and only (127) forms were retrieved, thus the response rate reached (84.7%). The hypotheses were tested using the computer program (SPSS V26). The research reached a set of conclusions, including the presence of a significant positive relationship between the dimensions of smart leadership and strategic recovery at the macro and micro levels, in addition to the presence of a positive impact of the smart leadership variable on the strategic recovery variable. The research recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to invest in the strong relationship between the two variables and direct this relationship towards serving the Korek company under study.

    10.26750/z7aset76 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1082-1112

    The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Agility in the Relationship Between Strategic physiognomy and Strategic Excellence

    Wrya Najm Rashid, Othman Kareem Mahmood, Lask Arsalan Bayiz

    This research aims to study the mediating role of entrepreneurial agility in the relationship between strategic physiognomy and strategic excellence, in light of the organizations’ efforts to achieve excellence in their strategies in the current competitive environment to ensure their distinction from competitors, and due to the scarcity of studies that addressed these variables in private universities, therefore, to achieve the research objectives and test its hypotheses, the descriptive analytical approach was used by designing a questionnaire form that was developed by the researchers based on previous literature and after conducting a set of validity and reliability tests in line with the objectives of the current study, and data were collected from (98) leaders in (5) private universities in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, represented by the universities of (Komar, Cihan, Human Development, Tishk, and Goizha). A set of statistical methods, such as dispersion coefficients and structural equation modeling, were used to analyze the data using statistical software (Amos v. 26, SPSS v. 26). The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of a positive correlation between the study variables (strategic physiognomy, entrepreneurial agility, and strategic excellence), as well as the existence of a significant impact of strategic physiognomy and its dimensions on strategic excellence. In addition, the impact of strategic physiognomy on strategic excellence increases when entrepreneurial agility is present as a mediating variable. Hence, a set of conclusions were indicated that would help in proposing a number of recommendation, the most important of which is the need for private universities to focus on achieving strategic excellence through practicing the dimensions of strategic physiognomy by their leaders, as well as ensuring entrepreneurial agility within them.

    10.26750/s49kgt44 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1113-1129

    The Meanings of Single-Letter Particles in the Book Ṣarf al-ʿInāyah fī Kashf al-Kifāyah by al-Baytūshī (d. 1221 AH).

    Mohsin Hassan Awla, Amir Rafiq Awla

    This study inspects the syntactic and semantic orientation of the Quranic quotation in monogram, in the book "Sarf al-Inayah fi Kashf al-Kifayah" by the Kurdish scholar Abdullah al-Baytushi (d. 1221 AH). This is the second explanation on his poem "Kifayat al-Ma'ani fi Huruf al-Ma'ani". It addresses to focus on and explain the letters of meaning in grammar. In his clarification of the letters of meaning , he compromised poetic verses he composed himself, evidence of several grammatical matters related to the meanings of the letters. Al-Baytoushi’s technique in explanation is distinguished by analytical precision and dependence on the speech of grammarians who came before him. Al-Baytoushi relied in his book on authentic, reliable sources, from the Qur’an, Hadeeth, and poetry. He mentions his unique opinion , the opinions he preferred, the raised objections , and the corrections . He adopted the method of selection and preference without bias toward among the schools concerning explaining the meanings of the connotations of letters according to the alphabetical sequence, and adherence to monogram, double, triple, quadruple, and quintuple letters with guidance in syntactic analysis. His book shows his efforts to simplify complex syntactic issues for students, via methodological explanations, illustrative examples, and subjection to the scholars’ opinion and discussing objectively. The research focused on the Qur’anic evidence cited by Al-Baytoushi in his book for the meanings of monograms and explaining the letters, cited by many of Qur’anic verses , we’ll devote to the grammatical and semantic explanation. We’ll discuss the monograms, that their structure consists of one letter, depending on the descriptive analytical method, for reaching the result of this analysis.

    10.26750/41cham82 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1130-1158

    The Jurisprudence of Balancing in International Relations

    Ahmed Mohammed Amin Abdalla, Ibrahim Ahmed Sleman

    In this study, entitled “The Jurisprudence of Balancing in International Relations: Applied Models, the researcher examines the jurisprudence of balancing (Fiqh al-Muwazanat), as an independent science within Islamic jurisprudence. The study includes a definition of this field, then outlines the various types of balancing. And substantiates its legitimacy with evidence derived from the Qur’an, the Sunnah, scholarly consensus, and rational deduction, The study also highlights the dispersed contributions of classical scholars in this field, the researcher outlines the necessary regulations and criteria for applying, particularly in weighing benefitsand harms and explains the significance of balancing conflicting interests and how to prioritize between them in cases of contradiction. Then the researcher explains the subject of international relations in Islam. It includes the definition of Ilm al-Siyar (Biography) according to ancient scholars and the concept of international relations among contemporaries. he examines the foundation of international relations in Islamic jurisprudence, drawing on evidence from the Qur’an, the Sunnah, events from the biography of Muhammad(ﷺ), the actions of the Rashidun Caliphs, and Islamic history, and he refers to the stages of development of international relations among scholars, and the researcher explains the distinct characteristics of Islamic international relations, which are characterized by a set of values and principles that distinguish it from others. Finally, the researcher presents practical models demonstrating the process of balancing benefits and harms in matters pertaining to international relations, and explains how to balance interests and harms in these models, and how to weigh up if they conflict.

    10.26750/s0ymx597 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1159-1183

    The Role of Strategic Agility in Organizational Sustainability

    Ismail Mahmoud Younis, Zana Majed Sadq, Amer Abdulla Majid Othman

    The objective of this research is to investigate how strategic agility, as embodied by its three dimensions (opportunity exploration, opportunity exploitation, and structural agility) can support organizational sustainability, which is mirrored in its economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The research issue stems from the inadequate comprehension and implementation of strategic agility and its role in attaining organizational sustainability in Erbil's private universities. The study's entire framework is centered on determining the central research topic, which poses important queries regarding the nature of the connection and its consequences between organizational sustainability and strategic agility. A conceptual model created to answer these concerns, and it has two hypotheses that have been examined using the proper statistical methods. Using a pre-made questionnaire, the study collected primary data using a descriptive analytical methodology. All of the faculty members from eight carefully chosen private universities in Erbil made up the study population. 375 of the 410 surveys that were sent were returned, and 356 of those were judged suitable for statistical examination. To evaluate the suggested hypotheses, data were analyzed using AMOS (Version 24) and SPSS (Version 24). At both the overall and dimensional levels, the statistical findings showed important effects and significant positive correlations between organizational sustainability and strategic agility. The study suggests implementing strategic agility as a crucial strategic technique to improve organizational sustainability in private colleges in light of these findings.

    10.26750/s279te86 1 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1184-1202

    A Pragmatic Analysis Impersonal Deixis in the book “Barzani and the Kurdish Liberation Movement" by President Masoud Barzani

    Rebwar Abdullah Khattab, Aras Siso Abdullah

    Deictic expressions play an essential role in enhancing textual clarity and coherence. They enable the writer to conveying events accurately and clearly, and help the reader understand these events without ambiguity, and making it easier to follow their chronological and spatial sequence, highlights the role of those who carried them out the, and the distribution of roles to the characters involved. Additionally, they function as cohesive devices linking sentences and paragraphs, thereby contributing to a unified textual structure. This study focuses impersonal deixis in "Barzani and the Kurdish Liberation Movement" by President Masoud Barzani, aiming to explore its function in reference resolution and meaning construction. the study adopts a descriptive-analytical method to examine the forms and functions of deictic elements within the text. Then the research analyzed the most important indicative signs and how they affect the expression of meanings and their usage in the text. This analysis reveals that the author strategically employed these expressions to strengthen discourse cohesion and establish semantic connectivity across textual segments.

    10.26750/yd1prj93 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1203-1228

    The Role of Green Marketing in Strategic Awareness

    Kamaran Abdalrahman M Amin, Bestoon Othman

    This study aims to clarify and analyze the relationship between green marketing, as the independent variable, and strategic awareness as the dependent variable, through a field study conducted at the University of Raparin, a public university located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Green marketing was examined through several dimensions, including waste elimination or reduction, redesigning the product/service concept, and clarifying the relationship between price and cost. Strategic awareness included both internal and external dimensions. Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of administrators, academics, and students. Out of 470 questionnaires distributed, 405 were returned, and 383 were deemed valid for analysis. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach using various statistical tools through Excel and SPSS to test the hypotheses. The results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between green marketing and strategic awareness at both the overall and dimensional levels. This indicates that adopting green marketing practices enhances individuals' awareness of environmental dimensions and supports sustainability-based strategic planning. The study recommends adopting green marketing as a strategic tool within the educational policies of the University of Raparin and integrating strategic awareness as a core element in developing sustainable institutional performance. It also calls for future comparative studies across different sectors and proposes a long-term practical model that integrates environmental management and green marketing to build a smart and green university environment.

    10.26750/p2gkv917 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1229-1244

    The Effect of Using the Training Method in Learning Some Shooting Skills in Basketball for First-Year Students in The Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Koya University

    Behzad Abdul Qadir Abdullah Amin

    This research aims to identify the effect of the training method in learning shooting skills in basketball. The experiment was conducted on the first-stage students. Two groups were involved in this experiment (A, B) with total number of (69) students. Group (A) was the experimental group with (20) participants and Group (B) was the control group with (20) participants. A number of female and male students who play basketball were excluded because they did not attend the tests and to achieve homogeneity between the two groups, the number became (40) students distributed between the two groups. The researcher uses the experimental method because it is appropriate for the nature of the research problem. The researcher assumed the existence of statistically significant differences between the training method and the command method. The implementation of the main experiment took (4) weeks, with two hours per week, and there were (8) educational units. The researcher used appropriate statistical treatments, and the results were significant differences between the students of the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group, in shooting skills (free throw, slam dunk, and jumping). The researcher recommends the necessity of using various methods and approaches to increase the rate of learning among students, in addition to benefiting from the methods for all educational stages. Results were obtained showing statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-tests, by using various methods and approaches in learning.

    10.26750/mhg4pv69 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1245-1264

    The Figurative İmage İn Adnan Al-Sayigh's Poetry in Adnan Al-Sayegh's Poetry

    Lamia Yassin Hamza, Shazad Karim Othman

    Adnan Al-Sayegh is a modern poet, one of the pioneers of modernity and prose poetry, who carries a great deal of pain, alienation, and longing for the land of Iraq. He embodies all this suffering in figurative images of (simile, metaphor, and metonymy), which have the most prominent presence in his poetry. Therefore, our study focused on the figurative language in Adnan Al-Sayegh's poetry through a rhetorical analysis of his verses, as his poetry is rich in figurative images that convey the creator's ideas and visions, in addition to faithfully expressing his emotions. This study contributed to examining these images to highlight their rhetorical values, which play a role in deepening the idea and clarifying the meaning. Since the rhetorical aspect does not reveal the beauty of the text without understanding and analyzing it, we turned to critical study to interpret and delve into the analysis of poetic texts. In light of the critical study, poetic texts are interpreted and understood. The research addressed the study of simile through simple and compound similes, as well as metaphor in all its forms. Metonymy was studied through the metonymy of quality, the metonymy of the described, and the metonymy of relation, with poetic texts mentioned for each topic to prove the point and express the poet's ability to exploit rhetorical arts to present modern conceptual imagery. I relied on the analytical descriptive method to clarify the poetic texts. At the end of the research, the findings were presented, demonstrating how Adnan Al-Sayegh skillfully conveyed his ideas with high capability through his artistic rhetorical tools, which he employed in a way that serves the poetic text.

    10.26750/69fv4874 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1265-1290

    Building and Implementing a Scale for the Problems and Obstacles Faced by Football Players from the Perspective of the Fans of Duhok and Zakho Clubs

    Jameel Ahmad Hussen, Nihad Ibrahim Teib, Sarbaz Braim Khdir

    The research aims to: develop a scale to measure the problems and obstacles faced by football players from the audience's perspective, and identify the obstacles and problems faced by football players from the audience's perspective. The descriptive approach was chosen because it is appropriate for the nature of the research. The research community consists of fans who follow football matches in sports stadiums during the 2024-2025 season, numbering approximately 50,000 in Dohuk Province. The research sample was deliberately selected, numbering 508 individuals, representing 1.02% of the total population. A scale consisting of twenty-three items was created, and the discriminant validity and internal consistency of the scale were found, and the stability of the scale was determined. Statistical methods were used, including arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation coefficient, t-test for independent samples, and percentage to analyses the results and obtain the research objectives. After collecting the public's opinions on the obstacles, the following results were obtained: A scale with high scientific validity (in terms of reliability, stability, and objectivity) was obtained, which can be used to identify obstacles and problems facing football from the audience's point of view. The following obstacles were identified: 1- The following obstacles appeared repeatedly: a) Do injuries and suspensions affect the match and the players? b) Are the players affected?

    10.26750/jznzmj91 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1291-1318

    Consolation in the Qur’an

    Amin Hussein Amin Ahmad, Jihad Qadir Ali

    There are certain circumstances and conditions that both the individual and society pass, wherein they need something that shares the burden with them or alleviates their sorrow and distress. In addition to giving steadiness to the heart, strengthening emotional composure, encouraging determination, and offering empathy and consolation. From this premise our study emerges, titled “Consolation in the Qur’an: A Semantic Study.” It addresses the concept of consolation, as it is one of the significant themes in human experience and has been recognized since early times. Noting that humans as living beings are subject to change by the events unfolding around them as they are evolving. Consolation is a recognized concept in Islam, so long as it remains within the bounds of Islamic law. The Noble Qur’an was revealed by Allah, and the Messengers (peace be upon them) were sent with a comprehensive message that attends to both the external conduct and the internal emotional state. This divine message directs the believer toward fulfillment of their purpose on earth. Numerous verses in the Qur’an articulate meanings related to consolation and support. Upon examining the Qur’anic scholarly interpretations, we find that the interpreters employed a variety of expressions to convey the semantic field of consolation, including terms such as solace, compassion, and condolence. The study is divided into three areas of focus: the first explores the concept of consolation, its meanings, and its lexical equivalents; the second examines the recipients of consolation in the Qur’an; and the third addresses the psychological and spiritual impact of consolatory verses in the context of confronting tribulations. The study includes an introduction, a conclusion, and a comprehensive list of primary and secondary sources.

    10.26750/hyz52817 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1319-1338

    The Structures of The Active and Passive Participles and Their Implications in the Authentic Narrations on Trails in Two Authentic Collections

    Asos Hassan Hamad, Abdulrahman Azez Mustafa

    Derivative patterns are considered as one of the prominent features of morphology, which gives prophetic narrations a particular quality distinguishes it with other categories. However, as they are not solely limited to the morphological levels alone, they can also interact with other linguistic levels including sound, structure, and meaning. Furthermore, in the narrations of the prophet (peace be upon him), derivative patterns have a crucial role, in which they can enhance the text with deep meaning and often provide a refinement of the meaning. This shows the clarity of the Messenger’s expression. Altogether, these distinctive features can help shape the foundations of the Arabic linguistic system especially in modern studies. We can observe underline meanings when carefully analyzing the texts. In this study, we aim to shed light on the importance of derivative patterns, focusing particularly on the Active Participle and Passive Participle in the narrations of Fitan (Tribulations), and exploring how they function linguistically. The study of derivatives holds of great importance particularly for students of the language and scholars as well, since it strengthens their understanding of Arabic and broadens their linguistic perspectives. In addition, the prophetic narrations have always been a suitable example for studies of derivative patterns, especially those that have to do with morphological and derivative patterns. Over the centuries, both classic and modern scholars have explored these forms in depth, uncovering underlying layers of linguistic and semantic meanings. Thus, when looking closely at these patterns, we understand that each carries its own meaning. For this reason, it is essential for every student of language to master these patterns and develop a solid understanding of how they work.

    10.26750/gtxtbg50 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1339-1364

    Parental Emotional Support and Its Relation to the Psychological Adjustment of Children with Chronic Illnesses

    Kadhim Zrar Ahmed Gzal, Jeyran Sabah Abdulla

    Chronic diseases are among the main challenges affecting children’s mental health, as they cause pressures that may lead to difficulties in psychological adjustment. Parental emotional support plays an important role in reducing these effects and enhancing children’s ability to cope with their illness. This study aimed to identify the level of parental emotional support provided to children with chronic diseases, to examine their level of psychological adjustment according to gender, and to determine the correlation between parental emotional support and psychological adjustment. The validity and reliability of the scales were verified and applied to a random sample of (194) children with chronic diseases. The results showed that the sample had a high level of parental emotional support and a high level of psychological adjustment. Gender had no significant effect, and there was a positive and significant correlation between parental emotional support and psychological adjustment.

    10.26750/6gyzjd12 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1365-1376

    The 2014 Yazidi Genocide and its Reflection in New and International Media

    Jaza Ahmed fars, Rebin Abdalrahman Fatah

    Genocide is considered an international crime. In 2014, the Yazidis faced genocide at the hands of the terrorist organization (ISIS). In this tragedy, thousands of women, men, children, youth and the elderly were genocided. It is known that the massacre committed by ISIS against the Shiite people in Sinjar means the extermination and attempts to erase a religious community, because thousands of women were kidnapped, raped and treated as slaves in the market, and the fate of some of them is still unknown. This religion is also practiced in Kurdistan, Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Turkey, etc. Crimes included mass murder, kidnapping, trafficking in women and children, and forced conversion. As several international legal reports have revealed, the complete extermination or destruction of the essence of the Yazidis as an ethnic group, and the Yazidi community suffered great psychological and social damage, most of the Yazidi areas were destroyed by the attacks. Therefore, most Yezidis have not yet recovered from the psychological effects of the genocide. This study is an analytical study to present the role of new media in the recognition and dissemination of the genocide of the Yazidis worldwide. In this paper we will answer the following questions: What is genocide? What is new media? How did the Yazidis face genocide? What is the role of the new media in the issue of publicizing and recognizing the genocide of the Yazidis? To answer these questions in this research we have used several methods including: descriptive, analytical and historical methods, each of these methods according to the needs of our research. It is important to note that the importance of this study lies in the fact that during our research we found that until the writing of this study, there has been little research in this field that links the new media to the issue of recognizing the Yazidi genocide.

    10.26750/gxkv0v26 2 views Read article