Issue 2

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-27

   Selection of the most suitable place for tourism development in Soran and Rawandz districts based on the method (AHP)

   Rebaz luqman mustafa, muhamad abdulfatah abdulkhalq, Avan Aras xalid

   The tourism sector has become one of the most dynamic and influential components of national economy. It is considered as one of the sectors on which the national economy is built and its contribution to the countries gross domestic product is increasing day by day. The objective of this study is to develop a scenario for tourism development by creating a model for selecting the most appropriate location for the study area. The importance of this research is that it is a scientific attempt to draw a scenario for tourism development in (Soran and Rawandz) using the AHP method to select the most suitable place for tourism development. This research uses descriptive and practical analysis methods, descriptive methods to analyze the natural and human aspects of tourism, analytical and practical methods to analyze data and information and create scenarios for the future of tourism development in the region Tourism development in Soran and Ruandz, which are the levels of (very suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, low and limited suitable, unsuitable) which accounted for (35.05%, 15.63%, 16.19%, 34.35% and 8.77%) of the total study area. The research proposal is to try to expand and develop the identified areas according to the model of identifying suitable locations for tourism development.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 28-57

   Analysis Of the Relationship Between Vegetation and Surface Temperature in Pishdar District, During the Years (1994-2024) Using Remote Sensing

   Sarbaz Ahmed Mustafa, Azad Othman Rasul

   The analysis of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) is very important for understanding the relationship between vegetation and land surface temperature in Pshdar District. Changes in vegetation cover can be a factor for temperature rise due to the replacement of barren or green lands with urban areas. The objective of this research is to understand the change in vegetation cover and land surface temperature using remote sensing, and to investigate the relationship between LST changes and vegetation cover changes. In this study, Sentinel-2 satellite images were used for seasonal vegetation comparison, and Landsat-5 satellite images for the years (1994-2004) and Landsat-8 satellite images for the years (2014-2024), including OLI and TIRS sensors, were used for calculating Land Surface Temperature (LST) and vegetation cover mapping in the study area through the use of ENVI 5.3, ArcGIS 10.4, Google Earth Engine, and Python 3.9.15 programming software. We classified our study area into four categories: bare land areas, low vegetation areas, medium vegetation areas, and dense vegetation areas. The results show that a moderate inverse relationship with a value of R = -0.590 was found between NDVI and LST, where increased NDVI corresponds to decreased temperature in vegetation areas. This study utilises satellite data to understand the relationship between vegetation and surface temperature in Pishdar district, which is useful for environmental planning and climate change mitigation.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 58-68

   The Embodiment of Euphemism in The Novel “Berchavka Jadoyi” By (Hassan Ibrahim)

   Dewlet Mohammed Ahmed, Shvan Qasim Hassan, Abduqader Nori Abdulkareem, Haval Abdullah Hussein

   Euphemism is a concept of practical linguistics that refers to the use of attractive, beautiful and orderly words instead of inappropriate words for social, economic, political and religious reasons ...etc. Literature as one of the most important fields in which euphemisms are used to convey their main message effectively and powerfully through literary texts. Literary through paying attention to the principle of emotion Avoid unpleasant and bad words and expressions. The novel (Magical Classes) as a literary genre contains many euphemistic words and expressions in both overt and hidden forms, which reflect the thoughts and opinions of the novelist Lexical-semantic interpretation is explained, as well as the role of these words and expressions of euphemism Two main types of euphemisms (open and hidden) have been identified Obviously, the most important goals of research.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 69-87

   The Role of the Citizens in the State of Social Contract Theories

   Nazar Ahmed Yahya

   thinkers believe that from the beginning of the humankind lived by natural laws, thus acted according to their own laws and wishes that's why there was a lot of friction and chaos between them. later humankind made deals and started organizing their matters. the will of the people became the center and that is where civil laws took over. this way the civil community and the governments have come together and the societies had the ability to fulfill people's desires. this study aims to analyze the ways of social contract theories and will depend on thinkers like: thomas hobbes, john locke and jean jacques rousseau in an attempt to find a solution for all the problems, disputes and accidents by the way of today's system of governments where the will of the people or the benevolent minority dominate over the decision of states. accordingly, a government becomes the cause of happiness for citizens in a qualitative style and proportion in terms of citizens’ participation. this means that people are part of the governance and have the right to political participation despite many different points that will be exposed by researcher via contract theories.Both analytical and comparative methods were used in this study.

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 88-110

   The Concept of Heritage‎ and Composed Songs and Their Reflection as An Instrumental Method in Kurdish Music.

   Bekas Abdulqader Abdal, Amanj Ghazi Shaker

   Heritage and composed songs are two fundamental bases of the Kurdish structural music, which differ in their foundation, characteristics, and radiance. This study is based on a doctoral dissertation entitled “The Vitalization of Kurdish Folk, National, and Composed Songs in the Practical Methodology of the Qanun Instrument.” It aims to analyze the melodic structures and features of these types of songs, and it also shows their usage in the practical methodology of the Qanun instrument. In addition, it investigates the distinction between these kinds of songs. The researcher selects three representative examples from original Kurdish music for each kind, including heritage, national, and composed songs, to shed light on the impact of the culture and society on the selected songs. It also emphasizes the importance of incorporating Kurdish folk, national, and composed songs into an academic format that preserves their richness, history, and identity. Moreover, it concentrates on the inventions and abilities of Kurdish musicians and preserves their original Kurdish music. Furthermore, it helps people to distinguish between different moods, rhythms, and forms of different Kurdistan regions and distance them from the influences of foreign music, which is crucial for maintaining the authenticity of Kurdish musical identity across generations and geographic areas.

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 111-129

   The Social Services of the Kurdish Emirates

   Harun Mahmoud Karim, Hussein Mohammed Saleh

   This historical study analyzes the role of Kurdish emirs, notably the Hasanwayhids and Marwanids, in developing their emirates' infrastructure. The research reveals their governance stemmed from a strategic vision that integrated security, economic growth, scientific advancement, and social welfare. Key infrastructural projects, including the construction of fortifications and bridges, were vital for protecting borders and facilitating trade. These developments, alongside major urban projects, demonstrate a conscious policy to build a strong, stable state. In the scientific and cultural spheres, the emirs actively supported scholars by establishing mosques as learning centers, funding academics, and creating public libraries, such as during the era of Marwanid Emir Nasr al-Dawla. This fostered a vibrant intellectual environment. The study also highlights an advanced system of social and health services, evidenced by the establishment of sophisticated hospitals, the recruitment of renowned physicians, and a focus on public hygiene. This commitment reflects a high degree of civic planning and concern for public well-being. The research concludes by emphasizing the importance of charitable works and the waqf (endowment) system as a core part of the emirs' social policy. By aiding the poor and securing pilgrimage routes, these philanthropic efforts served a humanitarian purpose while strengthening the relationship between the government and its people, which in turn reinforced social stability.

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 130-158

   The State of Formal Education in the City of Ranya, 1991–2003

   Soran Hussein Mustafa, Dara Tawfeeq Kaka Amin

   Educational institutions in the Kurdistan Region have deep historical roots, since education is a special system within the frameworks of social interaction and it is a social institution, serving as a driver for advancing society to a more developed stage. In this system, the school is considered one of the main pillars of education, while the teacher has a central influence on the process, with the aim of preparing students to take on constructive roles and promote enlightenment. Therefore, presenting a realistic picture of the educational situation in Ranya reflects the pedagogical condition of an important historical period in this city. Since education is one of the essential elements of culture, and also a producer of a type of culture, it holds significant importance in shaping a worldview among individuals that prepares them for a successful life. From this perspective, the aim of this study is to portray the general state of education in the city of Ranya—whether it was in decline and regression, or in a state of ongoing development. Accordingly, the research evaluates the efforts of international organizations and Resolution (986) in terms of their impact on the field of education in Ranya, which contributed to revitalizing the educational process during that period. This study relies on the historical-descriptive method to analyze the educational context of the time, with the purpose of highlighting both the strengths and weaknesses of the educational situation, as well as the obstacles that negatively affected it, resulting in a condition full of shortcomings and limitations. Based on this, the study is structured into five main sections that examine the educational conditions and challenges in Ranya after the uprising.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 159-189

   The Role of Social Media in Marketing Health Services in the Kurdistan Region

   Sherko Abdalahman Hamad, Bahadin Ahmad Mohammad

   This paper, entitled "The Role of Social Media in the Marketing of Healthcare Services in the Kurdistan Region," is an academic attempt to decide about how much social media is in use in the area to help in the advancement of healthcare services. With a focus on all medical services at Raparin Administration, it makes use of a descriptive qualitative approach, which is one of the best methods in the field of Media. All the medical organizations at Raparin Administration have been used as the medium of the study, where a standardized academic interview form has been created by the researcher to gather information, opinions, and insights from all these organizations about how they use social media for the goals of healthcare service marketing. Therefore, the researcher has made an interview with seven administrative medical officials in the area and has taken all of their suggestions and opinions into careful consideration along with providing them with accurate analysis. The most important conclusion drawn by the researcher after careful analysis of the data and information, is that social media is a key factor in health care marketing, with an impact rate of 33.57%. This shows that social media platforms have a great role in the promotion of healthcare services in the Kurdistan Region. Additionally, the results also show that most health facilities mainly depend on Facebook, as their key channel, to publish advertisements and introduce their business, their products as well as their medical services.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 190-218

   Democracy from Citizens’ Perspective

   Jalal Ahmed Abdullah

   The main aim of the study was to accomplish an exploratory execution of the citizens’ conceptualization of democracy. To achieve this goal, the researchers relied on qualitative design to conduct in-depth semi-open interviews with 24 citizens from the IKR, residing in the governorates of Erbil, Duhok, Sulaymaniyah, Halabja, and several autonomous administrations. Then, the results were summarized within several themes, such as: democracy as rights, freedom, equality and social justice; Democracy is the best political system and form of governance; Democracy is not just a Western way of life; democracy is a utopia; Democracy and religion will not be an alternative to each other. At the same time, the results of the study showed that those who have a positive view toward democracy, often stem from exigencies and expectations placed on democracy, particularly in its political dimension, especially in terms of providing the right to participate, freedom of expression, social justice in terms of distribution of wealth, roles and positions, equality before the law and providing opportunities. However, in its social and cultural facets, and as a result of comments about some of the outcomes and consequences of democracy in western countries in particular, the desire for democracy among Kurdistan citizens is lower.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 219-236

    The Exchange of Gifts between the Mamluk Rulers and the Islamic Forces

    Jwtyar Khalid Hassan, Ahmed Radha Ahmed

    In the second half of the seventh century of the Islamic calendar and the second half of the thirteenth century AD, the political relationship between the Mamluk state in Egypt and Levant and the Islamic leaders in the area was significantly improved. Such relationships, known as ‘Diplomatic relationships’, were established through the exchange of delegations and letters as well as signing memorandums of understanding, which in effect directly influenced political and military decisions. The Mamluk rulers paid special attentions to their gifts which were an integral part of their diplomatic ties; valuable gifts affected important political aspects, The value and significance of the Mamluk state's gifts had an impact on several important political aspects, such as the annual renewal of the Kaaba's covering by the sultans. This was intended to solidify and legitimize Mamluk authority over the entire Islamic world as the primary representative of Muslims. On the other hand, it served to strengthen diplomatic relations with neighbouring regions, resolve conflicts between states and political forces, and endeavour to establish security and safety among the parts of the Islamic state. This was to ensure that Muslims could conduct their economic transactions. They also sought to demonstrate their power and prestige through the sending of valuable and rare gifts, such as jewelry, gold, cosmetic items, and precious stones, which was a suitable way to showcase the power and wealth of the Mamluk state.

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 237-253

    Kurdish and Arab views on folklore and the cultural dimension of heritage

    Yousif Ali Abdulrhman

    This research, entitled (Arab and Kurdish views on heritage and folklore), is an attempt to clarify the Arab and Kurdish views that were mentioned on the terms heritage and folklore. As it is known, the Arab and Kurdish peoples possess a broad culture and there are points of convergence and sharing between them, especially in the field of heritage, and I touched on This study also aims to define the term heritage and explain its concept in general, Heritage is the cultural identity of nations, without which they would dwindle and disintegrate internally, and might culturally merge into one of the strong global cultural and civilizational currents. As for them, they exposed to this disintegration and are driven by a steady force towards the different global currents, and we can sense the reasons for that or some of them in the nature of heritage on the one hand, and in the way of benefiting from it on the other hand, in addition to listing opinions about folklore and its sources can be traced back to the nature of heritage, By heritage, we usually mean the intellectual and cultural legacy left behind by the ancestors of a people, Heritage may be written or preserved and passed down orally from generation to generation. This heritage reflects the image of a nation throughout its past eras. that we may become the generation that preserved, defended, and passed on heritage to future generations.

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 254-272

    Natural Education and the Principles of Epistemology by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

    Hemn Rasul Hamdamin, Muslim Hassan Mohammed

    As one of the pioneers of European Enlightenment philosophy and social covenant, Rousseau advocated freedom and public will, believing that man is endowed with this freedom by nature. A free and independent citizen learns and develops through his own natural experiences and his opinions are shaped, the individual must be in active communication with nature, sovereign over its moral and rational issues, to achieve this goal, the philosophy of natural education as one of the new directions, criticizes and rejects the directions of traditional education, so Rousseau's educational views left a strong influence on the school and philosophers after him, this influence continues to this day. Rousseau's views are mainly expressed in the book of (Emile), He believes that the education process should be in line with the stages of natural development of children, not directed by culture, processes and social agreements in society. Because nature gives man complete will and freedom from the beginning, but society and its institutions deprive him, moral values ​​and human actions are related to nature and under natural laws, not above it. Man is considered to know nature as a child, not society. This paper examines the philosophy of education from Rousseau's perspective using analytical approach. In this paper, the concept of nature in general and the nature of children and the principles of knowledge are discussed. Children's participation in the education process and empirical education reveal Rousseau's significant in the field of education.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 273-288

    Manifestation of Khayyam's Meditation in Central Kurmanji Kurdish Poetry (1920–1970)

    Karwan saleem qaitaran, Rizgar Abdulla ahmed

    Khayyam’s philosophy is extensive and profound, any attempt to define its boundaries is inadequate. Since, it is universal and it cannot be associated to a single nation or country. The poets who enter this field with distinctive ability are few but inspiring. Khayyam’s international fame reached its peak after Edward FitzGerald’s translation of his quatrains in the late nineteenth century. Besides, the universal themes of his quatrains brought him worldwide recognition, and his aesthetic ability compensated his brevity. One cannot overlook Khayyam’s impact on his neighboring Kurdish poets due to geographical and linguistic affinity. This research is titled, “Khayyam’s Philosophy as Depicted in the Middle Kurmanji Kurdish Poetry (1920-1970)”. It is a comparative investigation utilizing descriptive-analytical methodology, based on the principles of the French school of comparative literature. The study compares Khayyam’s selected quatrains that influenced certain poems of middle Kurmanji Kurdish poets during the years 1920 and 1970. It aims is to reveal Khayyam’s influence on these poets through analyzing the poetic instances. One of the notable conclusions of the research is that, Khayyam’s influence on some of these Kurdish poets was not random rather it was intentional adopted for certain purposes. At times, they even artistically recreated and enhanced Khayyam’s ideas in their poems.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 289-313

    The Role of Social Capital in Empowering Individuals for Social Development

    Lana Kawa Taib, Aram Ibrahim Hussein

    The aim of the current study is to understand the role of social capital in empowering individuals for social development. In this study, the descriptive method was employed. Erbil city is a research community and stratified random sampling was used to collect a sample of 384 individuals. A questionnaire consisting of three main sections was used to gather data from the study sample: 1) general information (gender, age, and economic status), 2) a social capital measure consisting of three dimensions (structural, communication, and cognitive), and 3) a measure of individual empowerment for social development, which consists of four dimensions (self-efficacy, social participation, internalization of values, and institutionalization). The most important results of the study were: Social capital was high in the structural and communication dimensions, but the cognitive dimension was low, indicating lack of social homogeneity. Individual empowerment is high across all four dimensions (self-efficacy, participation, internalization of social development values, and institutionalization). Regarding demographic variables, economic status had a prominent impact, in a way individuals with good economic standing exhibiting the highest levels of social capital and empowerment. Furthermore, regarding the effect of the variables on each other, social capital had a positive and strong impact on individual empowerment. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that governments and organizations should plan to strengthen social capital, particularly in the cognitive dimension, which is carried out through activities such as festivals and conferences. Supporting low-income people via financial assistance and job opportunities. Also, developing integrated programs for all dimensions of social capital (structural, communication, and cognitive).

    10.26750/zhq5jz44 2 views Read article
15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 314-329

    Cognitive developmental theory in Piaget's philosophy of education

    Dlivan Aziz Mahmod, Btool Radha Abbas

    This study investigates the principles and points of view of Jean Piaget, who was one of the most famous figures in constructivism in education. He pioneered the understanding of the mechanisms of mental and cognitive development in children. In this study, depending on Piaget's constructivist theory, we clarify the stages of psychological and cognitive development in children. Especially clarify how two different ways of development, at the same time, are deeply connected as they merge through both biological development and active environmental interaction to form the child's development. Piaget's perspectives show that psychological and cognitive development are not just innate abilities; rather, it is an active and constructive process that develops through the child's continuous interaction with the environment. In this study, through analyzing the stages of psychological and cognitive development, which includes the motor sense, pre-rational processes and meaningful thinking, we clarify that how innate maturation and external motivation are completing each other to form complex and abstract thinking. The goal of this study is to clarify that how deep understanding of these processes can have deep influence on the parents' and educators' method in educating children. Through deep understanding of Piaget's method, the educators can design appropriate setting and learning activities in which developmentally suitable and support the natural way of child's development. This Mastery motivates the educators to favor an educational method in which independence and problem- solving are prioritized instead of limiting guidelines that may prevent the child's natural growth.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 330-348

    Political Career of Nawshirwan Mustafa Amin Among the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) in Kurdistan (1958–1970)

    Hiwa Hameed Sharif, Azad Ali Maulud

    Research and investigation into the life stages of well-known and prominent figures in each society and nation - particularly those who played significant roles and whose activism influenced the events of their time - is an important task, especially for uncovering unknown aspects of those events. It also reveals their true impact and contribution to history. In the second half of the twentieth century, a number of political and military figures emerged as prominent leaders in Southern Kurdistan. Nawshirwan Mustafa Amin was one of them, leaving a lasting mark in the political, military, and intellectual spheres. This research project focuses on his role during his days in the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), which marked the beginning of his political activism. This study aims to objectively examine Nawshirwan Mustafa Amin’s true role, highlighting both his positive and negative impacts, and analyzing the underlying factors that shaped his development. To achieve this, the research employs methods of information discovery, analysis, and source comparison to uncover hidden aspects of his personality, beliefs, and political contributions. The project seeks to answer several key questions: How did his emergence and development take shape? In what ways did he use Rzgary magazine to criticize one wing of the KDP while supporting another? And why was he subjected to multiple assassination attempts and acts of political intimidation?

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 349-371

    Sensory Processing Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and its Relationship to Social Maturity and Self-injurious Behavior from the Perspective of Trainers in Autism Centers.

    Karokh Jawhar Jalal

    The aim of study is to determine the measurement of the level of sensory processing disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder and its relationship to Social Maturity and self-injurious behavior from the perspective of trainers in autism centers in Erbil Governorate. In this study, the descriptive correlational approach was utilized. After reviewing and examining previous studies, the researcher proceeded to prepare the criteria by utilizing the criteria of (Finland,1984) for social maturity and the criteria of (Hiam,2023)for self-injurious behavior. The study population consisted of behavioral therapy trainers of autistic children for the academic year of 2025–2024. The study sample consisted of(40) trainers for autistic children as follows:(29) females and (11) males. To extract psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the instruments, statistical procedures including t-test were conducted using(SPSS)software to analyze the results: there is a significant statistical difference between the arithmetic mean and the hypothetical mean in favor of the arithmetic mean, which clarifies that the level of sensory processing disorders is high in autistic children according to their levels of involvement from perspective of the study sample. Regarding determining the level of relationship between variables, it was found that there is a strong Positive statistical correlation at the indicator level(p<.05) between sensory processes disorders and self-injurious. it was found that there is a strong Negative statistical correlation between sensory processes disorders and Social Maturity in children with autism. Given the results, the researcher made some recommendations for future studies.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 372-390

    Violence Between the Imagined Image and the Embodied Image

    Dilshad Mustafa

    Recent studies have indicated that a large part of the life of human societies in general and Eastern societies in particular is dominated by violence, and one can say that it has become a feature of the daily scene or part of the picture that we must see every day. This violence takes different forms and reaches public spaces in several ways. We see that media, social media, movies, and stories are full of various kinds. This phenomenon can be an influential force that puts our lives in even greater danger if it is not dealt with in a correct scientific framework. In particular, images of trauma were fully embodied. This occurred when image occupied a lot of space and became an important part of people's everyday lives. Most social media platforms are gradually moving away from words and moving towards images as a powerful means of expression, the effects of which are clearer, faster, and stronger. It is clear that extremist groups have resorted to producing images of violence and tyranny to deal with people's minds and create psychological and emotional pressure. Dealing with the power of embodied images in the formation of impressions requires strong theoretical support that can explain the pressure exerted by the momentum of the embodied image on people's minds from different angles, and monitor how they obey their commands in the spirit of creating another kind of supposed reality that these groups want to impose as embodied reality. This study examines the power of violent images, their effects on the recipient’s soul, and the factors underlying the production of these images, and attempts to compare them with the imagined images that are formed through oral or written narration away from the embodiment and its effects. It also explains the strength and dominance of the embodiment in front of the imaginary. The questions in this study revolve around the assumption that narrative images in various literary fields, or oral narrative mechanisms, are transformed into represented images, processed through advanced cinematographic techniques, and try to explore the differences in the forced installation and the impact on the recipient.

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 391-413

    The Role of Urbanization in the Modernization of Social Values with in the Kurdish Family

    Akar Salam Bakr, Shvan Esmael Hamad

    Urbanization is one of the most crucial worldwide phenomena which functions as a major operator of social and cultural changes. In Kurdish society, especially in Erbil city, there has been rapid urban developments in the last few decades, which has been the reason for the creation of a dynamic interplay between traditional values and modern lifestyles. The main objective of this research is to explore the role of urbanization in the transformation of social values within Kurdish families. The study aims to examine the extent to which modern values are adopted, the impact of the urban environment on family structure and behavior. To achieve these objectives, a quantitative research method was followed, and a questionnaire tool was used to collect data. The research population consisted of families in the city of Erbil, and a purposive sample of 390 families was selected from 13 different neighborhoods of the city, representing various levels of social and economic status. The reliability of the research scale was 86.22%, and the placement (Cronbach's Alpha) was 0.771, which indicates a high level of reliability. The main findings of the research reveal that the process of modernization within Kurdish families is complex. On one hand, there is a noticeable acceptance of certain modern values, such as mixed-gender education. The research also discovered a strong relationship between new media and consumer culture. Moreover, differences in lifestyles between the various neighborhoods of the city were identified, which reflects the diversity of urban culture.

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20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 414-426

    The Death of God and the Return of Glory to Human in Nietzsche's Perspective.

    Abdalla Mohammed Abdalla, Hassan Hussein Siddiq

    This study employs a phenomenological method to investigate fried riches. From Nietzsche's perspective, there is no religious or metaphysical entity that determines human destiny, imposes structure upon reality, or dictates a framework of "oughts" and "ought-nots. " Rather, God is an illusion—an empty construct. There exists no powerful, awe-inspiring being to fear or to submit to. . Through such a brave act, he masters both fear and the god who inspires it. Instead of pleading and praising, he gives meaning to his own life—or, in other words, he becomes himself. He recognizes no creator god other than himself, for only then can we say that life and the universe are purposeful and designed—if there is a spider-like architect behind them, weaving a web. But when such a spider-like god does not exist, what can the celestial and the cosmos possibly do in a harmonious manner? Consequently, nothing remains of the supposed purpose and design of the cosmos and the heavens. In this way, human is liberated from the idealistic illusion of a designer deity, as well as from the fear, dread, and punishment imposed by the god of religion. "

    10.26750/f9450e69 2 views Read article
21. 21
    Social Science Original Research pp. 427-442

    The Power of Voice and Expression in the Theater We don't have time for songs for example

    Omid Reza Hamalan, Keyfi Ahmed Abdulqadir

    This study investigates the significance of voice and body gestures of the actors’ performance in the theatre. Despite understanding the value of voice and body movements، they are often considered as two different and separate subjects rather than as complementary artistic components. This direction has created a gap in analysing how they interact as a unique artistic unit. Therefore، this study fills this gap. The main objective of this study is to assure how the artistic combination of voice and body movement can provide vivid and believable characters along with transferring deep emotions to the audiences. In the theoretical framework، this work is consisting of two essential sections. The first section deals with introducing concepts such as scientific definition of voice، expressing approaches، vocal features (tone and rhythm) and role of body gestures. Secondly، practical sides and necessary exercises are highlighted. Using descriptive-analytical approach، the study analyses theatrical show of (We Do not have time for singing) in the practical part. The study asserts how actors convey their feelings of frustration، anger، love and regret due to melodiousness of voice and movements. The essential findings assure that voice is not only a means of transferring sounds، but also a mirror of the actor’s heart. Whenever the voice integrates totally with the body movements، acting accomplishes an effective high-level. Finally، the study recommends actors and directors should concentrate more on joint training through which voice and body are managed as an integrated unit.

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22. 22
    Social Science Original Research pp. 443-461

    The Philosophy of Education from the Perspective of Modern Philosophy

    Kewan Muhammed Abdulla, Batool Radha Abas

    This research focuses on the theory of education in modern times especially in John Locke’s perspective, the founder of empiricism and the school of natural education, through analysing Locke’s main thoughts. It focuses on the relation between child’s education and concepts of goodness, virtue, freedom, religion and politics. Due to his experience in philosophy and education, he participated in development of educational thoughts. Locke has talked about four types of education; which are Virtue Education, Wisdom Education (Wisdom), Breeding Education and Learning Education (Learning). He has put a major emphasize on the physical education and gave it an important place in his education system. He has earned a big pride in developing the concept of educational philosophy during the century he lived in. He has established the pillars and foundation of education, provided a clear path for mentors and teachers in educating children. He also added another important element to the concept of the core educational philosophy on the nature of the student which is the “Blank Slates” (Tabula Rasa), which refers to the idea that human mind right after birth is totally void of any ideas or innate memories, rather ideas and experiences are obtained from the environment in which the child is growing in, or through those principles that the society is providing. Locke believes children can be prepared for any specific field through education, which involves physical, behavioural and mind education. The aim of Locke’s education in children is the subjects of education in relation to goodness, virtue and reaching completeness. The virtue Locke is talking about is earned through intensive physical and mental education.

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23. 23
    Social Science Original Research pp. 462-483

    Body Language as a Teaching and Learning Aid in the Educational Process (Primary Stage as an Example)

    SHERZAD ABDALKARIM QADIR, Nawzad Anwar Omar

    This study focuses on paying attention to body language, mime, and nonverbal communication in the teaching and educational process, specifically in the primary stage. Facial expressions, eye contact, body posture, hand and foot movements, and body language are an essential part of conveying emotions, ideas, and intentions. Approximately 50-70 percent of communication is conveyed through body language, which is highly influential in terms of student involvement and understanding. Body language can help the teacher create a positive classroom environment, foster confidence and a strong teacher-student relationship, and help maintain classroom control within limits. Proper nonverbal messages and body language will help in capturing the interest of students, understanding them better, and learn more. Moreover, educators should know how to compromise their cultural differences in body language to prevent misunderstanding and communication failure. Lastly, the research suggests the conscious usage of body language in the teaching process, which is clearly essential in the process of success and shaping individuals in their learning process. Body language is very effective in establishing relationships, student engagement, and understanding, and this plays a significant role when it comes to teaching a language and education in general. As such, educators should apply body language in a positive conscious manner in order to develop an effective and healthy learning environment.

    10.26750/3y643904 2 views Read article
24. 24
    Social Science Original Research pp. 484-509

    Kamal Fuad's Role and Stance in the Kurdistan Parliament During its First and Transitional Cabinet (1992 - 2005) A Historical Study

    Amanj Mohammedamin Abdullah, Dara Tawfeeq Kaka Amin

    Researching intellectual and political figures is crucial for historical research. However, it can be challenging, especially if they have had a significant impact on their lives and played a significant role in their nation's liberation movement. Their activities and influences can foster positive relationships with their surroundings, leading to higher levels of success. Kamal Fouad, a Kurdish thinker, politician, linguist, and writer, is a patriotic figure with a positive attitude. The significance of this research stems from the fact that Kamal Fouad played an important role in a number of important laws and decisions during his tenure as Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Speaker of Parliament, including the drafting of the Kurdistan Region's constitution, the issuance of a federal decree for the Iraqi constitution, and the recognition of Anfal crimes and the chemical bombing of the Kurdish people as genocide. The research aims to present Kamal Fouad's role in the Kurdistan parliament and analyze his views on people's lives and livelihoods. It also examines his linguistic and academic fingerprints on the parliament's laws and decisions. In addition to descriptive and narrative methods, this study aims to objectively investigate events and attitudes through legislative discussions, which will yield significant results.

    10.26750/h1ma4v50 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 510-558

    Phonological Atlas of the District of Koya

    Hemn Abdulhameed Shams

    A phonological atlas is a type of linguistic atlas that specializes in recording the rules, phonetic phenomena, and phonological changes in a particular language or dialect, in order to clarify phonetic changes within a specific geographical area. A field study in Applied Linguistics. This study explores the phonological features of the Central Kurdish dialect (Sorani) in the Koya region. Divided into three chapters, the first provides the theoretical background—covering geo linguistics, linguistic atlases, and related fields—while the second deals with the methodological of the research, the study population, and the research methodology. The third chapter details the fieldwork, including maps of 17 selected phonological variables. The goal was to contribute to a broader linguistic atlas of Kurdish by documenting the Koya local accent. Using a synchronic, descriptive approach, data were gathered from 136 communities—covering the district center, five sub-districts, and 130 villages. Each of the 17 variables was mapped to show phonetic variation across the region. The researcher, a native of Koya, conducted face-to-face interviews with informants—residents over 35 with varying education levels, selected for their limited exposure to other dialects. A prepared visual list of variables guided pronunciation recordings. The data were then analyzed using SPSS software and the results were visually represented on maps using various shades to illustrate regional differences. This study highlights the rich linguistic diversity of the Koya area and offers a foundation for further geo linguistic research in the Kurdish-speaking world.

    10.26750/jssgbt96 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 559-584

    Analysis of Morphometric Characteristics of Kalar District Watersheds and their Effect on Flood Formation Using Geographical Information system (Gis)

    Othman Abdulrahman Ali, Pshtiwan Mohammed Ali

    This study is in the field of morphometric characteristics and their effect on flood formation, through the use of elevation data (DEM.12.5M) specific to the study area and its use in information systems Geographical (ArcGis 10.8.2) Data analysis and identification of morphometric characteristics, watersheds are (13) main watersheds, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of morphometric characteristics The study concluded that the occurrence of floods in the watersheds varies according to the value of morphometric characteristics between low floods, Moderate and heavy floods. They have different surface characteristics, shape and height. According to the values of the circular ratio and the shape of the aquifers, the aquifers are closer to the triangular shape branches/km2). as well as the average survival of waterways. That is (0.50 km2/km). Therefore, these values indicate the low survival of waterways in the study area and the low area of watersheds compared to the length of water channels. The average submergence in the water bodies is This low value increases the risk of flooding. The flow analysis shows that the number and length of the water branches vary according to the watersheds. Their number reaches (2492) branches and their total length reaches (2315.01 km). Analysis of the hypsometric curves of the oocytes shows that all oocytes are in the aging stage except oocytes (1-8) are in the maturing stage. The average length, density and number of branches of the watersheds is 2.03 km/km2 and the density is 2.18 branches/km2.

    10.26750/e35g0j80 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 585-603

    Components of Iranian public policy and its relationship to cultural policy During the reign of Pahlavi II

    Hardi Mahdi mika, Snawber Sardar Star

    Like his father, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi took several steps to consolidate his power like centralization, modernization, and the promotion of nationalism. To strengthen central authority, he reinforced the military, adopted a one-party policy, implemented several constitutional amendments, and imposed strict censorship on newspapers and magazines. In his efforts to present Iran as a modern state molded on Western countries, he emphasized women's rights and freedoms, particularly regarding clothing, education, and employment both domestically and abroad. Legislative reforms were introduced in favor of women, including the legalization of interreligious marriages between young men and women. Numerous women’s organizations and councils were established, women’s journals emerged, and female participation in political life expanded. Notably, during the White Revolution, women were granted the right to vote in national elections. However, these changes provoked strong opposition from the clergy, who viewed them as contrary to Iranian culture and traditions. In response, the state resorted to harsh repression. On the nationalist front, the Pahlavi regime promoted a form of nationalism that revived the glory of Iran's ancient past. The regime paid special attention to the Achaemenid kings, celebrated the 2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire, honored Mithra, and showed an inclination toward reviving the ancient Iranian Zoroastrian religion. Finally, the researcher aims to present the components of Iranian public policy and their relationship to cultural policy during the reign of Pahlavi II based on the descriptive-historical approach.

    10.26750/3j9vze64 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 604-621

    Geographical Characteristics and their Effects on Shemshara and Nuzi

    Ali Abdalla Mahmood Abdalla Mahmood, Emad AbdalqadirM. Saeed

    This Research titled (Geographical Characteristics and their Effects on Shemshara and Nuzi), A Scientific Research Focuses on the Geographical Aspects of these Regions, Shemshara is Located in the Northeast of Sulaimany Governorate, on the Lower Zap in the East of Rania District. According to Archaeological Evidence Shemshara was a Place of Residence since the Neolithic Period, Step by Step Developed and Expanded, in the Early Second Millennium B.C. became a Large City and Became a Political and Administrative Center of the Region. Nuzi is Located in the Hawija District in Southwestern Kirkuk, 13 K.M. from the Center of Kirkuk City, Archaeological Evidence shows that History of Inhabitant in this Place Back to Prehistory Period, due to its Geographical Characteristics as a Rich and Strategic Area have Taken Advantage of the Products of this Region. Geographical Characteristics of these Regions such as (Geographical Location, water and Climate, Soil Composition, Topography, Wealth and Natural Plants, …etc.) have a Major Role in the Inhabitant and Development of the Regions, Trading has Caused them to become more Connected and Stronger, But the Geographical Characteristics of Both Cities Have Often Caused the Political Authority to Attack their Region Several Times Their Occupation and Destruction. This Shows the Geography Although it had a Positive Effect on Their Rigons have become the Center of the Rise and Development of Civilizations and Several Times has Caused their Occupation and Destruction.

    10.26750/z3vgkf40 3 views Read article
29. 29
    Social Science Original Research pp. 622-636

    The Influence of Psychological Dimensions on Character Formation in Theatrical Performance

    Awara Abdulrahim Taha, Ibrahim Ahmed Smo

    This study titled "The Influence of Psychological Dimensions on Character Formation in Theatrical Performance" is a descriptive analytical study that focuses on the effect of the psychological dimension of the actor. From the beginning of the emergence of the art of theater by the Greeks until today، the theater has developed from time to time. Many schools، trends and styles of theater have emerged، all of which have paid attention to the psychological aspect of the actor in general، especially in the Stanislavsky school. Theory and practice have been worked on. This study consists of four parts: the first part consists of research methods and the second part consists of research theory. The psychological dimensions of a theatrical character are among the most significant factors influencing the process of construction within a theatrical performance, as they provide depth and authenticity, thereby enhancing the character’s credibility and closeness to the audience. The researcher believes that psychological factors such as fear, greed, envy, or feelings of inadequacy determine the motives that drive a character, as reflected in their behavior and actions during theatrical events. Moreover, the psychological aspect creates internal conflicts within the character, such as the tension between desire and duty or between love and hatred, which adds greater realism and makes the character more believable. The psychological state also influences emotions and reactions, such as speech, movement speed, and even facial expressions, all of which improve the precision of the actor’s performance. Directors and actors also benefit from studying these psychological dimensions, as it helps them understand how a character thinks and what motivates their behavior, thereby contributing to the creation of a multidimensional and convincing performance.

    10.26750/z9p8m325 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 637-657

    The History of the Kurds and the Name of Kurdistan in the Khorasan Region

    Arkan Ahmed Hassan, Aras Abdurahman mustefa

    Kurds of Khorasan are part of the Kurdish nation and reside in Northern Khorasan. Although the exact time of the Kurds’ arrival in Khorasan cannot be determined, it is clear that they were displaced or they migrated to these areas during several historical periods. Until now, no scientific study or research in Kurdish language has been conducted about the Kurds of Khorasan, and Kurdish libraries show a significant shortage in this regard. However, research has been carried out in Persian by several Khorasani researchers, such as Kalimullah Tawahudi, Ali Rahmati, Muhammed Hussein Papli Yazdi, Ramazanali Shakri. Among them Tawahudi and Rahmati are Khorasani Kurds. Therefore, this research is considered one of the initial efforts in the Kurdish language to study the history of the Kurds of Khorasan. The current study explores the history of Kurdish migration and settlement to the Khorasan region. The study also explores the geographical areas populated by the Kurds (which is known as Kurdistan of Khorasan), Kurdish population and their military and political roles in the region. Another aim of the current study is to discuss the main reasons behind the forced displacement and migration of the Kurds for the region.

    10.26750/t1zg8h51 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 658-677

    Factors of Prosperity and Development of the Villages in the Western Region of the Mountains during the Abbasid Era

    Nabaz Ismail Abdullah, Rasul Ibrahim Rasul

    Research on the villages and languages ​​of the people is very important and very valuable, especially their way of life and cultures Including Kurdish society, which has its own characteristics, In the example of village life, which naturally it has a long history and occupies a large area of ​​Kurdish social language and culture, except it, it has formed an important part of Population Structure. It has largely given the society a villagers and agricultural character, especially the source of livelihood for the inhabitants. Of course, this is due to a number of reasons that needs a scientific and historical research, especially during the Abbasid period,(13-656 / 749-1258 AD) which is an important and rich period of Kurdish culture , because of this, the research is devoted to (the reasons for the centering and development of the villages of the western regions of different regions) and because of the wide land of the Kurdish regions , only take it a region as a sample The research focuses on the geographical characteristics, In some cases, it wanted the method of narrative and describing to be used, climate and nature of the region, (natural and human factors) and the role of these factors in the reconstruction and development of villages, based on indigenous sources and scientific data. The research consists of two main topics, an introduction, results and a list of sources. The first topic is a bout natural and geographical side, and the second one includes the human factors and dimension.

    10.26750/khqc7e42 2 views Read article
32. 32
    Social Science Original Research pp. 678-695

    Comparing the policies of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tasim Billah and Sultan Al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub regarding the recruitment and reliance on Turks.

    Ali Osman Hassan, Ahmad Reza Ahmad

    The Turkish, however, were not the original inhabitants of these Islamic countries, the volatile political and military conditions necessitated the invitation of the Turkic ethnic group into the Islamic state during two distinct periods. The first instance dates back to the reign of Caliph al-Mu'tasim Billah (218-227 AH / 833-841 CE), who sought refuge in and began acquiring and importing Turks. Prominent reasons for al-Mu'tasim Billah's reliance on and recruitment of Turks included the Caliph's own Turkic lineage through his mother. Furthermore, Turks were renowned as brave, fearless, and strong warriors, capable of enduring and persevering in difficult circumstances. Their integration also served to resolve internal and external issues afflicting the Caliphate, such as suppressing the Khurramite movement led by Babak and countering the threats posed by the Byzantine Empire, culminating in his victory over Theophilos, son of Michael, in the Battle of Ammuriya. Similarly, the Kurdish Ayyubids, who established a powerful military state governing Egypt and Syria, during the era of Sultan al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (637-647 AH / 1240-1249 CE), began acquiring, importing, and relying on Turkic Mamluks. This reliance was attributed to their strength, prowess, resilience, loyalty, and devotion, which al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub leveraged to achieve his objectives. The Mamluks consequently became a crucial and influential force in resolving internal issues within the Ayyubid state and in repelling external threats, most notably confronting the Crusaders. During the Seventh Crusade, the Turks were instrumental in safeguarding the Ayyubid state from collapse, inflicting a decisive defeat upon the Crusaders, and even capturing Louis IX, the King of France, who led the assault on the Islamic world.

    10.26750/y1avx432 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 696-714

    The perspectives of twelfth-grade students on the role of the academic curriculum in fostering learning motivation

    Rekawt Mirwais Hussein, Aram Anwar Khursheed

    The aim of this study is to examine The perspectives of twelfth-grade students on the role of the academic curriculum in fostering learning motivation. A descriptive–analytical design with a quantitative method was employed. Initially, the relationship between the role of curriculum and students' learning motivation was investigated theoretically. The sample of the study consisted of 160 twelfth-grade students, from both the scientific and literary branches and of both sexes, Simple Random Sampling from the center of Said Sadiq District. The research tool was a questionnaire designed by the researchers according to a five-point Likert-type scale (1 = Always, 2 = Often, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Rarely, 5 = Never), used to analyze the data obtained from the sample. The researchers applied the independent-samples T-test in SPSS (version 26). The study reached several outcomes. Concerning the first aim, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of the female variable, indicating that female students had higher learning motivation. Regarding the second aim, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of the scientific branch variable. Finally, with respect to the third aim, the study revealed that students’ external motives were stronger than their internal ones, regardless of sex or branch, Regarding the fourth objective, the findings indicate that students’ learning motivation is at a high level.

    10.26750/ktjcc821 2 views Read article
34. 34
    Social Science Original Research pp. 715-741

    Integration of GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Optimal Dam Site Selection in the Ranya River Basin

    Muhammad Ali Qadir, Nali Jawad Hamad

    The decline in water resources is one of the main environmental and economic issues in the world. The Kurdistan Region is not immune to these effects. Building small and medium-sized dams is one of the strategic solutions for storing water and managing water resources. Nevertheless, selecting suitable locations is a complex decision-making process and requires the analysis of many different criteria in order to achieve and accurate results while avoiding high costs and risks. The purpose of this research is to determine the most suitable sites for building dams in the Ranya River Basin by using the Geographic Information System (GIS), the method of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM), and the model of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Model. Ten main criteria were selected from various aspects of geology, topography, hydrology, and environment. The relative weight of each criterion was determined through the AHP model, and subsequently, all criteria were standardized in the GIS. By utilizing the Pairwise Comparison Matrix between the criteria and combining them based on their weights (Weighted Overlay), the final map of site suitability was produced. The results show that the study area has been divided into five categories based on suitability level: very suitable (15.0%), suitable (26.7%), moderately suitable (28.4%), less suitable (21.6%), and not suitable (8.3%). This map can serve as an effective scientific tool for developers and decision-makers for the development of water harvesting projects in the area.

    10.26750/0mzffr89 2 views Read article
35. 35
    Social Science Original Research pp. 742-763

    The Dimensions of Method Between Dialectics and Hermeneutics

    Kurdistan Majid Saeed, Hameed Aziz Saeed

    Since the dawn of Greek philosophy, method has played a vital role in the formation, transmission, elucidation, and expansion of knowledge. Each new problem arising within philosophical thought brings forth new doubts and questions, prompting philosophers to devise innovative approaches to inquiry and reasoning in their search for answers. Engaging with the notion of method, therefore, does more than alter the path toward truth; it directly shapes the very structure and orientation of philosophical thinking itself. This research, employing a comparative–analytical framework, examines two major philosophical methodologies dialectic and hermeneutics by tracing their historical emergence, theoretical foundations, and subsequent evolution. The discussion of dialectic focuses on the perspectives of Plato, Kant, and Hegel, interpreting it as a mode of attaining truth through contradiction, dialogue, and the dynamic interplay of ideas. The hermeneutic section, grounded in the works of Schleiermacher and Gadamer, explores the process of understanding and interpreting texts and human phenomena a process deeply intertwined with history and language. The relevance of hermeneutics, particularly in the human and social sciences, has been steadily increasing.by elucidating the historical and theoretical intersections and distinctions between these two methods, this study demonstrates that, despite their independent intellectual trajectories, dialectic and hermeneutics have significantly influenced one another in modern thought and, in some domains, function as complementary approaches. Consequently, the transformation in how these methods are understood and applied has not only redefined the modes of philosophical reflection but also reshaped the logical and methodological foundations of philosophy itself for method stands as one of the essential pillars of logic and a decisive factor in guiding the course of philosophical inquiry

    10.26750/8fgtnm78 2 views Read article
36. 36
    Social Science Original Research pp. 764-779

    Philosophical Interpretation of History in Kamal Mazhar’s Thought

    Sairan Hassan Qadir, Qadir Muhammed Muhammed

    A great number of the historians to some extent, investigate the history according to philosophical theories, particularly the significant theories of philosophy of history. Kemal Mazhar is not exempted; as a Kurdish historian, has seriously tried to analyze Kurdish history under the influence of those philosophical theories. Therefore, this research attempts to answer these related questions: First; is he investigated the Kurdish history under the influence of philosophical principles ? Has he clearly applied any specific theory in his analysis of the Kurdish history? This research tries to investigate the impact of several theories on Kemal's researches. As Kemal Mazhar was one these Kurdish scholars who studied in the former USSR it is clear that his analysis of the history, was based on the Marxist theory. It is apparent that religion has great influence on the Kurdish society, and most of them are Muslim, therefore when he investigated Kurdish history he praised Islam, in directing Kurdish society. Especially in preparing elites and the Kurdish leaders. Besides that, he really believes the impact of geography on Kurdistan and its political issues. since it has a specific nature and climate. For example, Kurdistan hasn’t direct access to the sea. This has influence on Kemal Mazhar's belief about the geopolitical’s role on Kurdish political situation. Finally, the theory of heroism could be considered as a significant theory, however, from his perspective hero has not a great role in the history, for that reason this theory is not significant I in his researches.

    10.26750/d1agv946 3 views Read article
37. 37
    Social Science Original Research pp. 780-808

    Interpreting the Achaemenid Women’s Multifaceted Roles Through Seal Engravings

    shalaw mustafa, Imad abdullah

    The civilization and works of art of the growing state of Kurdistan is generally considered as the most majestic and impressive ancient civilizations in the world, specifically in the history of ancient Persian. We can summarize the whole range of administrative activities and artistic works that this civilization possessed, including sculpture, carving, writing, and architecture, within its administrative system‌. Although the artistic engravings on the walls of palaces, the engravings of graves within mountains, and the art of sculpture are among the prominent features of the Achaemenid state, however, the absence of direct depiction of women’s imagery in any of these places, including the palace walls, Jamshid state, Pasargadae, Shush, has unfortunately left a big artistic gap in the Achaemenid state. However, the artistic seals within that civilization, which are considered one of the important tools of administrative management within the Achaemenid State, have been able to fill that gap to some good extent, which has become a subject of question by researchers. ‌In several seals whose history dates back to this state, some of which were discovered in the region of Jamshid and others in different regions of Achaemenid, various images of women in different times and places were engraved. From these images, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of women’s social, political, and religious roles in the Achaemenid state.

    10.26750/bvnrd817 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 809-831

    The Administrative and Economic Aspects during the Reign of Samsu-Iluna, King of Babylon

    Eman Abdulkhalq, khwshnaw ardalan

    The present research and studies include a group of six previously unpublished Old Babylonian tablets dating to the reign of Samsu-iluna (1750-1712 B.C), king of Babylon, during the middle Old Babylonian period, these texts housing in the Slemani Museum. Four of these six tablets are legal contracts, although the lasting two are administrative tablets. In the present paper, we tried to classified the tablets according of their year names, all of which belong to five different years of Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon. The first tablet is a contract dated to the first year of Samsu-iluna’s reign. The second text of the paper, which is also a contract, dates to the seventh year of the same king. The third text is a contract dating to the eighteenth year of the Samsu-iluna, while the fourth texts is likewise a contract dated to the year tweeny fourth year of the same king. The final two tablets of the present research are administrative texts dated to the year tweeny eighth of Samsu-iluna. The tablets cover a range of administrative occupations, including labor assignments, commodity distribution, and institutional oversight, shedding light on local governance and the operational mechanisms of provincial administrations. Philological analysis reveals both continuity with earlier Old Babylonian scribal traditions and adaptations to the new realities of Samsu-iluna’s reign, particularly in response to internal revolts and the decline of centralized authority.

    10.26750/m61kjk54 2 views Read article
39. 39
    Social Science Original Research pp. 832-855

    The Role of Dictionaries in Standardizing Language

    Hawsar Nawzad F Ibrahim, Rebwar Hassan Ibrahim

    Being one of the world’s languages, Kurdish language consists of several dialects, there is a reason and factor behind having each of these dialects such as political geography which is one of the most influential factors behind forming such dialects and accents. Because it has been a long time since such divisions over Kurdish language, it is not an easy task to make and create one language out of them. Rather, it is better to unify such differences under one of these dialects. This is done through introducing one of the dialects as the official language. And if we could not do this, we refer to other means that can help us in unifying the dialects of a language. As a result, the standard language will be created, which is the dictionary discussed in this research and highlighted its critical role especially the Encyclopedic dictionary. Because dictionary in general, and encyclopedic dictionary in particular is considered as a means of collecting and protecting the words of a language without distinction. It can also lead to form a standard language for a nation like Kurds; this can be achieved by the professionals’ participation in this field. In this study, a framework is being proposed to develop a standard language that can become a formal and standard language for all four parts of Kurdistan considering the characteristics of the dialects of each part. This study further discusses dictionaries in general and encyclopedic dictionaries in particular in which we can protect our language’s vocabularies and form such language that all the four parts of Kurdistan can use in writing and use it in education process. In this research, all these details have been discussed that are necessary to form a standard language and for the dictionary as well which is the basis of forming the encyclopedic dictionary and is equal to forming the standard language.

    10.26750/ptsqx616 2 views Read article
40. 40
    Social Science Original Research pp. 856-881

    A geographical analysis of population growth and its impact on the development of Agriculture in Chamchamal

    Sirwan Salih M Rashid, Rostam Jabar Mustafa, Sakar Mohammed Hasan

    Population growth has a direct impact on the development of agriculture. Population growth in city centers greatly reduces production capacity. It is also the reason behind city expansion and the migration of village dwellers to the cities; hence, it has decreased village population and caused food scarcity.This research is significant because Chamchamal has a large number of villages that host many resident who can contribute to agricultural growth, which has an impact on providing job opportunities and reducing unemployment. The research problem is centered on the rapid increase of population and its impact on the reduction of land available for agriculture, which in turn impedes self-sufficiency in food for the population in the research site. The aim of this research is to show the impact of population growth on the development of agriculture on one hand and to show the significance of agriculture labor market in the area. The method used in this research is comparative, descriptive analysis.Chamchamal city has expanded rapidly as a result of population growth in the city. In the whole Chamchamal district, the city residents comprise )88%( of the population,. Concerning age, the majority of the population consists of people aged between )15-64( which is )54.1%(. This is a positive sign in terms of job capacity in the research area. The research results show that, on a yearly basis, agricultural land has decreased by) 6.77%( over the past )20( years.

    10.26750/nv2cmh05 2 views Read article
41. 41
    Social Science Original Research pp. 882-900

    Bishop Cotton Mather and His Role in Advancing Science1663-1728 In the United States

    Darawan Abdulqader Ahmed

    This study is about "Cotton Mather and his role in the advancement of science in the settlements of the United States from 1663-1728." This scientific research topic is one of the most important and sensitive in the modern history of the United States because it is associated with the role and influence of one of the most prominent scientists and a well-known Puritan clergyman. In the field of science in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, who emerged as a brilliant scientist, who published a number of scientific works and made great scientific inventions, which had been impossible during his time. His scientific efforts had a potential influence on historical events in the majority of settlements in the United States. From this point of view, the researcher has tried to analyze this important and complex subject by making use of original historical sources and accurate scientific information regarding scientific and historical events. Aligned with this, the importance and scientific value of this research are known from a solid conclusion, which is: Cotton has properly benefited from the circumstances and conditions the settlements have passed through and tried to use religion to support scientific research and innovation. His approach and work outcomes made him distinguished from other scholars during his time. In addition to his scientific inventions that led to the discovery of new medical treatments that saved thousands of lives in the settlements, his articles, writings, and books became the main source of informing the people about the New World and expanding the field of science and the development of scientific research in the English settlements in America.

    10.26750/g0me3173 2 views Read article
42. 42
    Social Science Original Research pp. 901-919

    Multilingual Analysis in Eastern Religion and Mythology

    Sherwan Hussein Hamad

    Human beings have continuously shown interest in the diversity and wide range of languages. However, this linguisticphenomenon has never been explained properly by humans. Hence, in every intellectual development that the humanshave gone through, a question concerning the variety of languages has caught human’s attention and seek to get an answerfor it. From the early stages of cognitive development, religious and mythological practices, as some of the earliest periodsof human cognitive development, have historically addressed a wide range of existential and philosophical questions.Among these is the origin of linguistic diversity, which pointed as a subject that has caught in the human’s interest.Therefore, for instance the analysis of sacred texts and mythological narratives show that many traditions have offeredexplanations for this phenomenon of linguistic. According to our findings, we can understand the fact that theseexplanations which appear in foundational religious writing books points out how important this question was even for theearly stages of human beings. Moreover, this research attempts to study how linguistic diversity is shown in religious andmythological texts. We have analyzed the examples we have collected so far, as well as the origins of these religious andmythological texts we have collected are identified. The research methodology uses a descriptive-analytical, and theresearch materials consist of religious and mythological texts that discuss the phenomenon of this linguistic diversity. Theresearch is divided into two parts, the first part lays out the theoretical, and introducing the key concepts of the study,including linguistic diversity, its reasons, and interpretations of linguistic diversity from religious, mythological,philosophical, and scientific viewpoints. It then discusses mythology, types of mythology, and the importance of mythologyas a source for answering human questions. The second part is dedicated to analyzing and interpreting religious andmythological texts that address linguistic diversity, examining how each text interprets this phenomenon through differentperspectives.

    10.26750/v7bnq744 2 views Read article
43. 43
    Social Science Original Research pp. 925-941

    The Role of Crossover Learning Strategy in Developing Nursing Students' Academic Achievement and Reflective Thinking

    Sozan Saleh Ahmed, Ara Jalal Hamad Ameen, Shahla Shkak Shareef

    This research investigates the effectiveness of the crossover learning strategy on nursing students’ academic achievement and reflective thinking in the nursing department of a private institution in Rwanduz. The population of the study consists of first-stage students at the private institution in Rwanduz during the academic year 2023–2024. The sample of the study consists of first-stage students in the nursing department, who were selected purposively. The researchers employed a quasi-experimental design, and the sample was divided into two groups: 21 students in the control group and 21 students in the experimental group. The traditional method was implemented in the control group, while the crossover learning strategy was applied in the experimental group. Two scales were used as research tools. The first scale measured academic achievement and consisted of 40 multiple-choice items. The second scale measured reflective thinking, consisted of 35 items, and was adopted from another researcher. The validity and reliability of the research tools were assessed. Furthermore, pre- and post-tests of both groups’ reflective thinking were conducted using a two-sample t-test, and an independent-samples t-test was conducted to analyze academic achievement. The results of the study revealed significant differences in academic achievement and reflective thinking between the experimental and control groups. The experimental group achieved higher scores using the crossover learning strategy than the control group, and their reflective thinking improved more than that of the control group. Therefore, the crossover learning strategy was effective in improving students’ academic achievement.

    10.26750/azj1yh98 2 views Read article
44. 44
    Social Science Original Research pp. 937-959

    Kurdish EFL Teachers' Perceptions of Implementing Student-Centered Approach in EFL Classes

    Shawbo Othman Hamad, Jamal Ali Omer

    One of the main challenges teachers face in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) settings is implementing a student-centered approach (SCA), especially in Kurdish EFL classrooms. This study aims to explore Kurdish EFL teachers' perceptions of the SCA, focusing on its benefits, challenges, and strategies for adoption. The research employs both quantitative and qualitative methods to gather and analyze data. The participants include 100 Kurdish EFL teachers from various public universities in the Kurdistan region, all of whom have experience with implementing a student-centered approach in their classrooms. Data collection involved questionnaires distributed to 52 male and 48 female EFL teachers to assess their perceptions of SCA, along with semi-structured interviews to gain deeper insights into their challenges. The questions aimed to understand teachers’ familiarity with SCA, their experiences, and perceived barriers to effective implementation. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative interview data. The results of the study indicate that while Kurdish EFL teachers recognize the potential benefits of a student-centered approach, such as improving student engagement and fostering independent learning, they also face significant challenges. These include a lack of resources, insufficient training, cultural resistance, and difficulties in classroom management. Teachers reported struggles in finding appropriate methods, adjusting lesson pacing, and conducting aligned assessments.

    10.26750/e1h8hq25 3 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 960-985

    Data-Driven Analysis of Pond-Based Recharge in Daratoo and Tarin Pilot Sites in Erbil City Using Internet of Things and Machine Learning

    Khalat Khalid Muhammed, Shuokr Qarani Aziz

    Groundwater depletion is a pressing issue in semi-arid regions. In Erbil’s environs, over-extraction and reduced precipitation have driven local water-table declines. This study evaluates the effectiveness of pond-based managed aquifer recharge (MAR) at two pilot sites, Tarin and Daratoo, by integrating high-frequency Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring with machine learning (ML). Diver-HUB sensors recorded water pressure, temperature, electrical conductivity, and salinity every 15 minutes in recharge and monitoring wells. Pressure readings were barometrically corrected and used for time-series prediction of groundwater depth. Four modelling approaches (linear regression, neural networks, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and gradient boosting (GBoost) were compared, and a random forest feature-importance analysis identified water pressure as the dominant predictor. During the wet season, observed water-table rises were 1.29 m at Tarin and 2.4 m at Daratoo, indicating successful short-term recharge. Linear regression produced the best predictive performance on test data (near-unity R² and very low RMSE), but these results are tempered by site specificity, the limited number of pilot sites, and the short observation window. The contribution of this work is a data-driven, deployable framework that combines IoT and ML to support real-time monitoring, inform MAR design and operation, and guide adaptive groundwater management. Broader validation across more sites and longer periods is recommended to establish transferability and long-term sustainability.

    10.26750/3867r447 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 986-1005

    A Pragmatic Study of Speech Acts in Azizi Malay Rush's Novel "The Wolf and the Goat"

    Diman Izzaddin Khidhir

    Communication is not just uttering certain linguistic expressions without a proposition. Participants need to identify what speech act is conveyed by a specific utterance. Additionally, they have to know the functions of a particular utterance as they are more important. This study aims to identify categories of speech acts and their functions in a Kurdish novel by analyzing randomly selected extracts to better understand the theme, using a qualitative descriptive method. The data of the study are sourced from a Kurdish literary text "Gurg u Bzin" (The Wolf and the Goat) (1989), written by "Azizi Malay Rush". This study adopts Searle's classification of speech acts (1969) in which he divides speech acts into five types, assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives. It is hypothesized that the theme of the novel can be analyzed pragmatically through the identification and classification of speech acts into their types and the analysis of their functions. The results reveal that Malay Rush uses five types of speech acts (commissives, directives, expressives, declaratives, and assertives) in the selected texts from the novel. Additionally, assertive and directive acts are used more frequently throughout the novel.

    10.26750/yc301w44 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1006-1033

    The Impact of Influencer Credibility and Electronic Word of Mouth (e-WOM) on Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role of Brand Image among Consumers in Sulaymaniyah City

    Abdulsamad Qadir Hussain, Nali Tahisn Faeq

    The increasing role of technology in marketing and customer service, primarily through social media, has transformed consumer behavior in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), particularly in Sulaymaniyah. Consumers now have greater access to information, affecting their purchasing behavior, brand loyalty, and willingness to buy. Influencers and user-generated content have shifted consumers’ research activities online, significantly affecting both urban and rural populations, as well as high- and low-income individuals, particularly among younger consumers in Sulaymaniyah. A quantitative survey was administered via a structured online questionnaire distributed across several social media platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, and Viber, which are widely used in Sulaymaniyah. Using non-probability sampling methods (convenience and snowball), 417 valid responses were collected between 18 April and 1 July 2025. The items were measured on a five-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlations, multiple regression, and mediation analysis. The results show that influencer credibility and e-WOM significantly predict purchase intention; brand image also exerts a positive effect and partially mediates the relationships between the independent variables and purchase intention. The study contributes to the limited body of regional literature by providing evidence from Sulaymaniyah and offers practical guidance to firms on how to partner with credible influencers and encourage authentic user-generated content to strengthen brand image and drive purchase behavior.

    10.26750/crj06j80 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1034-1056

    The Impact of Applying Target Cost Technology on Cost Reduction in Industrial Companies

    Salih Rasool Agala

    This study aims to examine the role of target costing technique implementation on cost reduction from the perspective of employees in several industrial companies. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted to establish the theoretical framework. The researcher utilized a questionnaire survey as a data and information collection tool. The research sample consisted of 70 participants representing employees from 4 industrial companies in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, where 64 employees from the selected companies successfully completed the questionnaires. SPSS software and Microsoft Excel were employed to conduct the required statistical analyses to determine frequencies, arithmetic means, standard deviations, and correlation relationship tests. The study results yielded several conclusions, most notably the existence of a statistically significant correlation and impact at the level (α = 0.05) between the target costing variable and the cost reduction variable. The study reaches several recommendations, primarily that through implementing target costing technique, other innovative and novel techniques can be developed that contribute to cost reduction without affecting product quality. Additionally, there is a necessity to provide adequate training for employees in industrial companies across all departments, which contributes to enhancing their ability to determine target costs and monitor performance effectively.

    10.26750/fmgjv325 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1057-1072

    Nostalgia in the poetry of Omar Baha’ al-Din al-Amiri (longing for the place, complaint about the world)

    Masud Salim Hamadamin, Zhakaw Faisal Haqi

    This thesis focused on the expression of nostalgia in the contemporary poems as well as on its importance in constructing the meaning of the poems and articulating the inner struggles of the humanity. Nostalgia in this research is the basic emotional human constituents; their effect on psyche and biological of human being, this research brings to the fore a corpus of poems where selected poems epitomize the thematization of this construct. Nostalgia in contemporary poetry is not just a reminiscence of the past but rather an emotional nostalgia is an experience which exemplifies an identity crisis and memory. It is also worth noting that human feelings are intertwined with cultural and social construct, hence making nostalgia a notable poetic phenomenon of every exercised in reminiscence which poetry encompasses from the pre Islamic poems down to contemporary works. It is an emotional experience that reflects an identity and memory crisis. Humanity is within this sociologically constructed essence of reminiscence, making poetry a worthy phenomenon of every exercised in reminiscence. When a person reminisces on the past, to relive the hardships she encountered, she is not simply quarreling with time but rather resisting her fate, her inner self, a portion of her being which is subjugated to cruelty, injustice and oppression. In the other hand, the present thesis highlights the importance of reawakening nostalgia in contemporary poetry, and how such sentiment can capture shared human experiences across time and space. This study advances the critical and psychological understanding of poetics and paves the way for fresh inquiry concerning the interrelationship between poetry and memory in the context of contemporary times.

    10.26750/ww15v682 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1073-1095

    The Impact Fair Value Accounting Implementation on the Quality of Financial Disclosure in Commercial Banks during Financial Crisis

    Yaaqub Ahmed Hama Saeed, Sirwan Lutfalla Abdalla, Rizgar Ali Ahmed

    This research investigates the application of fair value accounting in the banking sector and its influence on financial disclosure, particularly during periods of financial crisis. Fair value application in commercial banks is recognized as an influential tool for enhancing the financial statements, as it improves the transparency, ability to manage risk, and enabling effective financial decision making. To achieve the objectives and results of the study, (60) questionnaires were used as a research tool in the field study, where the questionnaire was formulated through a survey of the target groups to achieve the objectives of the study. Statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results showed that adopting a financial accounting system of the fair value model for accounting measurement and financial disclosure plays an important role, according to which it affects the quality of accounting information by maximizing the qualitative characteristics of this information, represented by relevance, reliability, comparability, and understandability. However, the results revealed, during financial crisis, no variance in the financial disclosure quality while applying fair value accounting. Since applying fair value accounting has positive direct effect on financial disclosure clarity, high report quality, transparency, and provision of reliable information for decision-making, the research recommends improvement in applying fair value accounting in financial banks especially during financial crisis.

    10.26750/y63gfk26 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1096-1109

    The Phenomenon of Phonetic Similarity and its Implications in the Authentic Narrations on Trials in Two Authentic Collections

    Asos Hassan Hamad, Abdulrahman Azez Mustafa

    This research which is entitled "The Phenomenon of Phonetic Similarity and its Implications in the Authentic Narrations on Trials in Two Authentic Collections" is a linguistic and phonetic analysis of some prophetic narrations about tribulations in two authentic collections. The study investigates the phenomenon of phonetic similarity with presenting a methodological perspective through analysis and study of the prophetic text (peace be upon him), and explores how this similarity can be properly understood within the text. Moreover, phonetic similarity is one of the most prominent and widespread phonetic phenomena in the Arabic language. It is actually considered one of the fundamental phonetic rules that has captured the attention of linguists, morphologists, and reciters, both classical and modern. However, it is a natural intention to reduce muscular effort in spoken language for the purpose of easier pronunciation. According to the early scholars, this concept of similarity appeared under different terms. For example, Sibawayh discussed it in the chapter on assimilation, referring to it as the present tense or similarity. Meanwhile, Ibn Jinni also addressed this phenomenon in detail in his discussion of minor and major assimilation, where he explained how close sounds influence each other, which in turn this interaction of sounds leads to changes in pronunciation. One fact is, all of these beliefs center on a common idea which is the proximity of sounds to one another and the influence of phonetic phenomenon that adjusts sounds within a single structure. The purpose of similarity is to ease pronunciation when sounds share close points of articulation and similar features. In conclusion, the paper highlights the importance of this phenomenon in Arabic and in phonetic studies in general, and clarifying and changing certain sounds within spoken language in particular. The study presents multiple examples of phonetic similarity and assimilation as they appear in prophetic narrations on tribulations, through analysis of some chosen cases. At the end of our study, we also explain why this phenomenon happens.

    10.26750/9nebyy46 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1110-1128

    Religious Tourism and Its Jurisprudential Impact on the Employment of Non-Muslim Labor

    Mahdi Hussein Hamad, Nasih Othman Hamadamin

    This research، which its title is ‘’Religious Tourism and its influence on the employment of non-muslim workers’’، provides a rigorous jurisprudential-based analysis of the legal and ethical challenges posed by the participation of non-Muslims in the religious tourism sector. The research begins by establishing the theoretical and terminological foundations of religious tourism and defining them both linguistically and technically، differentiating between the employment concepts of (labour) and authority of (States)، which have prominent impacts in Islamic jurisprudence. The study continues by presenting the primary forms of religious tourism and their distinct characteristics. It then shifts to investigate Islamic legal rulings about the employment of non-Muslims there، with particular emphasis on their participation in establishing and managing facilities which relates to the religious tourism. The study determines three key areas of joining in which are administrative responsibility، technical and planning contributions، and financial activities. Finally، the study suggests a set of guidelines of Shariah-compliant which manages the employment of non-Muslim workers in religious tourism. These guidelines intend to protect the sanctity and privacy of religious sites meanwhile availing of the experienced experts’ skills. The study tries to provide a balanced legal framework which promotes Islamic values، improve the public interest، and afford a practical direction for decision-makers in the tourism sector.

    10.26750/gtyfd966 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1129-1151

    Measuring and Analysis of the Impact of Public Expenditures on Poverty in The Arab Republic of Egypt for (2004-2022)

    Bilal Raouf Salih, Kamaran Ahmed Hama

    The research aims to analyze and measure the impact of public spending on poverty rates in Egypt in the short and long term (2004-2022). To achieve this objective, I using a descriptive and econometrics analytical approach, which employed the econometric approach and the ARDL model, revealed a relatively limited impact of public spending on reducing poverty rates in the short term. This is due to the inefficient allocation of resulting from rampant administrative corruption, which led to a portion of spending being diverted away from targeted groups. The results also revealed that political instability, especially in the transitional periods following 2011, contributed to reducing the impact of public spending on improving living standards, as a result of turbulent economic policies and slow growth. In the long term, it was found that persistent administrative corruption and political volatility weakened the effectiveness of government spending in achieving comprehensive and sustainable development, and poverty rates remained at relatively high levels. The study recommends reforming financial governance mechanisms, enhancing transparency and accountability, and achieving political stability to ensure that public spending is directed efficiently toward poverty reduction and social justice.

    10.26750/w98xqb96 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1152-1166

    Internal Regression in Honar Karim's Novels

    Payam Awla Rashid, Masud Salim Hamad Amin

    This study, named (Internal Regression in Hunar Karim's novels) is concerned to forms and techniques of Internal Regression as a narrative device that assembles the story's time internally and participate to deepen the readers perceive of characters and contexts, and the study contains three essential types of this Regression: (Partial, complementary, and complete). The first section focused on Partial Internal Regression which recalls a past scene in a current narrative timeframe without splitting the chronological order, that its duty is empowering the emotional dimension and inspecting personal psychological transformations, Regarding the second section specialized to Complementary Internal Regression which is used to fill narrative spaces and explaining events backgrounds and inner causes, and gives the story a temporal interconnectedness and reaction that its meaning appears, While the third section handled the complete Internal Regression, which formed a completed time unit combined within the original story, that permit to rebuild the event and expanding the horizon of interpretation, It opens up a new vision to build up the plot from inside, The importance of study hides in displaying the duty of Internal Regression as technical and cognitive tool participate in creating the narrative awareness, and gives the text a dramatic power that based on stress between past and present, The study analysis really supported with novelist examples of Hunar Kareem, and with modern narrative concepts, The most obvious one is those that was provided by Gerard Genette, Siza Kassem, and Ibrahim Khalil, then the study finished with several results which are the study come up with them with mentioning the most important resources used.

    10.26750/940n3t95 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1167-1182

    The Political and Military Structure of the Kingdom of Granada

    Nishtiman Bashir Muhamad, Gulistan Ahmed Mirza

    This study focuses on the emergence and evolution of the final Islamic stronghold in Andalus known as the Kingdom of Granada. It highlights how it surfaced from a peripheral town to a politically independent system which shouldered the burden of conserving the remains of the Islamic land and identity in Iberia. The kingdom rose up amidst the fall of the Almohad state, while the Nasrid skillfully navigated the regional fragmentation and appeal to the legitimacy of jihad and strategic alliances which allowed it to rise to power. The study traces the history of how Muhammed I Ibn al-Amar and his disciples established a strong standing state that continuously resisted Christian pressure for over two centuries. A flexible political structure and a diverse military system was established, including Andalusians, refugees, Maghrebi fighters, and even Christian-born mamluks. The army was not just a force of resistance but a sign of integrated religious and social commitment. Geography affected the structure a lot, with the Sierra Nevada Mountaims and rivers like the Genil and the Guadalquivir forming a natural defense which would delay conquest. Instead of seeing Granada as a sign of decline, this study reframes it as a dynamic experiment in resilience, statecraft, and strategic survival. It stands for how military resistance, political vision, and environmental advantage could collectively preserve a beleaguered Islamic polity in the face of overwhelming odds.

    10.26750/80epxj29 3 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1183-1203

    Parenthetical Clauses: Grammatical and Rhetorical Connotations in Ibn Ashur’s Interpretation –Surah al-Baqarah as Case Study

    Jegr Hamad Amin Othman, Alaa Sabri Dahham

    The paper which entitled “The parenthetical clause، its grammatical and rhetorical connotations in Ibn Ashur’s interpretation – A Study of Surah Al Baqarah” is an attempt to discover the importance of the parenthetical clause، grammar and rhetorical connotations. In addition to this، the study sheds light on the importance of this type of clause in the Holy Quran، and Arabic poetry as well. Furthermore، the research puts on emphasis on the fact that parenthetical clause is not used without a purpose، rather، this clause is the prominent component of both structure and meaning of a sentence which makes the sentence flow better. So، if somehow it was removed، part of the originality would be lost as it is considered the primary part of the underlying message and has a deep connection with coherency. The study paper consists of three sections and beginning with an introduction defining parenthetical clause، section one discusses how parenthetical clause is observed according to grammarians، typically how grammarians interpret parenthetical clause that usually come in various syntactic positions such as between the subject and predicate، between a verb and its subject، or between a verb and its object. Following this، section two discusses how parenthetical clause is seen according to rhetoricians، along with related terminologies. Section three is about the semantics of the parenthetical clause، in which we discuss the concept of semantics and major rhetorical functions. In conclusion، according to the results، we found that parenthetical clause holds a vital role within both the grammatical structure and rhetorical connotations. We can confirm that based on the results، parenthetical clause is not only a component that is unnecessary but rather it is a critical part of the discourse having a variety of syntactic positions and deep rhetorical functions.

    10.26750/bq7eye79 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1204-1231

    Quranic Recitations in the Book (Al-Jalis al-Salih) by Al-Mu’afa bin Zakariya al-Nahrawani (d. 390 AH) from Surah Hud to the End of the Quran

    Ayoub Adam Rasoul, Muhammad Khalid Mustafa

    This study examines the Qur’anic readings (Qirāʾāt) presented by al-ʿAllāmah al-Muʿāfā ibn Zakariyyā al-Nahrawānī in his book “Al-Jalīs al-Ṣāliḥ al-Kāfī wa al-Anīs al-Nāṣiḥ al-Shāfī”, covering the period from the beginning of Sūrat Hūd to the end of the Holy Qur’an. It analyzes these readings in terms of their mention, interpretation (justification), evidential use, evaluation, and preference. The research also addresses the concept of Qur’anic readings, their types, and their reciters, as well as al-Nahrawānī’s methodology in dealing with Qirāʾāt. In addition, it includes a brief biographical account of al-Muʿāfā ibn Zakariyyā. The significance of this study lies in the strong connection between the interpretation of Qur’anic readings and Qur’anic exegesis, particularly in expanding the range of meanings. The main objective is to highlight al-Nahrawānī’s contributions to the science of Qur’anic readings. The reason for selecting this topic is the absence of a comprehensive study that collects and analyzes the Qur’anic readings mentioned in the aforementioned book. The study adopts both the inductive method—by surveying and cataloging the readings cited by al-Nahrawānī—and the descriptive method—by analyzing their interpretation and attributing each reading to its respective reciter. The findings reveal that al-Nahrawānī relied on various sources in interpreting the readings, including Prophetic hadith, the exegesis of early scholars (Salaf), morphology (ṣarf), syntax (naḥw), Arabic poetry, and the languages of the Arabs. The structure of the research is as follows: an introduction outlining the importance, objectives, scope, and previous studies; followed by two main sections. The first section introduces the concept of Qur’anic readings, al-Nahrawānī, and his methodology, and is divided into three subsections. The second section presents the Qur’anic readings found in “Al-Jalīs al-Ṣāliḥ” from Sūrat Hūd to the end of the Qur’an, along with their analysis and interpretation. The study concludes with a summary of the main findings.

    10.26750/vkksh015 3 views Read article