Issue 6

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-24

   A Geometrical Analysis of The Distribution and Evaluation of The car Roads Network in Dukan District

   Rawand Abdulrahman Rasul —, Bestun Ahmad Hussein

   Road networks are one of the aspects that countries pay great attention to, as any territory has the ability to achieve a degree of progress and economic, social and cultural development How well do they serve the inhabitants of the district ? Transportation networks are considered one of the most important aspects of human activities and hold significant importance, so in this study based on geographical information systems to estimate and analyze the location of transportation roads scientifically. In this study, the distribution of geographical placement of the transportation network has been taken and presented accurately because in any region car transportation has been created and developed in several stages. Also, these stages make their geographical distribution and density to be difference according to natural and humanitarian aspects. Then, according to common standards, we have assessed the geographical distribution of the road network in the area, in order to show the capacity of the roads for the necessities of the population of the area. So, we have discussed the geographical distribution of transportation networks in the study area based on administrative units, population, height and low surface area, then evaluating the transportation network, stability of networks according to area and population. And the degree of rotation according to the mathematical formula of (Beta ,Gama ,Alfa).The total length of roads in the study area is (738.88) km and the area is (1786.85 km2). This is the result of analyzing the equivalence for road length and area The density of main road is low, but the density of secondary and agricultural roads is high according to international standards and serve the area as needed.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 25-49

   Genocide as a Source of Literary Inspiration

   khalida Sadeeq Ahmed, yahman M. Abdulrahman, Nimatulla Hamed Nheli

   In terms of content, literature encompasses a wide range of subjects and in doing so, it benefits from a multitudinous variety of phenomena to create its messages and leave imprints. Conforming to this fact, literature has historically aspired to portray the influential and tragic events that have shaped human history and existence. One of the significant events in the Kurdish history is the Anfal Campaigns which involves a series of systematic offensive operations practiced against the Kurdish people by the Iraqi government. The present study aims to explore the representation of the Anfal Genocide in Hashim Taha Akray’s poetry collection entitled After Anfal. Examining the ways in which Anfal-related themes have been approached, the study is divided into two sections. The first section presents the theoretical aspects of the study including the definition of Anfal, its conception, types and the different stages through which it has been practiced. The second section concerns the representation of the Anfal Campaigns in Akray’s poetry. Through Akray’s employment of these disastrous events, which he strongly condemns, it becomes clear that the campaigns have inflected painful and unforgettable effects on the Kurdish civilian population.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 50-73

   Global Issues in the Perspective of Liberal Theory

   Kosrat Khdir Abubakr, Anwar Mohammed Faraj

   Global issues play a central role in world politics on in practice, and they also hold a prominent place in the theoretical literature on international relations research. While the literature on realism divides global issues into high-policy and low-policy issues, the main question with this study is whether liberal theoretical orientations concur with that belief? The main aim of the study will be to answer this question and clarify what and how liberal theoretical perspectives address major global issues. With this objective in mind, the study relies on several key assumptions of liberal theory, especially regarding the rejection of pyramid hierarchy of global issues or their classification into high-policy and low-policy issues. Nonetheless, certain liberal theoretical stances firmly hold that collaboration on artistic and scientific matters is more successful and that this kind of achievement would foster greater cooperation in resolving global political, military, and strategic concerns and crises. Consequently, in order to answer the main question of the study, achieve its objectives and prove its main hypotheses, the research depends on each of the methods of deductive method, analysis and comparative method. In order to achieve this, the paper is divided into two main discussions, each with two main themes. This research will be very important to Kurdish academic center because there isn't much scientific research on the topic in Kurdish. It also has some valuable scientific results because it draws on several original sources in English.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 74-86

   Nostalgia and Tragedy in the Poetry of Pishder and Bitwan Poets

   Omar Haji Ibrahim, Srusht Jawhar Hawez

   Nostalgia is a state in which poets enter the world of writing, go back to their past days, the past is reflected as an unforgettable history in their texts, their are many poet that they proud of their pasts. they know that growing up brings dozens of problems and sufferings, poets are tired of the lifestyle they are in, they want to escape from this reality and embrace the past again. narrating those memory bring many great poems that have contributed to the development of Kurdish poetry. Tragedy is not excluded from the memory of poets because the Kurdish nation has been an oppressed nation throughout history, the enemies with the support of powerful states have always oppressed the Kurdish people, from displacing villages, chemical attacks on Halabja and Sheikh Wasanan full of tragedy. And killing eight thousand Barzani and doing many tragic events. Many of these tragic events are reflected in the poetry of the poets are written with beautiful feelings. These texts have become a testimony to the historical betrayal that the enemies have committed against the Kurdish people.

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 87-106

   Practicing Mythological Criticism in Diyar Aradni’s Novels

   Haval Saleem Tayeb, Bangeen Ibrahim Hami

   The theory of mythological criticism is based on creating a comparison between literary texts, according to the concept of the collective unconscious, the subconscious, the highest and sacred primitive patterns, myths, beliefs, sacred symbols, and imaginary structure. Diyar aradny is no different from others who wrote legendary novels, although we find in him creativity in his novels, diversit y in sources, and creation of a new horizon and motivation for the reader. In his novels, he benefited from primitive patterns that depend on mythological criticism and similar texts and their mechanisms to be in line with modern critical thought. In this research, we will try to reveal the types of primitive patterns and some of the mechanisms of mythological criticism in these three novels that were chosen, and how these primitive patterns were reflected in the novels (Fiar, Eva, Kaf) by Diyar aradny. At the same time, the research attempted to uncover the myth and symbol in these novels. The author benefited from the mythological background of the novel. He tried to embody it in all parts and themes of his novels and use the mechanisms of mythological criticism in his novels.

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 107-129

   The Impact of Media Discourse on The Reciepients Kurdistan Region

   Bahaddin Mohammed Abdulrahman, Dlshad Ali Mohammed

   This research deals with a topic related to the interactive relationships between Kurdish media discourse and its recipients, as they, that is, those relationships, constitute a structural problem on the communication process and what is intended from it, with its societal details and diverse effects. This means that the problem of this research is (the lack of clarity about the different effects and levels that this discourse places on the recipient in the Kurdistan region), through the following basic research questions: What is the type and level of cognitive effects of Kurdish media discourse on its recipients in the Kurdistan region? What is the type and level of behavioral effects of Kurdish media discourse on its recipients in the Kurdistan region? What is the type and level of emotional effects of Kurdish media discourse on its recipients in the Kurdistan region? The research is considered descriptive research appropriate to discover the nature of the structural variables that it collects, that is, those variables, using the questionnaire survey method to address those basic questions posed in the field, Among the most important results achieved by the research are: The presence of cognitive, behavioral and emotional effects on the Kurdish recipient by the Kurdish media at different levels. The recipient’s different levels of acceptance of influence according to his educational and cultural background.

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 130-153

   The Role of Age in Creating Difference and Linguistic Variation in Social Occasions and Domains

   Omed Barzan Brzo, Yara Qadir Hamad

   This research is entitled with (The role of age in creating difference and linguistic variation in social occasions and domains), and aims to show the effect of age as a social factor in language variation and different expression and patterns in different events and social areas. In his research, the researcher followed the descriptive analytical method, and took examples and research models from the community. The researcher divided his research into two topics: The first topic is devoted to linguistic variation and age, which discusses the concept and emergence of sociolinguistics and linguistic variation, dimensions and objectives of sociolinguistics, language change and linguistic variation, then the relationship between language and age, age and social factors and gender, the relationship between age and style, the relationship between age and culture), age and social laws, age and social norms, age and respect. The second topic is dedicated to the differences in the use of expressions according to age in social occasions and areas (funerals, swearing, greeting) with examples of current expressions and speeches of the central Kurdish dialect. Finally, the most important results, list of sources and a summary of the study are presented in English.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 154-180

   Religious Dance and Spiritual Connectivity in Yazidi Ritual Practices

   Hangaw Anwer Mohammed, Naser Hashim Beden, Nariman Abdullah Kareem

   This study is a descriptive, historical, and field-based investigation into the essence of Sema and the religious rituals of the Yazidi faith. It posits that these elements are integral to the experiential life of worship and spiritual connection among the Yazidis. Sema inherently contributes to the stimulation of the spirit and psyche and facilitates the unification of the religious community. It strengthens communal ties, enabling believers to transcend worldly limits, access spiritual realms, and establish direct connections with sacred entities. The objective of this research is to identify and define the roles and responsibilities associated with the essence of Sema from religious, cultural, and musical perspectives. It examines the place of music in defining the identity of various types of Sema. The outcomes of this study address the functions and roles of Sema and its essence within the cultural and religious framework, linking to traditions and customs. It explores how values and rituals are transmitted, reporting on identity and social action for succeeding generations through the promotion of spirituality, which fosters emotions and solidarity, supports the community, and engages with divine aspects, enhancing the community’s resilience and coherence. Each Sema has its own unique melody and rhythm, with music playing a pivotal role in defining the types of Sema within the religious community. These aspects constitute another dimension of the results of this research.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 181-199

   Loss of the Native Language Role of the Mother Tongue

   Salam Raheem Rashid

   Loss of the Native Language Role of the Mother Tongue: The Threat of the Second Language (English) to Overtake the First Language (Kurdish) is the title of my thesis. The rationale behind this title is to account for the influence English has on Kurdish in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Today in most of the private schools of KRI, the language of instruction is English. Including nursery, kindergarten, primary and secondary stages, this has not only made English the formal instruction language, but also the main language of communication among the students studying at these schools. The explanation the school administrators provide to justify this shift is not convincing. The resent work consists of two chapters. The first chapter, titled Failure of Learning English Effectively in the public Schools, is dedicated to the methods of Second Language learning through school curriculums. We argue that these methods of have not been given the required importance in the public schools. The second chapter, Loss of the Native Language Role of the Mother Tongue, is a theoretical account of the threats English is losing on Kurdish in KRI through the curricula the private and exemplary schools are using.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 200-219

    Modality and Polarization in Language - Relativity and Absoluteness of Expression in Primary School Islamic Education Textbooks

    Bahman Tahir Nariman, Nawzad Anwar Omer

    This research employs the framework of functional linguistics, as elucidated by Michael Halliday, to analyze a selection of Ministry of Education textbooks concerning Islamic Education at the Primary Stage. Through the lens of Halliday's concept of language polarization, the study explores the manifestation of relative and absolute language in these textbooks and its implications for students' acceptance of religious views. It also investigates whether the educational approach treats Islam as a subject of indoctrination or encourages students to critically engage with it. Additionally, the study utilizes the methodology of critical discourse analysis, as outlined by Norman Fairclough, to examine the political dimensions influencing the use of relative and absolute language in education. It probes whether educational practices reflect an authoritarian agenda focused on passive reception of information or promote critical thinking conducive to democratic governance. By scrutinizing polar and interpolar expressions, particularly words conveying modality and polarity, the research assesses the degree of bias or impartiality in the formulation of Islamic education textbooks. It seeks to discern whether the authors primarily aim to inform students or to foster unwavering faith.

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 220-247

    Indirect Speech Acts in Kurdish Poetry: The Case of Jegerkhin’s Poems

    Sagvan Abdullrahman Taha, Sulaiman Hishyar Mohammed

    This study delves into the phenomenon of indirect speech acts and their role in crafting literary language in poetic texts, where the poet employs them as tools to convey thoughts and intentions. The research aims to explore how poets utilize linguistic capabilities to create an engaging literary style through indirect acts. Titled “Indirect Speech Acts in Kurdish Poetry: The Case of Jegerkhin’s Poems,” the study adopts Austin and Searle’s theoretical models. Its significance lies in highlighting how poets often rely on indirect speech acts to shape an aesthetically pleasing mode of expression and to create vivid artistic imagery. These acts align with the poet’s emotions and feelings, encompassing expressions such as declarations, commands, joy, sadness, hope, and more. The research categorizes sentences into declarative, interrogative, and imperative types, analyzing each and identifying the nature of the indirect act within them. Alongside the introduction and conclusions, the study is divided into two parts: the first examines the concepts and types of speech acts, while the second focuses on the language of the poems, identifying and interpreting indirect speech acts within them.

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 248-266

    Presenting The Model of New Changes in The Architectural Form and Plan of Rural Houses

    Azad Hedayat Hassan, Idris Abboudi

    Housing is one of the first human needs. In the process of development and rural planning, attention to housing and its quality is at the top of development plans. The category of rural housing also changes over time, like other areas of planning. While the living conditions of rural families, lifestyles, etc. have changed compared to the past, housing architecture with the same old patterns cannot meet the needs of the present age. And it should change based on the current needs of the plan and architectural style of the housing. In the design of housing plans, secondary and public uses during rural renovation, the elements of identity should be recreated. In the current research, which is conducted by field method and descriptive analytical research, after the complete study of current masterplan, the architectural plan of Saqoz villages in Kurdistan province has been analyzed and investigated. Using the opinion of experts in the reconstruction of identity architecture, the necessary review for has been done, and finallysuitable and optimal plans for ten households proposed by asking people’s opinions. The results of the research show that the existing plans, besides not meeting some of the residents’ needs, have not fully implemented the elements of rural life. In the recreated plans, an attempt has been made to eliminate these defects.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 267-289

    The Question of The Identity of The Refugee Character in Kurdish Novels

    Mohammed Ahmed Hasan, Hawkar Qadir Rasul

    The issue of identity is a contemporary issue, an issue that with the advent of modernism and postmodernism becomes the center of research in many fields. It covers issues of identity, gender identity, ethnicity and many other areas. Our research is working on the issue of refugee character identity. The anthropological, political, social, and psychological dimensions are important in this regard, because the person who becomes a refugee has been raised and educated within one culture, and when he enters another, he is confronted with similarities between me and the other. Obviously, the issues of human reality, refugees and the culture of migration are discussed in the novel. That is, in the novel, all subjects such as culture, identity and the other are reflected in the world we call the novel. In this context, Kurdish novels focus on the identity and character similarities of refugees and we have several novels on this subject. We study this subject from the perspective of cultural narrative. The refugee character in the environment in which he lives is constantly trying to adapt to the culture of the nation, because he has left his culture and identity and now must adapt to this new culture and not be seen as an apostate and find the environment in which he is a refugee and create a new identity for himself.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 290-316

    Trends of Urban Area Expansion in Ranya City (1977–2024)

    Nawzad Rasul Muhammad, Bestoon Ahmed Hussein

    Urban expansion since the twentieth century has emerged as a significant global phenomenon, profoundly impacting urban morphology. Ranya city, situated on the Bitwen Plain in the Kurdistan Region and surrounded by prominent mountain ranges, has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past 47 years (1977–2024). This research provides a detailed analysis of the city’s spatial expansion and morphological changes. The study aims to analyze the drivers and consequences of Ranya’s expansion over the past several decades while highlighting the associated challenges and obstacles. The research utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for spatial and morphological analysis, employing demographic data and land-use assessments for quantitative evaluation. It also draws on historical records to understand past trends and evaluate the impacts of urbanization.

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15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 317-335

    History of the most Important Closet of Tablets in the Mesopotamia 2800-612 B.C

    Ali Abdalla Mahmood, Emad Abdalqadir M. Saeed

    This Research is named (History of the most Important Closet of Tablets in the Mesopotamia 2800-612 B.C), a Scientific Research focused on the History of Collection and Safe-keeping Tablets in the Special Places. The oldest Safe-keeping tablets found in Sumerians Cities History back to Third Millennium BC. Excavations in the archaeological sites of Mesopotamia by local and foreign archaeological teams have yielded good evidence and information about the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia are kept private, most of the sites identified by archaeologists for excavations, in addition to various archaeological objects have found a number of Tablets, which indicates that the inscriptions were kept collectively in private places. Some of the documents, especially official documents such as letters exchanged and royal decrees or rare and important documents, were kept in special boxes. The boxes were closed pots or boxes or baskets, and some were placed on special shelves or walls and platforms, this attention has become a factor to preserve the writings for centuries, in this Research Several Important Safe-keepings are Presented as Example for each of them some information about (Geographical location, Archaeological Discoveries, Number of Tablets, how their keeping and …etc.). In general this study focuses on one of the important tasks of the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia is to keep their writings in private treasuries. This was an attempt to preserve their writings in order to preserve and disseminate recorded information or many historians can use them for Writing history.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 336-356

    The Effect of Using Driver‌ Model in Achievement of Third Year students in Kurdish Language Department in theories of Modrern Literary Criticism Subject and Developing their motivation to learning it

    Rozan Muhammad Qaseem Sulaiman, Lulav A hmed abdullah, Yahman M. Abdulrahman3

    The research aimed to determine the effect of using the Driver model on the achievement of third-grade students in the Kurdish language department in the subject of modern critical theories and to develop their motivation to learn the subject. The researchers adopted a quasi-experimental design with two equal groups with pre- and post-tests. An experimental group studied according to Driver‌s model and a control group studied according to the usual method. The researchers randomly selected two groups from the three sections in the third stage, and the two sections were distributed in the same manner, so the group represented Group A, which had 40 male and female students, represented the experimental group, while Group C, which had 43 male and female students, represented the control group, and parity was conducted between the two groups in several variables. The two researchers prepared an achievement test that included (40) multiple-choice and specific-answer items, as well as a scale to measure motivation to learn the subject, which included (34) items, and they extracted psychometric properties for them. After completing the experiment that began from (1/2/2024) to (4/7/2024), applying the test and scale, and conducting statistical treatment of the data using the T-test for two independent samples, The results showed that there were statistical differences at the level of (0.05) between the average achievement scores of students in the experimental and control groups, as well as development differences in the motivation scores to learn the subject, in favor of the experimental group. The researchers reached general conclusions and presented recommendations and proposals for conducting similar research in this field in the future.

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 357-381

    Protecting National Security in Exceptional Circumstances in the Kurdistan Region and Iraq

    Fakhradin Mahdi Jarjis, Weadi Sulaiman Ali

    Society is not always in a state of stability; it is continuously subject to change. National security is an influenced by political, military, economic, social, and environmental factors. These changes necessitate dynamic adjustments in the state's approach to maintaining security and societal stability, requiring the adoption of a criminal policy suited to prevailing circumstances. This involves implementing appropriate legal frameworks and legislative measures to safeguard national security, especially during exceptional circumstances characterized by heightened and atypical threats. This study highlights the critical importance of national security for both society and the state, focusing on the legitimacy of legal measures enacted during exceptional circumstances. It also emphasizes the need to protect individual rights and freedoms as core components of the rule of law. The research examines terrorism as a grave crime threatening national security and individual lives, analyzing the legal frameworks and criminal justice measures employed in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region. This discussion is set within the broader context of criminal policy and penal legislation. The study further explores the legal principles that balance crime and punishment by ensuring robust legal and judicial safeguards to protect rights and freedoms. It underscores the vital role of societal oversight in monitoring state and administrative actions during exceptional circumstances, thereby mitigating the risk of power abuse and protecting legally recognized interests. Additionally, it highlights the indispensable role of individuals in upholding and guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms. This study concluded that there is no clear and effective criminal policy in Iraq to address the causes of the insurgency and counter threats to national security in discriminatory circumstances.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 382-397

    Historical Concepts and Their Teaching Challenges from Teachers' Perspective in Basic Education (Third Cycle) in Sulaymaniyah City

    Awat Karim Mustafa, Sabir Bakr Mustafa

    This research examines historical concepts, which comprise important terms and expressions related to historical events and occurrences that influence the thinking and values of the students and become integral components of students' cognitive structure. These concepts play a vital role in guiding students' lives. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive-analytical method. The researcher designed a survey questionnaire to collect data about teachers' perspectives on historical concepts and their teaching challenges. After validating the reliability and consistency of the designed form, which consisted of 41 items, the research population comprised teachers from central Sulaymaniyah province, with a sample size of 408 teachers. After conducting statistical analysis of the collected data using the One Sample t-test, results showed that the calculated t-value (95.018) was greater than the table t-value (1.990), with degrees of freedom (df) of 399. This proved that according to teachers' perspectives, the concepts present challenges and they are unclear, leading to confusion among students. Additional challenges include insufficient allocated class time and a lack of appropriate teaching assistances are challenges of the teachers. Also, the large number of concepts in the curriculum and the incompatibility of some concepts with students' age levels create some other problems. Moreover, there is a continuous need to update knowledge and teaching methods. To address these challenges, several key points require attention. First, new technology and modern teaching methods should be implemented. Second, it is important to provide continuous training course for teachers to develop their capabilities.

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 398-413

    Analysis Of Political Article in Kurdish Media, Specifically About the Referendum Case in The Kurdistan Region- 2017

    Ibrahim Samin Ali, Mohamed Khadr Mouloud

    This study is titled " Analysis of political article in kurdish media, specificaly about the referendum case in the kurdistan region- 2017"، it is a descriptive-analytical research in which the method of content analysis has been used in order to obtain data and information. The research community includes the newspapers "Xabat and Kurdistan New " as two daily newspapers that published political articles during the referendum process. The sample of this research is (159) political articles in each of the newspapers (Xabat and Kurdistan New) during a period of one month from (25/8/2017) to (24/9/2017). The main objectives of this study are: Identify political articles in the Kurdish newspaper published during the 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum. Presenting the analysis and content of the political article in the Kurdish newspaper during the referendum on the independence of the Kurdistan Region in 2017. Determine the political article in the Kurdish newspaper on the issue of the Kurdistan Region's independence referendum in 2017. Among the most important findings of the study: The Kurdish press is very interested in press coverage case the referendum on the independence of the Kurdistan Region in 2017 The types of articles published in Kurdish newspapers during the referendum were in addition to the editorial and column articles such as journalistic analysis and investigative journalism. In terms of the direction or objectives of the political article in the Kurdish newspaper, it was more than an attempt to announce the referendum process and convey information to readers.

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20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 414-440

    Methods of Achieving Socialism

    Jabar esmael Ahmed, Mohammed Mustafa Ahmed

    The realization of socialism, how to achieve it, and the tools of achieving socialism is differ among neo-Marxist thinkers in the twentieth century. The most two obvious trends for achieving socialism are: revolution, and the democratic reform. The thinkers of revolutionary socialism are emphasize rapid and radical change to achieve socialism through the use of armed and violent revolutionary tools, while the thinkers of Social Reform & Social Democracy emphasize on adopting via peaceful way without violence. Social democratic thinkers are divided into two distinct trends: revisionism and determinism. Revisionism emphasizes parliamentary reform, using of democratic ways and elections to achieve workers' rights. The determinist trend emphasizes on the role of history and Marx's historical materialism in achieving socialism, according to the determinists socialism is an inevitable historical stage that occurs after the collapse of capitalism and the turning of society. The Orthodox Marxists such as Kautsky and Plekhanov are among this trend's thinkers. Plekhanov, the Socialist leader in the Soviet Union, emphasized the realization of socialism through peaceful away without armed revolution. For Plekhanov, history played a major role in determining individuals and societies to realize the aspirations of history. He also believed that individuals have a passive role compare to the society, furthermore art and artistic aesthetics play a fundamental role in class consciousness and the subsequent realization of socialism, and the whole process of transition to socialism for Plekhanov occurs during the historical development of society and according to Marx's historical materialism.

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21. 21
    Social Science Original Research pp. 441-465

    The Change of Democracy in Iraq

    Qadr Watman Rasull, Muhamed Sabr Karim

    Re-establishing relations between citizens and governing in states that have been governed by dictatorship for decades is a very difficult process and requires the creation of a favorable environment. On the other hand،, it has its own mechanism and procedures،, which cannot be achieved by the existence of certain elements of democracy،, which complicates the process of democratic change، the dominance of nature and undesirable negative characteristics in the reality of the state and its political society. Examples of the weakness of cultural democracy، the experience of political pluralism and the implementation of tribal characteristics. From here, the political reality of the Rwpublic of Iraq after 2003 is largely a reality dominated by the nature of hegemony. After nearly four decades of domination of several dictatorial political systems whose constitutions contained non-democratic articles and paragraphs or at best the democratic principles of governance and followed the dictatorial form of power on the ground in the most widespread manifestations with the most extreme views. This reality in the governing system will be completed in 2003 after an international military operation. The reorganization of political life in this country will be one of the most important issues of the new post-dictatorship political process.

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22. 22
    Social Science Original Research pp. 466-485

    The Objective of Penal Policy in Customs Offenses

    Hawar Essa Mohammed Ali, Othman Mustafa Abdulla

    In order to accomplish the goals that the customs law endeavors to attain and safeguard, the Iraqi customs legislative has implemented harsh penalties, including the death penalty and life imprisonment, with the goal of eliminating customs offenses that pose a threat to important national and cultural interests, such as the smuggling of cultural artifacts. In order to combat crimes that harm the nation's wealth and treasury revenues, it has also established jail time and life imprisonment. By preventing such crimes, this practice serves as a public deterrent. Offender of customs laws and regulations are then subject to financial penalties, such as fines and confiscation. Therefore, the goal of this process is to compensate for the damage done to national assets. Despite this, it imposes administrative penalties, including the refusal to conduct business and the implementation of a customs reconciliation process. Of course, this has been reserved mainly for traders and customs-border commuters, with the goal of preventing such society groups from being involved in customs violations, which would result in private deterrence, particularly in such offenses. As a result, we concluded that the aims of customs penalties are general and specific deterrence of customs crimes, compensation to the public treasury, protection of the country's financial and economic wealth, sustainable development of domestic production, and prevention of the decline of the public sector.

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23. 23
    Social Science Original Research pp. 486-498

    The Moral Education from the perspective of Emile Durkheim

    Othman Braim Hamad, Hataw Kareem Khidir

    This research aims to identify the meaning of moral concept, and identify Durkheim’s perspective on moral education and its duties. Identify the mechanisms of moral education in the classical Society and new society in his viewpoint. Furthermore, this research seeks to understand the benefits of this vision to the new societies generally and Kurdish society especially. This is theoretical research that relies on the analytical descriptive method. The most important conclusions of this research are: According to Durkheim’s point of view, morality is a social fact that consists of common norms, laws, and rules applied by society, which all citizens have a duty to abide by. In Durkheim’s view, moral education involves teaching and training individuals in society's laws, common values, and behaviors, and implanting them into their souls. The most important function of morality is to create social solidarity. In old and simple societies, religion played a major role in moral education, but for the new society, it emphasizes the secular and rational education, shaped by the state and directed through its institutions (schools), was intended to replace religious moral instruction. Through the education can develop the values of patriotism, unity, and a spirit of coexistence within Kurdish society.

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24. 24
    Social Science Original Research pp. 499-525

    Geographical Analysis of Climate Supplies of Summer Vegetables in The Dukan District

    Sawen Hawez Hamad Amin, Mohammed Qader Rasool

    Summer vegetables are one of the most important agricultural products, from food, health and economy for humans. Summer vegetables are under some factors of nature and humanity. Among the natural factors, climate is the most significant factor for growing and dividing agricultural products. The most important climate element is temperature, which has an effect on the quantity and quality of crops and other climate elements, directly and indirectly. The aim of this research is to indicate the efficiency of the climate for vegetables and their adaptation of the climate capacities in the study area. descriptive and analysis methods are used to describe significant kinds of summer vegetables with analysis of climate data during a study for thirty (30) years in the study area. And the comparative method is used to indicate these changes in the climate data that are effects on bringing forward and backward cultivation of crops. In the end, we have some results; the most significant are: Summer vegetables in the first stage of growing need more sunlight at rate (2% - 3%) compared to other stages. Each of the pepper, eggplant, and watermelon crops are not planted at the right time, so germination and growth are delayed in the study area, but each of the tomato, okra, and cucumber crops have their cultivated times convenient with climate supplies.

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25. 25
    Social Science Original Research pp. 526-544

    Intertextuality of Wisdom and Proverbs in the Novel The Historian… Tablets Escaped from Death by Fadel Omar

    Ramazan Haje Kader, Mardan Rafat Abozaid

    The influence of the literature of nations on one another has led to a new understanding of literary works, known as intertextuality. This term emerged as a new critical concept introduced by Julia Kristeva, referring to the overlap, adoption, and incorporation of one text into a preceding one — in other words, a text that benefits from the ideas and views of a prior text, utilizing them through various techniques, mechanisms, and types of intertextuality. This study, titled “Intertextuality of Wisdom and Proverbs in the Novel The Historian… Tablets Escaped from Death by Fadel Omar”, explores, through different types of intertextuality, a number of proverbs and wise sayings that found their place in the novel and were used by the novelist to enrich the text, enhance the eloquence of the language, and convey deeper meanings. The study discusses the methods of employing proverbs, whether directly or indirectly. Ultimately, it becomes clear that these sayings added strength and enjoyment to the novel, allowing the reader to engage with it calmly and enthusiastically. Consequently, expanding the novel's contents allows the author to illuminate the events by incorporating a greater number of proverbs into their narratives.

    10.26750/5anyjy30 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 545-563

    Philosophical Foundations of Teaching Thinking from the Perspective of Lev Vygotsky

    Zhiar Fakhir Hamad ameen, Hasan Hussein Sadiq

    This study focuses on Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory and emphasizes that learning, cognitive development, and thinking are fundamentally and primarily social processes. It highlights the role of social interaction as a key element and uses it as a framework for understanding cognitive growth. In this paper, Vygotsky’s intellectual stance is presented as a distinctive educational perspective that sets him apart from many other theorists. He views the learner as an active and dynamic participant within the learning environment and applies the theory of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) to explain what learners can achieve independently and what they can learn with guidance and support. This model is also shown to be effective in enhancing learners’ knowledge, with thinking considered a central component of knowledge itself. Additionally, Vygotsky regards tools such as peer collaboration, group work, and language as essential socio-cultural instruments that foster cognitive development, the acquisition of new knowledge, and deeper thinking. By exploring these concepts, we can better understand how Vygotsky’s ideas serve as an intellectual and philosophical framework in the field of education—particularly in developing thinking skills.

    10.26750/cc6dyt64 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 564-583

    Education and Free Education

    Dlkash Muhammad Omar, Batool Raza Abbas

    The notion of free education goes back to ancient Greece, and it has been playing a significant role in developing studying programs in various western educational systems. Paulo Freire has put importance on freedom in education, particularly in the third world. Through his philosophical theories, Freire has tried to spread and develop the notion of freedom in education; especially, raising the awareness of the oppressed classes towards the oppression that is done against them, and eradicating social classes to achieve social justice and making freedom. This study discusses the critical pedagogy and the banking method in the educational philosophy of Paulo Freire, the Brazilian libertarian, and it analyses the main concepts, such as education for freedom, banking method vs. critical pedagogy, the role of dialogue and teachers. The method of this study relies on analyzing the works of Freire, with focus on his book; The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, and evaluates the effectiveness of his ideas on the theory and practice of education. The results indicate that Freire's philosophy still continues to insert its importance and influence for fighting educational inequalities and empowering students in the modern educational system. The study gives suggestions about the way of using Freire's viewpoints in the philosophy of education for encouraging social change and establishing a more just society. Among these are developing critical thinking among students, getting rid of conventional education; and bringing about an education that students' abilities are to be developed in it and guarantees freedom and social justice through education.

    10.26750/8eeff272 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 584-605

    Evaluation of Geomorphic Indicators of Tectonic Activity in the Watersheds of the Bngard District

    Kamaran Abdalla Pirot, Pshtiwan Ali Mohammed

    Geomorphic indicators are considered to be prominent tools to learn about the interaction of tectonic processes and geomorphic shapes the earth’s surface. Worth mentioning, this evaluation uses a number of indicators that provide a very thorough concept of the influence of tectonic activity on watersheds. The research area consists of(10) watersheds in Bngird district of Sulaymaniyah province, in addition to that, the aim to determine the efficiency of tectonic activities on the watersheds in Bngird sub-district. The watersheds flow in to the Little Zab River in the northeast, as well as Dukan Lake in the west, by practicing geomorphic indicators, such as (AF) to determine dissimilarity and (SL) to select the length and slopes grades and(SMF) to show the fold of mountain fronts and (VF) to determine the rate of width of the base of valleys to their heights and (T) to know topographic similarity and (HI) Hypsometric curves for measuring the stages of the watersheds, indicate(IRAT)the sum of all the previous indicator results gives a comprehensive view of the tectonic activity for all watersheds in the study area that is their total numbers are (10) watersheds. In the end, the results of this study show that the rate of tectonic activity of all watersheds in the study area is at a moderate level, generality the entire study area has been subjected to tectonic activity. In this research, the used the quantitative analysis method and relied on numerical high-resolution satellite images (DEM 12.5) and images (LANDSAT-8) by using (ArcGIS 10.8).

    10.26750/t4qcvy96 1 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 606-635

    The Effect of the LRD Strategy in Obtaining the Kurdish Literature for the Students of the eighth Basic Grade

    Maher Taher Salih, Ismael Ahmed Simo, Kamran Ibrahim Khalil3

    This study aimed to examine the Effect of the Listen-read-discus (LRD) strategy on the students of eighth stage in basic education schools in Kurdish literature subject. The research adapt the experimental method that used to evaluate the achievement of two equal groups chosen from different schools.The researchers conducted two schools intentionally from west department of education in Duhok city.Two Groups had been chosen randomly, group (A) consists of 21 students from Hajar Mukirian school for experiment group and group (C) consists of 22 students from Aland school for the control group. The researchers ensured equivalence between the two groups in some relevant variables. To achieve the aim of the study an assessment has been conducted. The assessment consists of 35 items 25 items were multiple choices and 10 were true/ false. After applying the experimental assessment on the researcher’s sample data has been found and analysis statistically by using (t.test) experimental Design on two separated groups uneqlized in number, the results in the study showed that there is differences statistically between the two groups in the average score on the grades of the students studied Kurdish literature adopted (LRD) strategy and the average score of students grades studied the same subject in common method. In conclusion, using LRD strategy has a positive effect on students’ grades accordingly; the researchers conclude some suggestions and recommendations.

    10.26750/zen5ms10 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 636-662

    The Initial of Mononotheism in Ancient Egypt and Iraq

    Rebwar Hussein Rasul, Emad Abdulqadir Mohammad Saeed

    Religion has always been an important part of human life. In other words, ever since humans first appeared on Earth and began living in organized ways, they have felt a need for religion. By religion, we mean how people understand the world and themselves, and how they interact with the things around them. In ancient times, people in Egypt and Iraq, like people in other civilizations, created religious beliefs to protect themselves from natural events they didn’t understand but believed had power over their lives. Because of this, they started to treat these natural forces as holy, and over time, this led to the belief in gods. At first, there were many gods. But over time, due to religious changes, political developments, and growing awareness in society, the number of gods decreased. Eventually, in both ancient Egypt and Iraq, the idea of believing in one god (monotheism) began to appear. Political and religious unity also played a role in bringing the idea of one god to the front. Still, there are many interesting and important points to explore about this topic. It would take several studies to fully understand why people moved from believing in many gods to believing in just one, and how this change happened. Therefore, this study with the title "The Beginnings of Monotheism in Ancient Egypt and Iraq: A Historical Study" aims to explore the monotheism in ancient history. This subject is discussed through several different topics

    10.26750/vkcdf124 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 663-683

    The Effect of the Economic Crisis on Internal Policy and Foreign Relations in the Kurdistan Region (2014-2024)

    Kamran Ahmad MohammedAmin, Chro Rashid Ali

    From 2014 to 2024, the Kurdistan Region confronted a significant economic and financial crisis that immensely affected its national policies and international relations. This situation is crucial for regional decision-makers as it scientifically analyses the impact of the economic crisis on policies and relations in the Kurdistan Region that audit and review decision-making institutions to develop strategic and effective solutions to tackle economic challenges and foster development within the region. To reach this goal, researchers utilized quantitative methods for data analysis in certain areas. Ultimately, they reached several conclusions. Financial strains from the Iraqi federal government—especially due to budget cuts and declining oil prices—along with other economic issues since 2014 have exacerbated the economic crisis in the Kurdistan Region. This has led to significant negative effects on service sectors, resulting in increased poverty and unemployment rates. This study includes three discussions along with several recommendations. The first discussion focuses on a theoretical analysis of decision-making processes. The second analyses how economic factors influence internal policies within the Kurdistan Region, while the third investigates the effects of these economic conditions on Foreign Relations.

    10.26750/nd0set47 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 684-709

    The Function of Economic Administrative Regulation in Safeguarding Consumer’s Rights within the Kurdistan Region- Iraq

    Dana Abdulkarim Saeed, Hemn Hussein Hamadamin, Othman Salih Mohammedamin

    Economic administrative regulation is regarded as the primary mechanism for overseeing economic activities, maintaining market equilibrium, and safeguarding the public interest. At this juncture, the administrative authority assumes the task of controlling economic activity through the regulation of prices, quality and the existence of competition. Meanwhile, in economic transactions, the consumer is often viewed as the vulnerable party, defined as an individual who acquires goods or services to fulfil personal, non-professional needs. Therefore, safeguarding this vulnerable group within economic transactions needs a robust legal framework, to achieve this, countries have grounded their national legislation on international treaties, regional agreements, and United Nations guidelines, in the Kurdistan Region, the inefficiency of the Consumers Protection Council is evident, despite its establishment under the Iraqi Consumers Protection Law No. 1 of 2010, which is applicable in the Kurdistan Region through Law No. 9 of 2010, this makes the law inadequate for consumers protection, due to the lack of balance with the rapid economic growth in the region, compounded by the inefficiency of central administrative authorities, by establishing a public policy, they will play a crucial role in overseeing markets and ensuring product safety, while local administrative authorities will be responsible for field monitoring and directly addressing consumer complaints, this makes the urgent need to activate economic administrative regulations in order to safeguard consumers and enhance confidence in the markets governed by the Kurdistan Regional Government. Beside that, administrative power suffers due to complicated issues, the most marked being one lack of cooperation the ambiguity in legal clauses regarding the systemization of responsibilities. these issues impose urgent action on the Kurdistan region to gather administrative institutions under one roof by working toward activating the Consumer Protection Council. Moreover, it is necessary to reorganize and clarify the responsibilities of administrative authority concerning consumer protection.

    10.26750/f4jmsr32 3 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 710-733

    The Effect of Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) Strategy on Academic Achievement in History Among Eleventh-Grade Students.

    Rawa Salih Mohammed, Hemn Mahmood Ahmed

    This study aims to determine the effect of using Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD)strategy on the academic achievement of eleventh-grade students in History. The researcher followed the experimental approach, relying on two experimental designs (an experimental group and a control group).The research population consisted of all eleventh-grade female literary students at Arenko High School for 2024-2025. The study sample included 43 female students, randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group was 20 students, which they were taught using LRD strategy, and the control group was 20 students, which they were taught using the traditional method. The study's balance included previous year's History grades, Raven IQ test scores, parents' academic achievement, and students' ages in months. The researcher identified the educational material in Chapters 4 and 5 of the New and Contemporary History textbook. He developed behavioral objectives based on Bloom's levels (remembering, understanding, applying, and analyzing) which they were 130 behavioral objectives. He also prepared lesson plans for the academic subjects consisting of three daily lesson plans per week for each research group. The researcher has identified the data collection tools to achieve the research objectives via achievement test, which they were (50) items of multiple-choice type, and its validity was confirmed by presenting them to a group of experts, after calculating the ease or difficulty coefficient, discriminatory power and reliability of the test by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed (0.87), which is a high rate, and thus the final test consisted of 43 items. After the end of the experiment, which lasted 12 weeks, the researcher applied the tools to the study sample. After collecting and analyzing the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the researcher reached this result, there were statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the two research groups in the academic achievement test in favor of the experimental group. In light of the study results, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

    10.26750/0cv9xe63 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 734-756

    The Principal of the Theory of Morphosyntax in the Kurdish Language under the Light of Generative Grammar

    Shaida Farhad Said, Salah Hawez Rasso

    This research, entitled “The Principal of the Theory of Morphosyntax in the Kurdish Language under the Light of Generative Grammar”, is an attempt to clarify morphosyntax in a way that differs from previous studies and to present this new linguistic level in a different format, Since the exact details and significance of morphosyntax in Kurdish language are still unknown, For this reason, we examined the function, impact, and modifications that morphosyntax makes to language, This study also provides a thorough answer to the question “What is morphosyntax?” and establishes the theoretical foundations necessary for explaining morphosyntactic structures, In addition, presenting "The Theory of Morphosyntax" in the context of the Kurdish language is a subject that has not yet been properly examined by earlier researchers, which is another innovative aspect of this study, Furthermore, we discussed the unique features of morphosyntax and its structural elements, emphasising the structural elements in the Kurdish language, and we explained it with examples, One of the key linguistic theories referenced in this study is Chomsky’s generative grammar, through which we have made this linguistic level in the form of generative syntax, A new stage in the development of grammar emerged, giving rise to the theory of authority and association, which in turn led to the formation of morphosyntax interfaces and the analysis of examples, This theoretical technique has been used to evaluate and analyse a number of examples. We are now done exploring the differences between morphosyntactic and syntactic structures and their dynamic interaction.

    10.26750/m3bayw54 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 757-778

    The Role of New Media in the Modern Marketing Strategy of TelecommunicationsCompanies

    Thahir Hamadamin Sabir, Shawbo Merza Sabir

    This research, titled "The Role of New Media in the Modern Marketing Strategy of Telecommunications Companies (Asiacell and Korek Telecom as Case Studies)", is a descriptive study, employing a suitable research method to obtain accurate and detailed data. A field method was used for data collection. The research community consists of Asiacell and Korek Telecom companies. The sample includes 102 employees from the marketing departments of both companies, selected through purposive sampling. The researcher relied on a structured questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The main objectives of the research are: To identify the significance of new media in the marketing strategies of Korek Telecom and Asiacell. To assess the extent to which modern marketing objectives are achieved by both companies. To evaluate the effectiveness of Korek Telecom and Asiacell in utilizing the features of modern marketing through new media. Key findings of the study include: New media holds great importance in the modern marketing strategies of telecommunications companies. Both companies assign high value to the use of new media platforms in promoting their services to customers. The telecommunications companies place strong emphasis on market research and identifying customer needs, which facilitates better service delivery during various stages of modern marketing. The telecommunications companies aim to offer the most comprehensive services with continuity and consistency. Modern marketing strategies assist these companies in promoting their products and services, and in identifying challenges in delivering their services.

    10.26750/vg0jvt12 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 779-795

    Philosophical Dimensions in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

    Nawzad Khalid Salih, Hassan Hussein Sdiq

    Cognitive behavioral therapy it is one of the methods of psychological therapy that massively it was practiced and supported the terms of experience. Awhile the techniques they have roots and roots in the philosophy, Cognitive behavioral therapy a group of assumptions and implications it embodies the philosophical. That is research it follows up for principle and philosophical dimension of Cognitive Behavioral, especially the terms of Cognitive, Behavioral, Socrates dialogue, philosophical Consultation. As well as the terms of stoicisms. After all understand these principles it can richer the clinical practice and the open ways for dialogues between the philosophy and psychological treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy, combines the cognitive and behavioral approaches for Psychological mental. Which emphasis that is dysfunctional thinking it causes emotional mental and behavioral. Awhile the cognitive behavioral therapy it is managed the terms of experience. It is default assumptions regarding the human cognition and behavior and changes, they are cut of with philosophical questions. this research is investigating at that intersections, in order that light on that is how philosophy as importance subject it advances the cognitive behavioral. Cognitive behavioral therapy is philosophical practical that is on facility assumptions about knowledge and agency and a good life, for this understand the philosophical dimensions of cognitive behavioral treatment it is theoretical participation and it is practical participation it enriches with solutions.

    10.26750/j74efj26 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 796-820

    The Effectiveness of A Proposed Strategy on The Acquisition of Grammatical Concepts in Kurdish Grammar Subject Amongst Eighth-Grade Elementary Students and Their Perceptions Toward the Subject.

    Karzan Omar Farkha, Jawana Ahmad Hama Hussein, Karzan Mohammed Arif

    The aim of this research is to evaluate the effects of a suggested strategy on the understanding of grammatical concepts in Kurdish grammar among eighth-grade elementary students, as well as their perceptions of the subject. To achieve this aim, an experimental design was employed that included both experimental and control groups. The research sample comprised 42 students. Following the alignment of variables (previous year's Kurdish language subject grade, age, intelligence level, prior knowledge, and parental education level), participants were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group comprising 21 students instructed using the proposed strategy, and a control group of 21 students taught via traditional methods. The researcher subsequently developed a test for the acquisition of grammatical concepts comprising 25 multiple-choice items based on a specification table, and also created an attitude scale for the reading subject consisting of 35 items. The instruments were submitted to a panel of experts for validation. All test and attitude scale items received approval. To evaluate the reliability of the instruments, the (Test Re-Test) method was employed on a cohort of 88 students at the same academic level, conducted at two distinct intervals. The reliability coefficient for each measure exceeded 0.72. The research employed the following statistical tools: t-Test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Eta-square, Cohen's (d) for effect size, and Chi-square (χ²). The study concluded that a statistically significant difference exists between the experimental and control groups, with the experimental group providing better outcomes in acquiring grammatical concepts and a more positive attitude toward the subject.

    10.26750/3ej49z07 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 821-841

    The Effects of Statelessness as a Factor in Poetry Creation in Peshew's work

    Rebaz Hassan Rahman Amin, Sangar Qadir Sheikh Mohammad Haji

    This research studies the aspects and the effects of statelessness of the Kurds in the poetry of Abdullah Pashew. There are a few nations around the world that suffer from the tragedy of being stateless or in other words nations without an established and recognized state for their own. The Kurds are one of those nations that have suffered from being deprived from having an independent and free state along the history. This state of being stateless effects the individuals in a way either leads them to disappointment and various struggles, or it becomes a source for inspiration and creativity for some other individuals, artists and poets for instance. The Kurdish poet, Abdullah Pashew is one of those who has used the problem of his nation, statelessness of the Kurds, as a source for inspiration, creativity and innovation in his poetry. Pashew, an experienced poet who has gone through exile and being a refugee abroad for years, sees the statelessness as a strong tool for creativity in his poetry especially as a matter for defending national identity and expression of deep feelings and thoughts. This research from a descriptive-analytical perspective deals with two main effects of the statelessness on the individuals. First, it argues the impact of lack of identity on individuals leading the poet to fill the void using art and poetry. Second, it deals with the feelings of exile and refugee ness of the poet that leads to artistic expression and writing poems that in fact it changes the negative feelings into creativity.

    10.26750/004hq590 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 842-867

    The Role of Climate Elements on Bee Distribution in Rwandz District

    Zryan Shekha Ahmed, Fatima Qadir Mustafa

    Climate is one of the most important geographical factors that directly and indirectly affects the activities of bees, honey production and the distribution of bees in Rwandz district. Bees thrive in good weather conditions. The higher the actual sunny hours, the better for bees as the bees work during the day, so in the study area, spring and summer, which are the growing seasons for bees, are fairly encouraging for bees to work. Temperature has a huge impact on bees, so as the temperature drops and the temperature rises, it has the effect of reducing laying eggs by the queen bee, and the worker bees expend a lot of energy to heat and cool the inside of the beehive. The low temperature in winter and the summer season due to the high temperatures bring the activity and work of the bees to a certain extent, the amount of humidity at the end of the winter season damages the beehives and hives, especially in closed boxes and crowded bees. Precipitation affects the growth of plants that are the food source of bees, flowers and plants. Precipitation has a negative effect, especially during the period of rainfall for several days in a row during the bees working season, when the natural nectar is washed away and the bees are unable to work and raise the larva. The bees often die of starvation, but in general, it does not have a negative effect on the bees. There are 192 beekeepers in the study area and the number of beehives reaches 6192 that are distributed in 29 different places and their total honey production reaches 51579.36 kg, which has a high economic value for beekeepers.

    10.26750/drrg3w16 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 868-886

    The Game of Acting Between Professional and Amateur Actors in Kurdish Feature Films

    Arin Radha Salih, Sardar Mahmud Saeed

    One of the most influential signs of the identity of a film is the ability of its actors to design the appropriate acting game for the script, the director's vision the available techniques, that's why the acting; its techniques, its art details, and the work of actors, whether amateur or professional, is the key to the success or failure of films. Therefore, the importance of conducting this research is a scientific, artistic and even moral duty for experts and researchers in the field of cinema in Kurdistan, especially Kurdish cinema faces great challenges in this regard in the cooperation of professional and amateur actors, which has become a prominent and repeated hallmark in it. This research was keen, in three parts: research methodology, theoretical framework and research procedures, to cover a wide area of ​​theoretical backgrounds related to its topic. Among the conclusions that emerged from it is that amateur actors are more able to express themselves in realistic scenes and natural acting techniques, especially in emotional situations and scenes, and professional actors can follow different and opposite patterns in portraying similar characters. And in the moments when two professional actors with different acting styles meet, or a professional actor and an amateur actor, the technique of (action and reaction) becomes the main game in acting, and amateur actors are more capable of acting the reaction than they are of acting the action itself.

    10.26750/zeb43272 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 887-914

    A Pantheon Study of Hurrians Religious Beliefs

    Ary Abdullah Azeez, Ardalan Khwshnaw

    The Hurrians were one of the oldest nations in Kurdistan and the ancient Near East. They had a highly developed civilization and their influence stretched over a vast area. The religious dimension of the Hurrians form a basic element in understanding these people. In this study research has been made of their religious beliefs in general and the Hurrian pantheon in particular. Details on the Hurrian pantheon are presented and an analysis of the structure of the Hurrian religious system has been done. Investigations have been done of the distinctive features of the pantheon deities. At the same time, the importance of mythology has been clarified in understanding the Hurrian pantheon. The introduction of the study serves as a gateway to the history of the Hurrian beliefs. In the conclusion of the research the most important findings are presented. The foundation and framework of the study is built around the analysis of the Hurrians religious belief and their pantheon. As mentioned earlier the Hurrians are considered as one of the oldest and most influential nations in Kurdistan which have several hidden aspects, yet academic centers in Kurdistan have not done enough research in their history and archelogy. This attempt is a contribution to shedding light on one aspect of the importance of the history of this ancient nation. The Hurrian beliefs and pantheon make the most attractive dimension of these people’s civilization which is so complex and detailed has become a subject of discussion among academic centers.

    10.26750/rv28fa08 4 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 915-932

    Scenography as a Key Element in Theatrical Performance

    Raz Kamal Hussein, Kaify Ahmad Abdulkadir

    This research discusses all the elements that appear on the stage in a theatrical production، known as "scenography." It encompasses everything the audience sees or hears during the performance، such as set design، lighting، and sound. The issue is that many researchers or theater critics often focus on acting، directing، and storytelling، giving little attention to scenography، treating it as secondary. However، the importance of this study lies in demonstrating that scenography is not merely for aesthetic appeal. On the contrary، it plays a crucial role in helping the audience grasp the message، meaning، and emotional depth of a performance. The main goal of this research is to clarify the significance of scenography. To illustrate this، the study examines the play Migrants as a case study. It explores how scenography—through the use of a dark underground setting، sound effects، props، color، and lighting—effectively conveys the suffering and despair of migrants، immersing the audience in the play’s themes even without spoken dialogue. Ultimately، the research concludes that scenography in theater، particularly in Migrants، is essential and cannot be separated from a successful theatrical production that aims to convey deep human messages.

    10.26750/mvqkqs75 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 933-957

    Geographical Analysis for Temperature Level Changes in Pshdar District During 1993 To 2023

    Naz Hussein Haji, Luqman Wsu Omer

    Knowing and determining the level and the amount of temperature change and the mass of air is an important issue. It can be used to know the amount and the direction of temperature averages, because it has a big impact on the other atmosphere components. Although comprehending the amount and the direction of these temperature levels can be unclear according to the human senses and physiology, but when we do the analysis of these data according to a specific period of time for average temperatures using tables and graphics,we may get more precise results. In this research, which is done in Pishdar district, we relied on metrological stations like (Dukan and Sardasht) for a period of 31 years. In order to get accurate results, we used the quantity analyzing method for analyzing monthly, seasonal and yearly data. The Theoretical framework method for describing important factors affecting the climate change This research shows that the direction of temperature changes is important for temperature levels, with an increase of 3°C over the period of this study in the stations, which is higher than the global average temperature change of the same time.Among the analysed directions, the highest monthly and seasonal temperature change happened in winter,specially in February, with an increase of 4.4°C in Sardasht station. The lowest increase was seen in autumn, specifically in October, with a rise of only 2°C in Dukan station.

    10.26750/gep0zf49 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 958-979

    The Culture of War in the Pre-Islamic Arab Tribal Mentality

    Idris Abdullah Braim, Rasul Ibrahim Rasul

    This study focuses on the culture of aggression, rape, attack and plunder of pre-Islamic Arab tribes, which was a common tradition of pre-Islamic Arab tribal society, a return to its origins and Tribal conflicts, by explaining the causes and objectives. The tribes of the Arabian Peninsula had often been at war with each other which had been part of their tribal law, characterized by tribal racism; a sign of their success in desert life that was most important. Most tribal relations at that time were organized on the basis of hostility, or alliances and treaties based on mutual assistance. What distinguishes Arab life in pre-Islamic times was their aggressive life, which had become part of the tribal culture. The foundations of the society were based on force and bloodshed. The importance of this subject and its impact on the history of tribal conflict and their future, of course, deserves special research, all these characteristics were the reason for us to choose that topic to shed light on. The research consists of two main trends. In the first trend, the reasons for the outbreak of Arab tribal warfare before Islam were explained. In the second trend, we discuss the most important goals of the war. Finally, the results and the list of references were presented.

    10.26750/1bmdsw82 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 980-998

    The Role of First Repetition in Making External Rhythm in Daylan’s Song

    Shreen Zedan Shukur, Massoud Jamil Rashid

    Rhythm is one of the important elements in poetry, because the poetic form shaped on it. The stronger rhythm is, the stronger poetry is. Therefore, since the old days, poets have felt the importance of rhythm and used many techniques to find a strong rhythm, and repetition is surely one of the main and such as most important techniques. at the sound, word, sentence and meaning level. Word repetition is an important technique, and was used in all stages of poetry, such as, popular poetry, classical poetry, new poetry, and modern poetry. In all of stages, repetition was an essential rhythmic element, especially in popular (folklore) poetry, stage and that’s because of simple song, because the composer of the poetry was a simple persons, that is why they resort to simple ways. word repetition was used in all Kurdish folk songs, whether they were metrical or not, but there is no doubt that the poets in metrical songs relied on it more than in unmetrical songs. This is in order to serve the external rhythm. And to give a special interest and strong rhythm to this sort of song whoever reads Kurdish folk songs will feel beginning repetition, in most songs. This repetition assists to find essential. Metrical that the composer wants meanwhile by controlling bring and talce repeated words has arranged the rhythm of the song.

    10.26750/9ftp9059 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 999-1018

    The Role of The News Program on Iraqia Kurdish Channel in Shaping Public Opinion on Events in The Kurdistan Region

    Daria Abdulwahab Latif, Ako Esmail Qadr, Kosrat Taha M. Shari

    On development of public opinions on the accidents that happen in Kurdistan region, The study relied on the descriptive approach, using the newspaper survey tool to collect and analyze it by survey form, The population of the research incudes:( Kurdish writers in politics field) are taken as a sample for the research. The most important goal of the research is knowing the role of Iraqi channel on development of public opinions about the accidents and events that happen in Kurdistan region and to which extent they provoked public opinions on the recent subjects and accidents. the most important outcomes that the researchers achieved include: Kurdish Iraqi channel did not give much attention to the events and accidents of Kurdistan region and hence could not become an effective channel on development of public opinions. Even though Kurdish Iraqi channel is a Kurdish channel, but it cared very little about the different accidents and events that happened in Kurdistan region, when in fact it could actually give more attention and importance to the political, economical, social and health events and that happen inside Kurdistan region.

    10.26750/zq5bpr54 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1019-1041

    Analysis of Body Language Based on the Theory of Speech Acts

    Omed Samad Ahmad, Rizgar Ismail Kareem, Mohammed Osman Ali

    Body language is one of the most important means of non-verbal communication between humans. Through physical movements, gestures, faces and body postures, we can convey their information and feelings effectively. This study entitled (Analysis of Body Language Based on the Theory of Speech Acts) has made a complete analysis of body language from the perspective of the theory of speech acts. According to the analytical description approach, the study mentions the relationship between body movements and linguistic acts based on Austin's principles, body language as an integral part of human communication plays an important role in communicating intentions, this is the essence of speech act theory, although speech act theory is primarily designed to analyze spoken language. However, it can also be used to analyze nonverbal communication. Body language can be interpreted and analysed as a complete verbal act because body language as an active nonverbal communication system, as verbal communication, creates and conveys meaning independently. Thus, body language can, as a complete system of verbal actions, perform illocutionary acts and subjunctive actions and carry the same purpose of the functions of speech acts: (imposing laws, requests, promises, expressions, decisions), because every body movement, a sender uses as a purpose and affects the recipient; therefore, that body language can be analysed as a complete system of speech acts.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1042-1057

    Identity Conflicts and Complexities in Joyce Carol Oates' Black Girl/White Girl

    Mahmood Nawzad Hassan Khoshnaw

    Joyce Carol Oates' novel Black Girl/White Girl (2006) entertains a complex relationship of race and contradictions of identities illuminated through the plight of a young black girl and her white college roommate. This research attempts to examine the difficulties and complexities of identity formation for Minette Swift and Genna Hewett-Meade which have been underdeveloped through both individual agency and the sociocultural context. The main instruments dictating their identity construction and contradictions are memory, social expectations, religion, and white guilt. These interconnected factors underscore difficulties in their identity formation and pose challenges to both characters and shape their individual and group experiences. This shared heritage, experienced, accepted, or rejected, gives an illusion of the construction of categories of culture and identity. An illusion irrelevant to the complex interplay among the individual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal contexts and realities. The characters’ Inherited memory serves as a catalyst for resistance and a counter for subjective experiences. Religion becomes central to the internal logic of their identity structure and points to the strengths and weaknesses of their characters. Overemphasis on White guilt results in more defensiveness and negative attitudes. Their immediate context and relationship are influenced by these sources and determinants, resulting in complex and multifaceted levels of discomfort, isolation, ostracization and disengagement.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1058-1083

    Rhoticity as a Distinguishing Factor Between British and American Accents

    Baraat Ismael FaqeAbdulla, Sanarya Maghdid Khudhur, Avan Muhammad Ibrahim

    American and British English are widely used by English language learners to improve their language proficiency and for communication across borders. Rhoticity, or the post-vocalic pronunciation of the /r/ sound, is a key characteristic that helps differentiate between the two accents, Received Pronunciation and General American accents. The purpose of the study is to determine the rhotic and non-rhotic accent preferences, awareness, and usage among English Department students at Salahaddin University's College of Education during the 2023-2024 academic year. The study utilizes a mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative) to obtain the data, including voice recordings, questionnaires, and interviews. The results demonstrate that students primarily speak with a rhotic General American accent. They are conscious of the differences between rhotic and non-rhotic American and British accents and favor rhoticity since it is a characteristic of the American accent. The results are helpful for linguists and educators in teaching students about rhoticity, which distinguishes the two accents. Gaining an understanding of this phonological feature enhances communication clarity and comprehension. To help students adapt their spoken language to various contexts, English language teachers need to be aware of rhoticity. Future research could focus on other aspects of pronunciation that distinguish the American and British accents, such as flapping.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1084-1096

    English as a lingua Franca in Kurdistan Region

    Rashwan Ramadan Salih

    With a rapid change of Kurdistan Region’s socio-economic life following 2003, the English language has quickly emerged as the new must-have language for this millennium. This article explores the way teaching of English as a foreign language has become popular in the past two decades and how the large influx of international expats has brought different cultures and languages into the workplace and society, especially in Erbil city. This study investigates the use of the English language as a lingua franca in Erbil, and it has therefore chosen the golden zone as a typical area in Erbil where there is a high density of international people for whom English is a means of communication when they interact with speakers of other languages. This study follows the research methods of linguistic landscape (LL), which tackle the coexistence of English with local languages (e.g. Edelman, 2006; Cenoz & Gorter, 2006; Backhaus, 2007). However, there is very few research on how English interacts with other languages in multilingual destinations in the expanding circle. To investigate this further, three locations are selected (a café/restaurant, a real estate agency, and a barber shop). The owners of these venues are invited to participate in one-on-one in-depth interviews. Findings indicate that there are three categories of population in the Golden Zone in Erbil which can be classified as people who speak only English, people who speak Kurdish, Arabic, and English, and people who speak Arabic and English. The responses from the three interviewee groups indicate that when these three categories of people meet, it is inevitable that English will be used as a lingua franca for ease of communication.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1097-1116

    A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Posters in the 2024 Parliamentary Election Campaign of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

    Chiayee Khorsheed Faqe, Salah Jameel Jabrael

    The present study is an investigation into the multimodal discourse analysis of campaign posters used by political parties, political coalitions, and independent candidates during the 2024 parliamentary elections in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. In the current study, the researchers will utilize a multimodal discourse analysis approach so as to explore and find out how meanings are constructed and communicated through different modes such as verbal, visual, audio and so on. The main objective is to examine the various tools and strategies employed by the political candidates in designing the posters to convey their plans, programs, and appeal to the electorate. To conduct a comprehensive exploration of the multimodal discourse in the 2024 parliamentary election campaigns of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, the present study will analyze a sample of five campaign posters of four nominees from four different political parties and one independent candidate. The posters have been carefully selected to represent a diverse range of political parties and independent candidates. The findings demonstrate how nominees use linguistic components, including Kurdish text and straightforward, uncomplicated language, to demonstrate their sense of politics and their self-confidence. Additionally, the employment of social markers and close facial expressions increases connection and audience participation.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1117-1126

    Stylistic Analysis of Dorothy Parker’s Poem “A Dream Lies Dead”

    Maysa A. Mahmood, Valan A. Hassan A. Hassan

    This paper investigates the types of figurative and phonological features used by Dorothy Parker in her poem “A Dream Lies Dead.” Based on Geophry Leech and Mick Short’s (2007) framework of literary analysis, the poem employs various figurative and phonological schemes, including imagery, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, and anaphora, as well as rhyme, repetition, assonance, and consonance. The paper addresses three main questions related to the types of grammatical and lexical schemes used in the poem, the most frequent one(s) applied, and the poetess’s purpose behind using them. To accomplish the study, the heuristic checklist of linguistic and stylistic categories, presented by Leech and Short (2007), was applied. The checklist included basic levels of analysis which included lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech, context, cohesion, and semantic features. The semantic features in the framework are separated, as they could be accessed through other categories and conveyed through basic language structures. Results of the analysis showed frequent usage of various figurative and phonological devices reflecting the poetess’s feelings and spiritual state that prevail through the poem. Among several linguistic features, personification, imagery and metaphor were mostly used to express all types of meanings conveyed in the poem and, at the same time, enhance the humanitarian phase with all the emotions and struggles people experience.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1127-1151

    A Morpho-phonological Adaptation of English Loanwords into Central Kurdish in Selected Political Texts

    Saeed Rasul Hama, Khalid Ali Abdallah

    The present study examines the morpho-phonological adaptation of English loanwords into Central Kurdish within the context of political news articles. The study focuses on how English lexical items are integrated phonologically and morphologically into the Central Kurdish Dialect (or CK), demonstrating the constant language contact and influence. For this purpose, a total of 9 political news articles are analyzed, drawn from three major Kurdish news outlets, namely, Rudaw, Channel 8, and Kurdistan 24 (K24), that were published during the first quarter of 2025 (January, February, and March). The selection of articles was based on their titles and likelihood of containing loanwords from English. The articles covered news events of local, regional, and international political news, depending on the categorization as appears on the websites. The analysis focuses on segmental and supra-segmental phonological adaptation processes such as substitution, stress modification, syllable restructuring, as well as morphological integration through Kurdish inflectional and derivational patterns. The findings demonstrate and highlight systematic adaptation strategies of English loanwords into Central Kurdish, shaped by both linguistic structures and the sociopolitical role of media, particularly political news websites, as they get the most readers' attention nowadays.

    10.26750/nbek2325 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1152-1170

    Challenges of Using AI in Teaching EFL at the University of Duhok

    Mousa Hussein Mousa, Lureen Ibrahim Naser

    The potential of integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning is invested in to a significant extent, which yields tangible progress in language teaching, testing, and learning. The use of AI in EFL education, however, is faced with certain challenges and specific barriers. This study aims to investigate the opinions of EFL instructors on these challenges and barriers. This research employs both qualitative and quantitative research strategies, which include interview sessions and a survey questionnaire, with 42 EFL teachers from the departments of English in colleges of Basic Education and Languages at the University of Duhok. The results showed that EFL teachers identify key challenges to AI adoption, including a lack of training, limited institutional support, and unreliable internet connections. Additionally, many teachers express concerns about the costs, the lack of sufficient computers, and the absence of clear guidelines for implementation. These barriers have notably hindered the practical integration of AI in the EFL classroom, limiting teachers' ability to apply new technologies and preventing a full understanding of AI’s potential to support personalized instruction and interactive learning environments. These findings offer valuable insights into methods that help EFL teachers increase their awareness of AI, enabling them to understand how AI can be effectively introduced into EFL practice without fear of failure.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1171-1190

    The Use of Discourse Markers in Kurdish EFL Undergraduate Students’ Writing: at Raparin University.

    Rayan Saleem Khalid, Khalid Ali Abdalla

    The current study examines discourse markers which are important language devices that enhance coherence in writing. Coherence and cohesion in Kurdish EFL Undergraduate Students’ Writing are essential components that contribute to clarity and effectiveness. The aim of this study is to explore the extent to which Kurdish EFL undergraduate students at Raparin University, third-year morning class, utilize DMs in their writing. Moreover, to identify the difficulties that learners face and the most frequently used DMs. This study adopts Halliday and Hassan's cohesion model for the process of data analysis collected at Raparin University. For this purpose, mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) are used in the process of data collection. As well as survey is used as a tool for this investigation. Fifty participants from Raparin University participated in answering survey questions. The results show that undergraduate students exhibit various kinds of frequency in utilizing additional types of DMs while writing an essay. Due to a lack of understanding about how to employ adversative, temporal, and causal forms of discourse markers, students overuse additional types of DMs, and their writing lacks cohesion and coherence to write an academic essay.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1198-1217

    The Impact of Human Resource Management Policies on Marketing Strategy Implementation

    Peshraw Mahmood Salman

    This paper examines the connection between Human Resource Management (HRM) policies and the implementation of marketing strategies in the marketing environment of Bazian Cement Factory. In particular, the study examines how Recruitment and Selection, Training and Development, and Performance Appraisal influence the marketing strategy implementation. In order to gather information, a survey was carried out on 200 of the workers in various departments within the factory. Structural equation modeling, or SEM, was used to test the links between the HRM policies and the implementation of the marketing strategies. The findings show that HRM policies play a significant role in the implementation of marketing strategies, and the role of HRM in the development of strategic capabilities of the marketing department is central. Recruitment and Selection, Training and Development, and Performance Appraisal were identified as major predictors, and the coefficients were positive and significant, implying that a better HRM practice is associated with a better implementation of marketing strategies. It is recommended to emphasize the constant enhancement of HRM practices, integrate an approach that would allow aligning HRM policies with the objectives of marketing, and encourage communication between HR and marketing departments. It is also suggested that investment in employee development programs and frequent reviews of HRM policies be made to enhance the synergy between HRM and marketing strategy implementation.

    10.26750/a9yxd035 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1218-1247

    From Hierarchy to Harmony

    Qismat M. Zahawi, Dlakhshan Y. Othman

    Teacher leadership, a concept gaining prominence in educational discourse, denotes the active involvement of educators in influencing practices and policies within and beyond their individual classrooms. This study explores the multi-faceted nature of teacher leadership, specifically focusing on eliciting teachers’ perceptions, practices, and institutional conditions shaping Kurdish EFL teachers’ leadership in Kurdistan Region (KR) universities. To this end, the research adopts a mixed method research design using a questionnaire and a set of open-ended questions. The results of the questionnaire highlight a critical division in Kurdish EFL teachers’ practice of academic leadership. While Kurdish tertiary EFL teachers report a high degree of pedagogical freedom and self-efficacy at the individual level, they view their leadership power more negatively when it comes to participation in broader institutional governance. Furthermore, the open-ended questions revealed similar results. Teachers remain individually autonomous in their own teaching/research, but collectively marginalised in administration and governance. The findings provide actionable recommendations for policy makers and administrators to nurture a more inclusive, participatory, and a sustainable model of faculty empowerment and teacher leadership in the Kurdish context.

    10.26750/fyv37w58 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1248-1286

    EFL Learners’ Perceptions of Incorporating Multimodal Composing into Writing Instruction

    Hameed Hussein Hamasaid, Salih Ibrahim Ahmed

    The pedagogical importance of multimodal composing in second language (L2) writing has received significant attention from researchers in the field of English language teaching. Recently, in the L2 writing class, research on the potential of this approach to teaching writing has been the focus of many researchers. The aim of the present study is to explore EFL learners’ perceptions of incorporating Multimodal Composing (MC) into EFL writing instruction. 33 EFL learners from the English department at the University of Halabja participated in this study. A mixed methods research design was used to conduct the study. The data were collected using a reflection survey and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 27). Non-parametric statistical measures were used for the purpose of presenting and comparing learners’ perceptions across three multimodal tasks. The qualitative data collected from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed thematically using NVivo 15 to discover main patterns and themes. The results of the study revealed that EFL learners had positive perceptions of incorporating multimodal composing activities into writing instruction. Learners’ perceptions changed over time; they became more comfortable with the multimodal tasks, and their perceptions of the pedagogical importance of the tasks became increasingly positive. The majority of participants perceived the multimodal tasks as more motivating and engaging than traditional writing activities. Learners also reported that the tasks were beneficial in terms of increasing task engagement, audience awareness and improving writing skills through reviewing and revising.

    10.26750/60csq635 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1287-1307

    The Level of Stress among Families of Autistic Children

    Nizar Ismat Ali

    Humans experience many pressures، crises، hardships، and obstacles in their lives that can negatively affect their psychological well-being. Psychological stress is a feeling of being under abnormal pressure، which can come from different aspects of daily life (such as increased workload، transitional periods، family arguments، financial difficulties، or having a sick family member). Everyone experiences psychological stress at some point، and people may go through all sorts of nervous situations that are part of daily life. The current era is described as an era of family and psychological pressures، which have become a focus of researchers in psychology، sociology، medicine، and other human sciences. Life changes، and our social roles change with it. We may or may not adapt to these changes، which can lead to psychological distress and reduced personal achievements. This research aims to identify psychological stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in the independent Zakho administration. It also investigates its relationship with several variables (gender، and domains: psychological pressures، social pressures، financial pressures). The research sample consisted of 47 males and 33 females، selected randomly. The researcher used a ready-made psychological stress scale (Al-Suhaimi، 2021) consisting of 15 items with 3 alternatives and adopted a descriptive approach. SPSS was used for data analysis. The results indicated a difference between the two means in favor of the arithmetic mean of the sample individuals، meaning that the sample individuals experience psychological pressures. There was no difference between the mean scores of the research sample individuals in psychological stress according to the gender variable. The mean value for the psychological domain was (13.78)، ranking first، while the third domain ranked last with an arithmetic mean of (7.95). Based on these findings، the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

    10.26750/5w8aqp42 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1308-1334

    Determinants of Reducing the Expectation Gap and Its Impact on Audit Quality

    Yadgar Abbas Homer, Ayad Shaker Sultan

    The expectation gap between auditors’ performance and the demands or expectations of financial statement users is a persistent and widespread issue in the external auditing profession, both globally and locally. This gap has been extensively studied, evaluated, and analyzed by various committees, organizations, and researchers worldwide. It challenges the credibility of the auditing profession and can sometimes lead to conflicts. The Kurdistan Region is not immune to this issue, with frequent disputes arising between auditors and beneficiaries, particularly tax authority. This research aims to analyze and evaluate the expectation gap between auditors’ performance and the desires of financial statement users. It seeks to propose solutions to bridge this gap, thereby enhancing the quality of the auditing profession and ensuring the provision of highly credible financial statements in the Kurdistan Region. The study concludes that several factors contribute to narrowing this expectation gap. These include auditors’ adherence to auditing standards, their responsibility for detecting errors and fraud, and the awareness level of financial statement users regarding auditors’ roles and objectives. Improving these aspects can significantly enhance the quality of auditing. The research also emphasizes the need for auditors to improve their professional performance to meet users’ expectations and the importance of implementing both local and international auditing standards. To bridge the expectation gap between auditors’ performance and the desires of financial statement users, it can be recommended that enhanced Communication Improve communication between auditors and financial statement users to clarify the scope and limitations of the audit process.

    10.26750/g3pmwf11 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1335-1354

    The Effect of a Teaching Strategy Based on Realistic Communication Assessment on Some Learning Basic Handball Skills

    Bexal Hussen xdir, Rebin Shwan Fathwlla, Rebaz Majeed Aeen

    The effect of a teaching strategy based on realistic assessment of communication and the method used on some learning Basic handball skills. The differences between the teaching strategy based on realistic communication assessment and the method used in the post-test on some learning Basic handball skills. The researcher used the experimental method, and the research sample consisted of students in the institute of Physical Education at Koya city. They were divided into two groups: an experimental group that used teaching based on realistic evaluation using a communication method, and the control group used the established method. The research tools included some tests. Skill tests were carried out by hand. Homogeneity and equivalence were carried out in the research variables, and the validity and stability of the skill tests were ensured. After completing the experiment and applying post-tests, a set of conclusions were reached, the most important of which are: - The teaching strategy based on realistic assessment in a communication style contributed to learning the basic handball skills identified in the research with a large degree of effect. The effect size of the teaching strategy based on realistic assessment using the communication method was significantly better compared to the method used in all basic skills identified in the research. The study recommended emphasizing the use of a teaching strategy based on realistic assessment in a communication style as it is better than the method used in learning basic handball skills.

    10.26750/4jpegd53 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1335-1379

    Modern Trends to Measure the Efficiency and Effectiveness of The Current Budget in Government Units

    Rizgar Ali Ahmed

    The research aims to discuss topics in the financial management of government units, which is how to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the current budget, and the use of modern methods and techniques in measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of government units, then focusing on the final assessment of the extent to which the desired results are achieved through the use of resources, which includes success in achieving The balance between revenues and expenditures in the long term. The study may use the quantitative approach and the theoretical approach, in addition to reviewing the literature related to the subject and case studies of government units that have succeeded in enhancing the current budget. Countries of the world seek to take into account the reasons for progress by taking advantage of their available capabilities and resources. The budget is prepared the state's public sector is the tool that reflects its strategies in taking advantage of these limited resources and using them. Countries also go through stages of development in their economic, administrative and financial systems, the effects of which are reflected in the structure of their public budgets. From this standpoint comes the importance of the general budget and the necessity of keeping pace with developments in other fields, and as a result of the steady increase in the volume of regional government expenditures and the failure to follow the cash basis in measurement and achieving effective oversight of government performance, and in view of the importance of measuring the transactions of government units on sound accounting foundations and reporting that to all parties. Concerned, specialized accounting professional bodies and organizations, many developed countries and quite a few developing countries have made great efforts to develop the foundations of accounting measurement and disclosure in government units and to follow more efficient and effective methods in preparing budgets. Among the most important conclusions is the use of advanced measurement methods and analytical tools to understand efficiency and effectiveness. And to contribute to enhancing transparency in government units. As for the most important recommendations, government units must be committed to striving towards sustainable and effective financial performance through developing continuous improvement strategies.

    10.26750/ysfbgx46 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1380-1404

    Cognitive Representation and Its Relation with Academic Self-Efficacy for University Students

    Izzat Jalal Hassan, Rezan Ali Ibrahim

    The goals of present research are Getting to know the cognitive representation، and academic self-efficacy level among university students for the sample as a whole. It also aimed to know the relationship between cognitive representation and academic self-efficacy among Preparatory school students. And the last aim of this research is Getting to know the nature of the differences in cognitive representation، and academic self-efficacy among University students according to the variable of gender (male & female)، academic specialization (scientific & literary)، and Academic stage (first stage، fourth stage). In order to achieving the aims of the research، the researchers are prepared a cognitive representation scale consisting of (48) paragraphs، and used the academic self-efficacy scale developed by (Abdul-hay، 2013)، which was used to measure the level of academic self-efficacy، and consists of (37) paragraphs. The sample of the study consisted of (450) students; (133) males and (317) females، Of day- governmental organizations University students - both males and females for academic year (2023-2024). The researchers used in the treatment of a number of statistical methods، namely: duplicates، T-test for two independent samples (Two-Sample T.test)، T-test for one sample، Pearson 's correlation coefficient). The results showed the research sample of university students have a high level of cognitive representation and academic self-efficacy. It also showed there was no relationship between cognitive representation and academic self-efficacy among the simple of the research.

    10.26750/hay89644 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1405-1423

    Principles Of Poetry in Utopia in Umayyad and Abbasid ‘S Era

    Kiner Jasim Mustafa, Hishyar Zaki Hassan

    This research attempts to portray the principles of (happiness and love) for Utopia in Umayyad and Abbasid’s poetry because human virtues since the beginning of history have been cared for by scholars and intellectuals, especially poets. Those social issues appear and the world depends on them in explaining its internal and external factors, which determining the nature of things and setting determinants for them, and among them are those matters that maintains a source of nerves and disorder for people in various times and places, the issue of love that people gain and achieve in the world that around them; For a peaceful and doubtful life, and a life filled with happiness and friendliness. We will attempt to discover the principles of love and happiness for utopia in the time of Umayyad and Abbasid poetry to build the world in which poet lives, and the main source of this love and happiness quite different according to his views for them. Those poets of the Umayyad and Abbasid time assume that presented them by shaping this principle according to his personal perspectives and his own view of it, so each of them showed it. According to what he saw in his various poetic goals, as much as the social and linguistic culture exist to him, the impact of which was appeared in his ability to show this unique world of which he could to be one of its members in various forms. The out comes in the introduction, preface, and two sections, with requested under them, and to achieve the goals. In the mentioned research, we depend on the historical method, and descriptive method. Eventually, presenting the most important results recorded by the research with a list of sources and references.

    10.26750/nkvqmt78 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1424-1448

    Identify The Relationship Between Suggestibility and Teaching Efficiency Among University Lecturers from Students’ Views at University of Zakho

    Jehan Hussein Omar

    The current research aims to identify the susceptibility to luring and its relationship to the teaching competence of university teachers from the point of view of students at the University. And to identify the significant differences between the students’ scores on the susceptibility to luring scale according to the variable of gender and academic stage. Is there a direct correlation between the susceptibility to luring and the teaching competencies of the university teacher from the point of view? View of University students. To indicate the aims of the study researchers relied on the scale of ( Hamza، 2016 ) about suggestibility consists (28) items about suggestibility and (24) items are divided into two fields first، (12) for teaching efficiency and (12) for personality efficiency. SPSS was used to find the results of the study. The finding of the study indicated that the lecturers’ performance was low according student's viewpoint at University. There was statistically no difference according to gender and specialization just there was statistically different according to grade and the level was higher among forth year grade. Finally، according to the results of the study the researcher is given several implications and suggestions for further studies.

    10.26750/39d0vh50 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1449-1467

    Hypochondria and Emotional Balance among Infected and non-Infected Corona Virus Employee in Kurdistan Region

    Rozhgar Mohammad Salih, Yousif Hamasalih Mustafa

    The Study aimed to identify the levels of Hypochondria and Emotional Balance among Infected and non-Infected Corona Virus Employees, and to Identify differences of each hypochondria and Emotional balance between infected and non-infected employees, as well as to show how hypochondria to be predicted through Emotional balance and corona virus infection? Study sample consisted (446) of ministry of health, and ministry of labor and social affaire employees, selected by cluster incidental style, after using two different scales and study survey, the result showed the low level of hypochondria and High level of Emotional Balance among whole employees and infected and non-infected employees as well. but the results showed the difference of hypochondria between infected and non-infected employees in favor of infected employees, while there is no differences of Emotional Balance between them, finally the results showed that the low Emotional Balance level and Corona Virus Infection can predict Hypochondria among employees.

    10.26750/68c53c86 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1468-1490

    The level of Emotional Balance and its Relationship to Decision Making Among Police Officers in Zakho Independent Administration

    Haifa Waheed Mohammed

    The current study intends to recognize the emotional balance and decision-making ability of police officers in the Zakho Independent Administration according to variables: years of service، marital status، and participation in courses، as well as to identify the nature of the relationship between emotional balance and decision-making ability. The research sample consisted of (79) officers from the directorates of the Zakho Independent Administration. Also، the researcher employed the descriptive approach in the research. In order to achieve the research objective، the researcher adopted two researching tools، where the emotional balance tool consisted of (30) paragraphs، and decision-making (25) paragraphs. The data included in the research were processed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and by applying the following tests: T-test for one sample، T-test for two independent samples، and one-way analysis of variance ANOVA to compare the differences between groups، and finally the LSD test and Pearson's correlation coefficient to estimate the stability of the tools. The results showed that the research sample of police officers had an acceptable level of emotional balance and decision-making according to years of service. There was a difference between two categories; category (1-5) (11- and more) in favor of category (1-5) of emotional balance. There was no difference between the averages of the variable years of service in decision-making as well as there was no difference between the averages of the scores of the research sample members in the level of emotional balance and decision-making according to the variable of participation in the courses. In addition، there was no difference between the averages of the variable social status، emotional balance and decision-making. Lastly، it can be analyzed that there is a statistically significant direct correlation between emotional balance and decision-making.

    10.26750/1znpe719 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1491-1507

    An Investigation to Semantic Fields of a Poem (Banat Su’ad) By Ka’b Bin Zuhair

    Dler Abdalla Ahmed

    The theory of semantic fields can be considered as a modern semantic theory which appeared in the west in the twentieth century. The purpose is to study meanings behind the words and sentences. This field has also roots in the Arabic linguistic heritage, especially in dictionaries related to linguistic subjects. The purpose of this research is to investigate this theory and its application it to the poem of (Banat Su’ad) that Ka’b bin Zuhair recited in front of the Messenger of Allah Mohammed (Peace be upon him). The prophet Mohammed was astonished by the poem and he blessed him and granted him peace. This study was based on the descriptive analytical approach, as it tracked the vocabulary in the poem, and collected them into specific groups - semantic fields - and explained their meanings in the context in which they appeared. Then, at the end of each field, a light has been shed on semantic relationships between the vocabularies of that field. The studied material has been divided it into four main sections, an introduction, which includes the explanation semantic field concept and their significance, as well as a brief regarding the poem (Banat Su’ad) and its writer. The first section deals with vital rational beings, the second with significance irrational beings, the third with unimportant beings, and the fourth section with abstractions. Finally, the researcher has reached the most significant results which have been mentioned as conclusions.

    10.26750/ycyknk23 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1508-1532

    Sheikh Muhammad Ja'far Al-Karbasi and His Corrective Methodology

    Dana Ahmed Mustafa

    Sheikh Muhammad Ja'far al-Karbasi (1927 - 2016) represents an important phase in the linguistic correction movement in Iraq, especially in the last quarter of the past century. This is evident through his book "Views on the Mistakes of Creators," which made him famous and showed a different style and approach than those who preceded him in this field. He was distinguished by being one of those who combined the methods of leniency and strictness in linguistic correction. At times, he was strict, aiming for the most eloquent and accepting nothing less, while at other times, he was lenient, searching for the usages and justifications. Thus, he had a unique corrective approach. He was one of the prominent scholars of the Hawza (Islamic seminary) in Najaf and a Marja (religious authority) in his era. He left behind, during his 89 years of life, a significant scientific, jurisprudential, and linguistic legacy. His book was the first pioneering Iraqi attempt to frame common mistakes within the covers of a dictionary, and it is the second in the Arab world after "The Dictionary of Common Mistakes" by Muhammad Al-Adnani. Sheikh's approach to linguistic correction can be determined based on it. He commented on the usages of journalists, academics, students, employees, and ordinary people, without exception, with phrases he extracted from what he heard from them in their usual daily usage. Sometimes, he directly concluded the term he wanted to verify, relying on important linguistic sources that amounted to a hundred works.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1533-1557

    The Production and Consumption of Drinking Water in the City of Ranya

    Sakar Mohammed Hasan

    Due to their critical role in preserving human life and all living beings, investigating water resources is essential. The district of Ranya which belongs to Sulaymaniyah faces lack of drinking water, specifically in the summer. The city basically relies on natural sources such as rainfall, surface water, and groundwater to fulfill its water necessities. The overall production capacity of drinking water filtration system and production facilities in Ranya in 2023 attained nearly 0.36 million cubic meters per day, or 131 million cubic meters annually. Qula water resource represented 92% of this total, whereas the rest 8% was provided by other resources across the city. This study applies a methodology grounded in fundamental ideas of economic geography namely production, utilization, and exchange. The researcher used cartographic, statistical, and fieldwork methods, together with an investigation of the existing state surrounding water-related issues in the region. The main objective is to examine the distribution of drinking water sources in Ranya, evaluates the everyday distribution provided to citizens, and assess its acceptability for consumption. The research applies fundamentalist, regional, and conduct-based frameworks to offer a comprehensive understanding of the issue. Findings show that water use and conservation in Ranya are neither systematically organized nor strategically planned. There is absence of rationalized consumption and no standardized system for the allocation and removal of water in the city.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1558-1580

    Effect of Fear Consciousness on The Effect of "Eye and Health" And Its Relationship to Security and Permanent Stability

    Ahmed Mahmood Ahmed

    This study delivers an in-depth analytical examination of the occurrence of overwhelming fear of the evil eye and the noticed effects of magic, a concern notably common among Kurdish Muslims in the Kurdistan Region. It searches the substantial psychological harm this intensified fear causes to individuals, in addition to its clear influence on family stability and social security. This study recognizes and analyzes the basic reasons that lead to ongoing anxiety and fear linked to the evil eye and magic. Furthermore, the study examines the traditional and cultural methods utilized within Kurdish society to handle with these fears, including preemptive practices rooted in Islamic teachings and transmitted folk customs. It also critically reviews the harmful effects that certain preachers and religious figures may have in escalating fear and anxiety within the Muslim community. Eventually, the research shows a number of important findings and practical recommendations intended to restrain the distribution of this occurrence and decrease its negative effects on individuals and society in general.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1581-1596

    Investigation Procedures for The Crime of Harming Public Funds

    Ibrahim Rashid Hasan, Zana Rafeeq Saeed, Mohammad Nawwaf Al-Fawareh

    There is no doubt that the crime of harming public funds harms the state, the public interest, the system of society and its beliefs, or the lives or property of individuals, which must be protected and not neglected. The state and society are concerned that the crime of harming public funds and crimes of financial corruption remain subject to follow-up and prosecution, and that the perpetrator does not escape punishment in order to preserve the interest of the state, the public benefit, and the security and safety of society. Therefore, penal laws were established that undertake the task of protecting the public interests of the state and the security of society and controlling it by establishing a legal system that prohibits behavior and actions that threaten society with harm or expose its security to danger, by establishing and defining the forms of the crime. What increases the importance of the investigation procedures into the crime of harming public funds and the manner in which they are conducted is that they are in direct and constant contact with the rights and freedoms of employees and those charged with public service. This has prompted the legislature to regulate these procedures in legal texts. The legislature has surrounded these procedures with safeguards, controls, and restrictions that enhance their effectiveness and, as a result, lead to the rapid detection of the crime of harming public funds, both intentional and unintentional, as well as crimes of administrative and financial corruption. This does not allow those conducting the investigation to initiate investigative procedures and reach conclusions based on their own discretion or at the discretion of the investigator. Regulating criminal procedures in the investigation of the crime of harming public funds represents a form of coordination between the state, in achieving the public interest, and the interests of employees, in protecting their basic rights to freedom and peace of mind. This means that while the state's interest requires punishing the employee who committed the crime of harming public funds and their accomplices, it simultaneously requires preserving the freedoms and rights of employees. Once a complaint or report is filed, the procedural obstacle is removed through the investigating authorities, whether the Public Prosecution, the Integrity Commission, or others. These authorities regain their freedom to file criminal proceedings for the crime of harming public funds and to initiate all procedures related to accusation, investigation, and trial, while observing the principle of appropriateness. The purpose of the complaint or report is therefore to grant the investigating authorities permission to initiate criminal proceedings after the crime of harming public funds has been proven.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1597-1616

    Risk-Taking Behavior Among Adolescents

    Ramadan Suleiman Hemk, Yousef Hama Saleh Mustafa

    This research aimed to Identify the amount of Risk-taking behavior among secondary school students in the city center of Erbil city, and it also to seeks examine the statistical significance of differences based on gender, field of the study, and type of school. The study sample included 500 adolescence students from the preparatory stage. They were selected from whole population of (39,405) students (male and female) for the academic year 2024–2025, covering public and private schools in both the scientific and literary specialty. The sample represented about 1.27% of the whole population and was selected using cluster accidental sample. After ensuring the psychometric properties of the two scales validity and reliability and analyzing the collected data, the study reached several key findings: The mean score for Risk-taking behavior was (43.55) which is notably lower than the theoretical mean of (81). There are no statistically significant differences in risk-taking behavior and self-humiliation based on academic track (scientific, literary).The analysis also revealed statistically significant gender differences in Risk-taking behavior, with males scoring higher than females. Furthermore, the variable under study explained a portion of the variance in Risk-taking behavior, with gender having a weaker but still statistically significant effect in favor of males. Based on these results finding the researchers offered a number of recommendations and proposals.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1617-1635

    A Study and Edition of Mulla Abdul Rahim al- Jrustani's Composition on Heritage (d. 1334 AH)

    Ahmed Abubaker Taher, Hussein Saad al-Din Mashud

    This study deals with the life of Mulla Abudlrahim Al-jaristani, who lived during the late Ottoman era between (1854-1916)' in political and difficult security conditions, which was accompanied by the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Gaining knowledge and making use of it for writing, he spent a life full of toil and hard working. Further, Mulla Abdulrahim’s efforts were not limited only to teaching as he left after him numerous books in different branches of Islamic sciences indicating his extensive knowledge and wide-ranging insight. These works were not merely marginal notes on the books in circulation scattered throughout manuscripts; rather, he composed independent texts and commentaries, one of which was a treatise on the science of inheritance which was composed of an introduction, five sections, and a conclusion. including a treatise on inheritance law with an introduction, five sections and a conclusion. The introduction gives the definition to inheritance and the shares among the heirs besides dividing the inheritance into two groups (those who have fixed shares and those who inherit by agnation), explains what inheritance depends on, its impediments, the definition of ‘hijab’ (blocking in inheritance), and its types. The first section comes across heir's condition whereas the second section talks about the order of the disposition of the estate and the order of the hairs. Third section deals with the fundamental principles of the scholarly issues, adjusting, balancing, or compensating the shares or parts in inheritance distribution when shares do not divide evenly, and correcting the distribution. Fourth section is about grandfather and siblings while the fifth section concentrates on distribution of inheritance through multiple deceased persons (Al-Munasakhat). The conclusion covers inheritance of the missing person, unborn (the fetus), and unclear (problematic) cases. Ultimately, the study focuses on addressing the life of Mulla Abudlrahim, thoroughly exploring the scientific and practical aspects of his life, editing this study, taking care of it, and extracting its text as intended by the author or as close to it as possible. It is considered the first thesis to address these two matters, as there were no previous studies on the life of the author. Its verification relied on the original handwritten manuscript in the author’s own handwriting.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1636-1666

    Ellipsis and Multiple Meanings

    Jihad Qadr Ali

    Ellipsis is a linguistic phenomenon found in all languages, yet it is more evident and frequent in some, such as Arabic, due to its speakers’ inclination toward brevity and conciseness in speech. This is because ellipsis represents a means of condensing expression, reducing heaviness in structure, and enhancing textual cohesion. It also reflects, as Ibn Jinni (d. 392 AH) stated in Al-Khasa'is (الخصائص), the boldness of the Arabic language and its reliance on the intellect and perceptiveness of the listener in grasping the intended meaning with minimal wording. Its benefit, however, is not limited to brevity and conciseness. Rather, it is also one of the linguistic devices employed to convey meaning in a fresh manner, just as is the case with amplification, specification, and restriction. It is therefore an indispensable tool for the speaker in formulating and communicating meanings in an eloquent style that corresponds to the demands of context. Ellipsis has also other benefits that are outlined in this study. The research is divided into two sections preceded by an introduction. The first section defines ellipsis linguistically and technically, mentions its conditions and value, and presents its types and related terminology. The second section offers selected examples from various Qur’anic surahs, with reference to their relevant contexts. These are followed by a concise conclusion summarizing the findings that this brief study has sought to achieve. Our approach in presenting this material is analytical, applied to selected examples from the Qur’an.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1667-1679

    The Role of the Substantive Rule in Establishing Civil Protection for Minor

    Sangar Ali Rasool

    Legal protection is considered an essential element in the formation of rights, such that no legal right can exist without the means for its protection. In other words, the absence of protection makes a legal right nullified, even if it does exist from a moral standpoint. A right remains incomplete unless the community commits to safeguarding it, without such protection the right loses its legal character. Protection, in legal theory, signifies the prevention of people from violating each other’s rights through some specific mechanisms and procedures established by law. It is evident that civil protection constitutes focal point in legal discourse, and the primary emphasis in this subject focuses on one aspect, which is the owner of the right (such as minors). The absence of distinction is a phenomenon present in societies, creating a class with its own legal and sharia characteristics and rulings, which differs from other groups. Since the early stages of legal development, legislations and, prior to that, Islamic law have concerned themselves with this category and established legal texts that define their legal status and regulate their transactions. Legal rules for civil protection of this category of individuals have been established, which provide them with protection by distinguishing them from others, as these rules offer the greatest possible security in preserving their rights and facilitate their reassurance in exercising their rights.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1680-1692

    The Correlation Between Certain Pre-Competition Functional Indicators and Psychosomatic Symptoms in Football Players

    Ahmed Saeed Ahmed, Faridun Qadir Hama Rash, Muhammad Qadir Hama Rash

    Given the substantial influence of these variables on athletic performance, this study sought to determine the nature of the relationship between psychosomatic symptoms (such as anxiety, tension, and fear) and certain physiological functional variables (such as blood pressure, respiration, and pulse rate) among soccer players both in normal circumstances and prior to competing in sports. Since the descriptive approach is most suited to the nature of the issue, the researcher used it on a purposeful sample of twenty-two Peshmerga Sports Club players who are playing in the Kurdistan Premier League. Devices for detecting blood pressure and pulse as well as a psychological questionnaire created by Allawi (1987) to gauge psychosomatic symptoms were among the research instruments. There were two stages to the experiment: the first took place four days prior to the competition, and the second took place one hour before the competition. In both scenarios, the players' answers to the psychosomatic symptom scale were examined, and functional data (blood pressure, respiration, and pulse) were noted. The researcher came to the following conclusions: - The psychosomatic symptoms scale shows significant differences between the normal and pre-competition states in favor of the pre-competition sports; - The functional variables (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate) show significant differences between the normal and pre-competition states in favor of the pre-competition sports. The researcher made the following recommendations in light of this: Because of its impact on the body's systems, athletes' psychological readiness must be guaranteed as a factor influencing their level of performance. Football players' psychological characteristics can be objectively measured by using psychological scales. By holding intense and somber games and meetings, participants are acclimated to the competitive environment. The psychologist's function in lowering pressure before a competition. Performing a comparable study on several athletic events using the same research methods and factors.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1693-1712

    Analysis of Morphometric Properties and Their Hydrological Significance in the Rokhana Wadi Basin

    Ako Hameed Mala Qadir, Hemin Nasradin MuhammedAmin, Hiwa Anwar Muhammed

    This research investigates the relationship between geomorphological variables and their hydrological implications. It uses data provided by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to interpret digital elevation models (DEMs) in the Rukhaneh Valley Basin in northeastern Iraq. It covers an area between the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas of the Kurdistan Region. It belongs to the Sara Mountain Range, which is a watershed between the Rukhaneh and Tanjoro basins in the upper regions of it, that is, the source area. In the northeast, there is the Diwaneh Basin, in the east, and the AwaSpi Basin in the west. It borders the Khasah Basin, and it covers a vast area of 3,468.88 km 2. It empties into Lake Azim, the seventh-largest lake. The Rukhaneh Basin has a maximum length of 118.52 km. It is split into two levels, namely high and low, as well as three levels of climatic regions. It is located astronomically between 30 48 -34 20 04, and 2018 0025 -45. The research aims to examine the morphometric features of the Wadi Rukhana Basin and their connection with the hydrological variables and implications, the consequent rise in water discharges and floods and their destructive impact and ways of managing the risks to alleviate the adverse effect of the same on human activity. The study reached a set of results, the most significant of which, based on morphometric characteristics and hydrological parameters, is that there is no risk of flash floods.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1713-1735

    The Role of Accounting Culture in Enhancing the Quality of Financial Disclosure

    Omar Hussein Abdulrahman

    The paper is an attempt to examine how the common accounting practices, values and professional standards among the accountants of Faruk group determine and affect the level of clarity, by clarity we mean transparency, and the accuracy of financial disclosures. To achieve the objective of this study, the researcher made use of the descriptive analytical methodology in which, the researcher gave out the questionnaire forms to 75 participants which were all chosen on a random basis. As a result, a total of 70 accurate responses were collected and analyzed, which gives a strong response rate of 93.3%. According to our findings, it was found out that accountants possessed a well-developed accounting mindset, with strong conceptual understanding, awareness of international standards, and high ethical principles. Furthermore, throughout the study, a high level of financial transparency, with clear presentation of information and accessibility of key details was found, Pearson’s correlation test affirmed a strong, Sig.nificant positive link between accounting culture and financial disclosure (r = 0.721, Sig. = 0.000). In addition to this, T-tests and ANOVA revealed Sig.nificant variations in accounting culture and financial disclosure based on gender, academic qualifications, and years of experience. In conclusion, the study strongly suggests the continuous support for professional development programs for accountants, this points out the importance of specialized training in global reporting standards and ethical practices, which are certainly essential for improving the clarity and accuracy of financial information provided to relevant parties.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1736-1753

    Analysis of Jewish Behavior in Piramerd’s thought from Religious and Moral Perspectives

    Omer Mohammed Saeed, Amin Hamaradha M. Amin

    This research is an analytical study of one of the well-known poet of Kurdish literature, Piramerd’s poetry and maxims. In which his moral, religious, and critical perspectives toward the Jewish nation are revealed. In this research, the poet’s view towards Jewish behavior with humanity and their attitude patterns from moral and religious standpoints are discussed and analyzed. Piramerd, by relying on his Islamic and religious knowledge, has criticized certain behaviors and attitudes specific to this nation. Characteristics, which in his opinion, have hindered proper co-existence with other nations. Furthermore, the content of “yahudi morality” is discussed from historical, religious, and moral viewpoints. Additionally, the Jewish nation, because of geographical and cultural dispersion, has been recognized as possessing similar behavioral characteristics referred to as “Jewish behavior” a concept characterized by several criticized traits such as: national superiority complex, covenant-breaking, dishonesty, troublemaking, and materialism. Subsequently, he worked on the etymological foundations of the word “yahudi” which was examined from a historical perspective, derived from the combination of the word “yahu” meaning God, and “di” meaning acknowledgment or reward. Over time and throughout history, the word “Jewish” has taken on various social and historical meanings, and connotations, specifically in Greek, Roman, and medieval European cultures, where it sometimes appeared with negative meanings like: merchant, materialist, or deceiver.

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