Issue 5

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-18

   Exploring the Position and Function of Music in the Social Structure of Yezidi Society

   Hangaw Anwar Mohammed, Naser Hashim Badan, Nariman Abdullah Khoshnaw

   This research employs a descriptive analysis to delve into the intricacies of the social structure of Yezidi society, focusing on the pivotal role that music plays across various social strata. The cast divisions within the Yezidi community manifest in every facet of their culture, with music occupying a particularly significant place due to its profound role in their faith. The interplay between taboo and holiness within the Yezidi community has uniquely shaped their musical expression, resulting in a distinct creative contrast, especially evident during religious festivals and events. This contrast enhances the contemplation of divinity within Yezidi society. The primary objective of this study is to discern the positioning of music within the religious cast hierarchy of Yezidi society and elucidate its role in fostering social cohesion among different casts. This research is of particular relevance to scholars in sociology of music and ethnomusicology, offering substantial insights into the phenomena under examination. A comprehensive understanding of these dynamics facilitates a nuanced analysis of various dimensions. Key findings highlight the integral role of Qewals, who, as disciples, bear the responsibility of safeguarding sacred versus of their religion and actively participating in ceremonies across all segments of Yezidi society. Their performances with the def û Shebab (tambourine and flute) during religious ceremonies further underscore the ubiquity and significance of music in Yezidi culture.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 19-35

   Comparison Study of Kurdish Language Alphabet to the Kurdistan Newspaper and the Current Form of Kurdish Language

   Shukur Mohammed Saleh

   The research which is entitled (A Comparison Study of Kurdish Language Alphabet with reference to the Kurdistan Newspaper and the Current Form of Kurdish Language) compares between the first issue of Kurdistan newspaper with the current writing alphabet of Kurdish language, for example, Kurdish Academy alphabet. The study discusses the role of the Kurdish alphabet in the field of journalism. Including the writing alphabet system, Kurdistan newspaper alphabet has been presented in this period and questions such as how writing system was and what kind of alphabetic system was used have been shown. Although the alphabet is the same as the current Kurdish alphabet, there are many differences, which are due to the influence of foreign languages, especially Arabic. Kurdistan newspaper is the first step in academic writing in Kurdish journalism, but it has not been freed from the influence of the Arabic alphabet. The alphabet used to write the Kurdistan newspaper was dominated by Arabic on the one hand, and on the other hand, as it is important to note that Kurdistan newspaper made use of the Arabic alphabet to fill the gaps in the Kurdish alphabet at that time. It used the Arabic letters in a way that influenced the rules of the Kurdish language, thus, producing a codified writing that was an important turning point in the Kurdish language at that time. The paper consists of two parts: practical, theory, conclusions, list of sources and appendix: Section one consists of five topics: - The first topic is the concept and definition of the alphabet, the second topic is the alphabet related to the ethnicity of the language, the third topic is the history of the Kurdish alphabet. Section two consists of six topics: - The first topic is a brief history of Kurdistan newspaper, the second topic is the time and place of publication, printing house, owner and editor of Kurdistan newspaper, the third topic is the role of Kurdish language in Kurdistan newspaper Kurdish in Kurdistan newspaper. The sixth topic is the letters that are not in Kurdish.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 36-49

   Character Personality Typology in (Lasar Baran Danusm - I Write on the Rain)

   Soran Mamand Abdullah, Farhad Aziz Hassan, Karzan Mohsen Qadir

   This work is entitled (Character Personality Typology in (Lasar Baran Danusm - I Write on the Rain) Novel from the perspective of Carl Gustav Jung( Narrative literature has occupied a wide space in world literature today and a significant number of novels and stories are published annually in the world. Critics, theorists and researchers study these works in an academic and scientific manner. The result of these studies is the emergence of an important scientific discipline known as “narratology”. Based on scientific methods and critical theories, narratology identifies and directs research types in narrative literature. In this discipline, narratology benefits from the results of the humanity sciences such as philosophy, psychology, sociology, mythology, etc. Narrative in novels, stories and other forms of narrative literature is presented on the basis of language and language expressing ways through different arts and techniques. “Monologue” is one of the most important forms of language expressing in narrative literature that manifests the psychological state, worldview and way of thinking of the character, and the psychological state gets the main share of character introduction in this technique. In this research, based on the Carl Gustav’s Personality Typology Theory, which is known as Introversion and Extroversion, attempt is made to present (Character Personality Typology) in (Lasar Baran Danusm) novel.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 50-66

   The Deconstruction of the Postmodernism Architecture Art

   Awat Saeed Fatah

   This Research consists of four main parts. The first parts of the research are devoted to the research problem, the importance of the research, the objectives of the research, and the limitations of (time, objective, place), and ended with the defining of terms. As for the second part, which is the theoretical framework for the research, it consists of three sections. The first section discussed the historical background of the emergence of the deconstruction art of architecture. The second section discusses the actions, motives, and causes of the deconstruction strategy for architecture. The third section explores the emergence of Symantec’s deconstruction architecture post-modernist. As the third part of the research, it was devoted to implementation procedures, which are (the research community, the research sample and analysis, the research objectives, and tools for collecting information), and in the fourth part of the research, were presented the results of the research in several points, with suggestions, recommendations, and sources at the end of the research.

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 67-82

   Infinitive Structure of Kurdish Language According to New Theories of Language

   Kamal Muhammed Omer, Sabah Rashid Qadir

   It is obvious that the topic of the infinitive, whether as function and role or as structure and appearance, is one of the main and basic foundations of the linguistic units of most languages in the world, this is based on its participation as the infinitive or as the verb itself will actively engage in the language structure. As a consequence of that, many different perspectives and opinions have been expressed about infinitives in these languages. In this research, we tried to explain some of the rules and constitutions of the structure of infinitives in Kurdish according to new language theories and present necessary and proper examples in this regard. We compared those rules and forms of infinitive structure in other languages like English and also in Arabic as well, to demonstrate more about infinitive structure, because Incorporation languages work similarly in some characteristics, this similarity is significantly parallel in Kurdish and English. On top of that, the function of the infinitives and the roles they can turn into in the structure of phrases and sentences are discussed and investigated. At the end of the research, we reached several conclusions, followed by the references, the abstract and title of the research in English.

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 83-108

   The Effectiveness of a Proposed Teaching Program for Brain-Based Learning on An Attitude Toward Learning Among University Students

   Dalya Hashim, Khalid Ismail

   The aim of this research is to build a proposed curriculum of brain-based learning in the attitude toward learning for students at Koya University، then to determine the effectiveness of the knowledge-based learning strategy on the direction of learning for students by showing the statistical evidence difference between the pre-test and the backward test، to find out the effectiveness of the program for orientation for learning. Receiving from previous and surveyed literatures and researches, which consisted of 52 sections, was divided into four dimensions (scientific, emotional, behavior, behavior intention) After extracting the psychometric characteristics (truthfulness and stability), the scale was present. Then the researchers developed a teaching program to develop the orientation for learning by university students, and applied the program to the sample of the study, which consisted of 38 students and were divided. After many training and training, they were selected into two groups. The experimental group consisted of: (19) students who were taught by the proposed student-based learning program, the organizing group, consisting of 19 students who were taught in the normal way, used the Statistical Program Paired Samples T-test for two paired samples, to draw the results of the study, which was as follows: It was found that there was no statistical evidence difference between the pre-test and the later test, and finally, according to the obtained results, the recommendations and recommendations.

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 109-125

   Identity and Symbols of Ancient Artistic Sculptures in Kurdistan Region

   Hawkar Shukur Mahmood, Aras Ismail Khider

   This research studies specific areas to discuss the identity of ancient sculpture and its artistic significance and Symbols in the Kurdistan region. The term "Stone Bar" refers to both two-dimensional and three-dimensional engravings on the face of rocks and mountains, achieved by taking small and suitable pieces of rocks and carving them to create sculptures with distinct artistic identities and meanings. Generally, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Mesopotamia), namely the Kurdistan region and its surrounding areas, has inherited numerous rock carving artifacts. In addition to rocks, in some other civilizations, wooden carving artifacts have been left in this area due to the ease of obtaining wood from trees and transforming it into household tools and artistic materials at that time. Sculpture, on the other hand, refers to any statue created through construction or the addition of parts made from various raw materials, aimed at expressing different artistic themes and projects. This research represents an intellectual and aesthetic exploration of expressions and the discovery of identity and artistic meanings in ancient sculpture works in Kurdistan. The research also relies on artistic, social, archaeological, and geographical dimensions of the archaeological areas from which the research sample is drawn. It involves examining, recording, and analyzing the characteristics, shapes, signs, and symbols of the research sample's sculptures, as well as the method of classifying their identities and artistic meanings. This is done in order to open new avenues for achieving the original artistic identity of ancient sculptures in Kurdistan.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 126-144

   Conceptual Metaphor of Time in Kurdish

   Gulchin Azeez Muhammad Ameen, Qais Kakl Tofiq

   This study is entitled conceptual metaphor of time in Kurdish. It attempts to indicate the perception and worldview of Kurdish concerning time as a cognitive concept in Kurdish language, in which time can be seen as a moving entity. In addition to that, the study demonstrates the emergence and experience of time concept in related to human perception, psychological and social aspects. Hence, it focuses on the way of reflecting conceptual metaphor of time in Kurdish. The data of the study have been taken from the daily use conversations of the Central Kurdish speakers. The study draws upon cognitive models of time for the analysis of the data within the framework of cognitive semantics which is proposed by Lakoff and Johnson. Moreover, the study identifies the way of reflecting experience as a basic principle of cognitive semantic on the Kurdish individual thoughts as well as the influence of human perception and self-perceptions in Kurdish expressions in which time moving and ego depletion vice versa are shown in a balanced way. Additionally, the way of time perception which is measured by time duration and changing (lengthening and shortening) in terms of inner sensory experience and individual perception is another point presented in this study, along with unfolding the location of temporary events according to time series model and comparing with each other.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 145-159

   University Lecturers’ and Public School Teachers’ Opinion of Numbers Writing Format in Public Education in The Kurdistan Region

   Mohammad Naser Mostafa

   The main aim of this study is to survey the issue of the writing format of numbers in mathematics class (based on the lecturer's and teachers' opinions) in the Kurdistan Region’s (KR) curriculum which is writing format from right to left. After discussions on the subject with university lecturers and public school teachers in the Koya District, at first, an open-ended questionnaire was prepared and conducted with the participation of 20 teachers, and on this base, the main questionnaire was prepared to survey the issue. After obtaining the face validity of the questionnaire from the specialized experts, the survey was distributed to (55) teachers of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and English language majors. As a result, a positive view of the sample's statistical evidence regarding the presence of specific issues was obtained. Demographically, there was no difference in positive perceptions of university lecturers and public school teachers towards this issue. However, the responses of mathematics class teachers were more positive than that of other specialties. In addition, the demographic variable of the teaching service has had an effect in favor of those teachers who have had fewer years of teaching service.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 160-176

    Principles of Compatibility Between Religion and Philosophy According to Al-Ghazali (d. 505 AH / 1111 CE)

    Khalid Ismail Hamad, Kameran Aziz Abdullah

    The title of this scientific study serves as a factor in proving the relationship between religion and philosophy. This research addresses the problem of the connection between religion and philosophy, asserting that both are in agreement, even though some individuals believe that religion and philosophy are two distinct forms of knowledge. However, this study reveals that they are not only not distinct but are, in fact, in agreement. As Al-Farabi states: "Just as religion seeks truth, so too does philosophy seek truth." The most important objective of this research is to reconcile religion and philosophy from Al-Ghazali's perspective, as he, being both a philosopher and a jurisprudent, achieved compatibility between religion and philosophy. However, the question here is: Can religion and philosophy truly coexist? Did Al-Ghazali, whom some consider a jurisprudent, succeed in reconciling religion and philosophy? Is the relationship between religion and philosophy a positive or negative one?

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 177-189

    The Role of Private in Reproducing Social Hierarchical Segregation

    Halmat Mohammed Abdullah, Alia Ferej

    With the development of civilizations, progress and expansion of societies, rapid technological advances, sudden advances, the manifestations of the capitalist system in most societies and the privatization of various sectors of society, including education, brought about quantitative and qualitative changes It was the emergence of another mode of education, that of private education in non-governmental schools. This new phenomenon brought about a number of social phenomena, which are important from a sociological point of view. As a scientific and professional effort in this research, the researcher aims to show the role of non-governmental schools in the production of social hierarchy, as well as to know the extent of impact of non-governmental schools on society. Non-governmental schools play a role in social class discrimination because there are no equal opportunities for students from different classes. Those who have more educational opportunities are upper class students rather than low-income students Private schools have a high level of education because they provide a healthy environment, which is due to the fact that education in these schools is paid for. Therefore, they have to provide a healthy environment.

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 190-211

    Tagmemic Theory

    Beri Yaseen Hussein, Sabah Rashid Qadir, Atif Abdullah Farhadi

    This research which is entitled (Tagmemic Theory), Tagmemic is a Theory of language developed by American Linguist “Kenneth L. Pike” in the beginning of 1950. It is a Functionalist approach to language analysis that views Language as a system of interrelated parts, or Tagmemes. A Tagmeme is a unit of Language that Consist of two parts: a (Slot) and (Fillers). The Slot is the Function that the Tagmeme fills in a larger unit of Language, such as a Sentence or Paragraph. This theory is based on certain assumptions and principles, chief among which is the assumption that language is an integral part of man's total behavior, Language occurs in context. The filler is the specific form that can occupy the slot, such as a noun, verb, or phrase. Tagmemics is a Hierarchical Theory meaning that tagmemes can be combined to form larger Tagmemes, and it consists of units within units. Smaller units are contained in larger ones in hierarchical levels. for example a noun phrase, which is a Tagmeme itself, can fill the Slot of Subject in a sentence, which is a larger Tagmeme. Tagmemics is a powerful tool for analyzing language because it can be used to describe the structure of languages of all types, from simple to complex.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 212-236

    Faili Kurds Political activities in the memory of Southern Kurdish 1969 - 1946

    Shakhawan Abdullah Saber

    Recording the memories with the experienced people who are the witness of the events is the source of written history, more important than this, the person himself is main character of the event or he is the witness and tangible evidence of the events. Meanwhile those who recorded their memories as participants in the events are noticeable important to our history because these events have not been written at any sources but the researcher will find out thru their memory or interviewing them, that is why recording the data from these sources are very important because it is taken from their memories and with their death all the information will be vanished. Faili Kurds are the origin part of the Kurdistan especially because of two reasons firstly because of their nationality and secondly due to their doctrine since they are shiia. Faili Kurds have gone through many upsets from prisoning, taking their National ID, and exiling them. Though geographically they were far from Kurdistan, they lived mostly at Baghdad, center and Middle Euphrates, but despite that neither their geographical nor the lampers came to their road made them forget their roles in political and cultural activities as Sothern Kurdish. This research sheds lights on their role in the memory of Southern Kurdish between. 1969 - 1946.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 237-256

    The Influences of Social Media on Changing Social Values of Women in The Kurdistan Region.

    Sazian Talb Salih, Karwan Ali Qadir

    The main problem of this study, which is entitled (The effects of social media on changing social values of women in the Kurdish region) is that there is a vague and lack of understanding of the effects in which the use of social media platforms haS on the women in the Kurdistan Region. As such, the study attempts to achieve several aims specifically understanding and examining the influence of the use of social media platforms on changing social values of the employed women in the Kurdistan region, in addition to exploring the most values in which could be affected by these platforms. In terms of the approaches, this study is both quantitative and qualitative, as the data that were collected from the tools, are both numbers and information. Moreover, the researcher has explained and interpreted the collected data to provide a deeper understanding of the topic and results. The structure and topic of the study have required the use of survey method and for data collection the researcher resorted to the use of questionnaires forms, which were sent to the sample of the study(1088 participants) online through Google form and hardcopy, from all the four provinces of Kurdistan Region (Erbil, Sulaimani, Duhok and Halabja).Furthermore, the size of the sample was determined based on the data that the researcher gained from statistics authority in the KRG. The figure is (143560) female employees in the offices of the Kurdistan Region, of which (0.5%) is taken. The most obvious finding of the study is that social media has had a significant impact on changing social values ​​among women in the Kurdistan Region (42.2%) and most of this impact is negative.

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15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 257-276

    The Melodic Structure and Its Comparison with The Rhyme Structure Structure in Kurdish Bakhud Ghazals

    Sarbaz Majeed Khoshnaw

    Musical Melody and rhyme in poetry are two main components. Poetry and music are inseparable parts, to the point that the text is not poetry without music. The issue of the composition of music in the formation of rhyme is a sensitive issue. Although the basis of both (melody and rhyme) relates to the repetition of sounds, their treatment of the quantity and quality of sounds differs. The compositional structure at the level of sounds (narrating, pre-narrating, post-narrating) and at the word level (rhyming words - pre-rhyming - post-rhyming) deals with the sounds present in the text, while the musical structure is more general and comprehensive. It relates to all the sounds that are repeated inside and outside the rhyming structure. This research is an attempt to present the melodic structure in the Kurdish poems (ghazals) by the poet (Bikhud). For this purpose, a descriptive statistics approach was used. The research consists of two sections: The first section deals with the nature and structure of rhyme at the level of word and sound, and the nature of melody and repetition. The second section is devoted to the melodic structure in the rhyme structure of the Kurdish verses in the Diwan of (Bikhud), which follows a unified rhyme system. Finally, the research results are summarized in several points and the sources that are relied upon or used in the study are indicated. ئەمین، سیروان جەبار (٢٠١٤) شێوازی سەروای غەزەلە کوردییەکانی مەحوی، هەولێر، گۆڤاری ئەکادیمیای کوردی، ژمارە ٣١، ل٤٧ – ٦٤. حەمەدەمین، یادگار ڕەسول (٢٠٢٠) سەروای شیعرە کوردییەکانی نالی، ڕاپەڕین، گۆڤاری زانکۆی ڕاپەڕین، ژمارە ١،خولی ٧، ل ٤٦١- ٤٨٠. خۆشناو، سەرباز مەجید (٢٠٢٠) دوبارەکردنەوە لە شیعری(سەدان ساڵە)ی (عەبدوڵڵا پەشێو)دا. گۆڤاری توێژەر، بەرگی ٣، ژمارە ١، ل١٠١ – ١٤٦. دزەیی، عەبدولواحید موشیر و محەمەد، دانا تەحسین و ساڵح، دەرون عەبدولڕەحمان (٢٠١٣) فۆنەتیک و فۆنۆلۆجی، هەولێر، چاپی یەکەم، لە بڵاوکراوەکانی ناوەندی ئاوێر بۆ چاپ و بڵاوکردنەوە. رؤوف، صلاح (١٩٨٩) تیۆرەکانی مۆسیقا. چاپی یەکەم، ئەمیندارێتیی گشتیی ڕۆشنبیری و لاوان. عزیز، هیوا نورالدین (٢٠٢١) شیعرە کوردییەکانی (بێخود) لە تەرازوی عەروزدا، سۆران، گۆڤاری توێژەر، بەرگی٤، ژمارە١، ل٢٧٩ – ٣٢٨. گەردی، سەردار ئەحمەد (٢٠١٣) کاریگەریی مۆسیقای غەزەلێکی جزیری لەسەر قەصیدەیەکی وەفایی، گۆڤاری ئەکادیمیای کوردی، ژمارە ٢٤، ل٧- ٢٩. گەردی، عەزیز (١٩٩٩) سەروا، هەولێر، چاپی یەکەم، دەزگای ئاراس بۆ چاپ و بڵاوکردنەوە. مارف، ئەوڕەحمانی حاجی (١٩٧٦) زمانی کوردی لەبەر ڕۆشنایی فۆنەتیکدا، بەغدا، کۆڕی زانیاریی کورد. موفتی، مەلا مەحمودی (١٣٨٦) دیوانی بێخود، کۆکردنەوە و ڕێکخستن و لەسەرنوسینی: محەمەدی مەلا کەریم، سنە، بڵاوکردنەوەی کوردستان. ابن سینا، الحسین بن عبداللە (١٩٥٦) جوامع علم الموسیقی، تحقیق: زکریا یوسف، القاهرة، نشر وزارة التربیة. الاخفش، ابی الحسن سعید بن مسعدة (١٩٧١) کتاب القوافی، تحقیق: احمد راتب النفاخ، بیروت، ط١، دار الامانة، مطابع دار القلم. بن جنی، ابی الفتح عثمان (١٩٧٥) مختصر القوافی، تحقیق: حسن شاذلی فرهود، الفجالة، ط١، مطبعة الحضارة العربیة. توما، میسم هرمز (2018) عناصر تكوین الموسیقی والغناء، بغداد، الفتح للطباعة والاستنساخ والتحضیر الطباعی. السید، امین علی (٢٠١٦) فی علم القافیة، القاهرة، مکتبة الزهراء. قرەقشلانی، جمال طالبی (٢٠١٦) التحلیل الصوتی والدلالی فی قصیدة بلقیس ل (نزار قبانی)، مجلة الجمعیة الایرانیة للغة العربیة وادابها، العدد ٤٠، ص ٧٩- ٩٨. کلاب، محمد مصطفی (٢٠١٥) بنیة التکرار فی شعر ادونیس، فلسطین، مجلة الجامعة الاسلامیة للبحوث الانسانیة، المجلد الثالث والعشرون، العدد الاول، ص٦٩- ٩٤. الهاشمی، محمد علی (١٩٩١) العروض الواضح وعلم القافیة، دمشق، دار القلم. ائمی، و طاهری، علی باقر و صمدی ، مجید (٢٠٠٩) فضای موسیقایی معلقەی امرؤالقیس، مجلەی انجمن ایرانی زبان و ادبیات عربی علمی، شمارە ١٢، ص ١٠٧- ١٣٤.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 277-295

    The Aesthetic Study of Different Types of Imagery in Bakir Ali's Poetry

    Zhino Abdulrahman Mohammed, Hazhar Faqe Suleman Hussein

    A certain kind of beauty is something we constantly seek out in the literary world along with ideas and messages. Understanding and evaluating the text using poetic and aesthetic standards, as well as the existence of literary and artistic background and experience, is necessary to uncover these beauties. Poetic imagery has long been regarded as the primary aesthetic genre in poetry that best conveys the beauty of literary works. Like any other contemporary Kurdish poet, Bakr Ali used poetic images and their types in his texts. This study provides a theoretical discussion of the key concepts of poetic imagery, aesthetics, and poetic imagery genres. The study intends to demonstrate the capacity of the poet's literary and poetic background in establishing kinds of poetic images as well as to identify and present the aesthetics of various genres and types of poetic images in the poet's poetic texts. The study concluded that Bakr Ali, as a talented poet with a rich background, used a variety of poetic images, including metaphor, simile, individual and accumulated images, sensory images, moving and static images, and so on, to paint his worldview, his thoughts, and his turbulent life with feelings and emotions. Emotionally speaking, poetic imagery takes up more space than other kinds of imagery. Simultaneously, he depicted all forms of poetic imagery from his poems' aesthetics, including language and the harsh reality it conveyed as well as sentiments, ideas, and national conceptions, among other types of poetic imagery expressed through melodic language.

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 296-324

    Social Rights in the Babylonian and Assyrian recorded Laws

    Muhammad Amin Ali, Bakhtiar Qasem Awla

    The title" Social Rights in the Babylonian and Assyrian recorded Laws" as the title of this scientific research, stems from the fact that the Babylonian and Assyrian laws, as two of the oldest and most important laws in human history after the Sumerian laws and reforms, paid attention to the family and the setting up of social relations, and attention was also given to human rights. Family members and society are within the framework of these laws in a way, which makes them worthy of their various angles being the subject of research and their various dimensions worthy of interpretation. The research was devoted to the social rights in Babylonian and Assyrian laws and their impact on society, and the social dimensions of this aspect were presented in its content depending on a group of scientific sources and the opinions of scholars. In addition to the summary in Kurdish, Arabic, and English, the list of sources, and the most important results, this study consists of three main topics as follows: A summary of the history of Babylonian and Assyrian recorded laws. Individual rights; Women, children, men, and slaves in Babylonian and Assyrian recorded laws. Family and community rights in Babylonian and Assyrian recorded laws.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 325-346

    Reinforcement and Punishment Verbal and non-verbal in the Learning and Teaching Process

    Darun Abdulrahman Salih

    The current study, which is entitled Verbal and non-verbal Reinforcement and Punishment in the Learning and Teaching Process, locates itself in the domain of educational linguistics and pedagogical linguistics. It sheds light on different types of reinforcement and verbal and non-verbal punishment, which have a pivotal role in developing and enhancing the process of education and in modifying educators’ behaviors. This theory is Studied today Within the field of Psychology, and its usefulness extends to many other fields. One of these fields is teaching process, which is Considered a form of education, and the teacher has a major role in it. The study has adopted the descriptive analytical method into account one of positive reinforcement of Skinner’s behaviorism which aims at stimulating positive behaviors and reducing the undesired acts. The paper is composed of major sections besides the introduction and the conclusion. The first section is an introduction to educational and pedagogical linguistics. In this section, we have focused on these topics: Content Educational Linguistics, Pedagogical Linguistics: Summary and Introduction, Educational Linguistics and Learning and Teaching Process, Learning and Teaching Process from a Behavioral Theory standpoint. the second section deals with the role of reinforcement and punishment—verbal and nonverbal—in the process of learning and teaching. In this section, we have focused on these topics (Model of Operant Conditioning, Programs of Reinforcement theory, Different types of Reinforcement).

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 347-364

    A Critical Reading for Classifying the Types of Kurdish Myths

    Sirwan Jabar Amin, Rizgar Abdulla Ahmed

    Mythology is one of the oldest literary genres and its history dates back to the early stages and also is a repository of primitive human knowledge content, therefore many mythology researchers in many nations based on their comprehension, have categorized myths into various classifications. Kurdish literature, like other nations, has a collection of mythological texts and studies of mythology. However, what makes Kurdish literature different is that, scholars have discussed and theorized about the question of myths and how to categorize the various types of myths but has not been revealed based on global mythology or other nations. This suggests that our understanding of Kurdish mythology may not be comprehensive, since there remains an undisputed collection of Kurdish myths that widely accepted. There is a gap in Kurdish mythology that is considered to be a serious issue in categorizing forms of Kurdish myths. Finding numerous problems and challenges associated with categorizing the types of myths in Kurdish studies, led to do this research under the title of, (A Critical Reading for Classifying the Types of Kurdish Myths), which takes into account the division of myth types and the classification of researchers and experts in the field of mythology. Additionally, the study provides a critical evaluation of the classification of myths in two master theses that have been published as books, besides identifying problems and issues related to the types of these categories.

    10.26750/sygvwq37 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 365-386

    Empathy As a Mediation Role of The Relationship Between Personality Factors and Online Dating Violence Among College Students

    Pakstan Faiq Muhamedamin, Nabi Fatahi

    Online dating violence is a new form of violence perpetrated by persons in romantic relationship. the current study aimed to examine the function of empathy in the link between online dating violence and personality traits. The quantitative method was utilized, and the study's sample was purposeful and non- random, consisting of Soran University students. The sample comprised 108 students, 51 boys, and 57 girls. Data were collected using four self- report measures. Firstly, dark trait scale was used to assess psychopath and narcissism traits. Second the Big Five Inventory, which includes questions on neuroticism, agreeableness, consciousness. The third empathy questioner and the last measurement was online dating violence. The results showed that personality traits generally effect the increase of online dating violence among study sample. As well as results indicated that personality traits indirectly through empathy variable effects of online dating violence. Empathy as an appropriate variable which has direct effect of online dating violence. In spite of the positive role of social media on the social communication, it considers to be one of the risk factors of online dating violence between individuals in romantic relationship.

    10.26750/cndcdf70 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 387-402

    The Theme of Jabar Jamal Xerib’s Novel (Bnuse Khween)

    Sangar Qader Shekh Mohamad Haji

    The theme is the most explicit component of a text, usually a poet or novelist writes a literary piece because of his/her point of view on a subject, which we call theme, and this shows the value of theme in literary genres. In the text, the theme has a strong relationship and is directly related to the character. Also, the theme can be expressed through both dialogue and monologue techniques. these don’t mean that a novelist doesn't use other techniques to manifest the novel's theme. The novel's theme could be expressed throughout a sentence, paragraphs, scenes, or events. If it is shown in a sentence, the novelist makes all elements and techniques of the text to serve the idea of the theme. Sometimes the text's theme is present in most parts of the text, the novelist expresses it in different ways and styles. This research is entitled “The Theme of the Novel Bnuse Khween” Jebar Jemal Xerib’s novel. The method of this research is the Thematic Method. The novel contains many motifs like love, hate, tolerance, revenge...etc. In this research we clarified that doubt is the theme of the novel, it is present in the whole text and connected with many elements and techniques, despite that, most major and minor characters do not trust each other.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 403-430

    Transformational Rules in Poetic Text

    Vian Ibrahim Ali, Hamdiya Hassan Mohammed

    Chomsky’s transformational theory places stress on following a set of transformational rules, such as deletion, movement, addition, and substitution. On the other hand, the techniques of deletion, repetition (addition), fronting, and postponement of sentence components are considered the basics of poetic language. Therefore, there is proximity between transformational rules and the basics of poetic language. In addition, these specific elements are the same that contribute significantly to the formation of rhetorical arts. By embodying these techniques and how or to what extent they are used by the poet's rubble in his poems, he can develop the style of their formulation and also ensure that they have a more impact on the reader's mind. This has become a prompt to devote a study on the transformational rules in the poetic text. For this purpose, a collection of modern poems by the well-known Kurdish poet, Moaid Tayyeb, from his collection “Snow, Song and Fire” has been used as a sample for research. The research relied on the components of Chomsky's transformational theory in addition to the statistical method to extract the percentage of transformational rules used by the poet. The aim of applying these transformational rules to the poetic text is to determine the extent of closeness, similarity, and influence these transformational rules have on enriching the poetic style. It was concluded that the same transformational rules has become the poetic basics of modern poetry, and the amount and manner of using these rules lead to the emergence of poetic styles unique to the poet.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 431-450

    Geographical Analysis of Population Growth in Kalar District Between (1977-2022)

    Bakhtyar Muhammad Majeed, Hawkar Salih Ali

    The growth of the population can be assumed as one of the significantly paramount demographic phenomena in the field of population geography, which has impacts upon the dynamic face of society from past, present, and in the future as well, opening windows of opportunities to the planners with all the required information to build general outlines of the development planning in all the variety of life, economy, construction, and health sectors. Therefore, population growth turned out to be an accentuated phenomenon by the population geographers. This study highlights the population growth of Kalar district during the years 1977-2022. Kalar district is one of the most remarkably outstanding districts in the Kurdistan Region overall and Sulaimani province in particular, situated at the southeast of Sulaimani province as it incorporates 4 instrumental administrative units. The objective of this research is to render the distinction in population growth in the area of investigation. The result of this research revealed that the percentage of natural increase in the area of investigation between the years of 2010-2022 was (16.4%). The highest rate in the year of 2013 was (100.0%) (24.3%), while the lowest of all was (10.6%) in the year of 2020. This research concludes that population growth in various areas of investigation fluctuates as per the years in question. The growth of the population between the years of 1977-2002 in the area of investigation reached (5.4%), whilst in Sulaimani province it was (3.5%). However, in the years 2002-2022, the growth rate in the area of investigation decreased to (2.5%), while the growth of the population in Sulaimani province was (1.7%)

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 451-475

    The stance of the Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet on the Kurdish refugee camps situated in Merdin, Diyarbakır, and Muş

    Dilan Ahmed Salman

    The Cumhuriyet newspaper is one of the oldest unofficial newspapers in the history of Turkish journalism. It has gained widespread popularity among readers and features a group of renowned writers. While examining the pages of the Çumhuriyet newspaper from the latter part of the previous century, it becomes evident that the newspaper covered foreign political developments and neighboring countries. However, South Kurdistan despite being a neighboring border region, received limited attention and discussion in the newspaper’s pages. The 1988 Anfal campaign against Iraqi Kurds was a catastrophic event that resulted in the displacement of thousands of Kurds to Turkey The Turkish government initially accommodated them in temporary camps before relocating them in permanent camps in the cities of Merdin, Diyarbakir, and Moş. The Çumhuriyet newspaper devoted a considerable amount of its coverage to the topic of immigrants and the services provided in the camps between the years 1988 and 1991. The newspaper has played a significant role in conveying the voice of Kurdish immigrants to Turkey and the world. In addition , itfacilitated the exchange of regional and global viewpoints, commentaries, and speeches about the Kurdish camps in Turkey. The newspaper has consistently highlighted pertinent events and emphasized the inadequate conditions faced by refugees in areas such as education, healthcare, and general services.

    10.26750/n78ndx61 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 476-497

    Indefiniteness Constructions Within the Framework of Kurdish Language Vocabulary

    Nawzad Amin Muhammed, Sherwan Hussein Hamad

    Indefiniteness is a linguistic phenomenon that exists in most languages of the world and it`s generally used in the Kurdish language well. It consists of not specifying some or all aspects of the speaker`s statement for various purposes. The purposes of this research are to gain better and more detailed knowledge and understanding of the role of indefiniteness in the Kurdish language, as well as identifying those structure and expressions that have the ability to express the meaning of indefiniteness in Kurdish. Much emphasis has been placed on indefiniteness as a syntactic process in the Kurdish language, but in reality, this process also exists at the morphological level. At the morphological level indefiniteness is expressed through independent morphemes such as pronouns, demonstratives, adjectives, adverbs, and indefinite verbs. The research has been conducted according to the descriptive analysis method, and the representative material has been from middle Kurdish. The problem this research investigates is that in Kurdish linguistics, indefiniteness has only been associated with verbs while other parts of speech have not been discussed. The research aims to identify all words that carry the concept of indefiniteness and has concluded that nouns, pronouns, and adjectives as parts of speech and independent words carry concepts of indefiniteness. Part of this concept is conveyed either through the meaning of the word itself or through the addition of affixes and clitics. The use of each of these word classes, whether intentionally or unintentionally, conveys this concept.

    10.26750/hfc4bc02 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1467-1486

    Empathy, Occupational Alienation Among Educational Counselors In Erbil City.

    Nwenar Yaseen Mohammed, Yousif Hamasalih Mustafa

    The aim of the research is to investigate the levels of empathy and occupational alienation in sample study, to investigate differences in empathy and occupational alienation based on gender variable (male and female), and to investigate the correlation between empathy and occupational alienation among educational counselors in Erbil City. To achieve aims of the study, the researchers used Jolliffe and Farrington scale (2006) to measure empathy, and the Ben Zahi scale (2007) to measure occupational alienation, and they applied scales after confirming the psychometric characteristics such as validity and reliability. The research population include all educational counselors in public and private schools inside Erbil city, and the study sample consisted of (233) counselors of both genders, selected through accidental sampling. The research found the following results: There is a high level of empathy and a low level of occupational alienation among educational counselors in Erbil city. There are statistically significant differences in the level of empathy according to gender variable in females, while there are statistically significant differences in the level of occupational alienation in males. There is a statistically significant negative correlation between empathy and occupational alienation among sample study.

    10.26750/6r09d197 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 498-513

    Disrespect in Kurdish Folkloric Lyric

    Abdulrahman Abdulghafour Hasan Shingali, Baravan Waheed Hasan

    Language and speech, in their most basic definitions, are considered tools for communication. This communication manifests on two levels: respect and appreciation on one hand, and disrespect and humiliation on the other. Each level is used in specific contexts and situations. Respect is shaped by factors such as environment, education level, and an individual's approach to social interactions. In contrast, disrespect encompasses swearing, cursing, and offensive language, both in speech and writing. It is influenced by various factors, including hopelessness, insult, and the insult of another’s character. Disrespect is commonly observed in daily speech, used by individuals across different social statuses for reasons such as mockery, character assassination, trivialization, and criticism. Literature and folklore—including stories, proverbs, music, riddles, and epigrams—are rich with expressions of disrespect. This phenomenon does not emerge out of nowhere but is rather a response to certain behaviors, events, and circumstances. People resort to disrespect to challenge or diminish others’ claims. Notably, disrespect is frequently observed in folklore and riddles due to their nature and characteristics. This research aims to examine the presence of disrespect in language, particularly in riddles, as riddles often stem from unmet hopes and desires, leading to expressions of disdain.

    10.26750/rsq2kw63 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 514-531

    The Influence of Modern Theater on the Directing Process in the Play "Father"

    Goran Ali Karim

    In recent decades, modern theater in the Kurdistan Region has seen significant progress, particularly due to technological advancements in theater, such as stage design, the creation of new sets, and access to theatrical resources. It is evident that Kurdish theater directors have managed to utilize modern theatrical tools and work with them effectively. The results of these developments in recent years have directly contributed to the emergence of a new horizon for directors, writers, actors, and other theater professionals, fostering a creative atmosphere and inspiring advanced artistry. The objective of this research is to examine the effects of modern theater on the directing process in the play Father, particularly the influence of modern theater on Kurdish theater directors. To achieve this goal, the study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology. The researcher has focused on the theatrical performance Father, written by August Strindberg and directed by Sadiq Aziz. This play was selected because the researcher has watched it multiple times and had access to its video recordings. Additionally, based on the researcher’s analysis, it is evident that the director adhered to the principles of modern theater in terms of text selection, stage treatment, and the production of meaning within the performance. In this study, the researcher—drawing from their expertise in theater direction—aims to conduct a descriptive-analytical examination of the play Father, directed by artist Sadiq Aziz. Through this research, the goal is to familiarize Kurdish theater practitioners with the influence of modern theatrical art on Kurdish theater directors. At the same time, the study seeks to reveal the capabilities and vision of Kurdish theater directors within the framework of modern theater, as well as their ability to produce innovative work in Kurdish theater.

    10.26750/ep6qxz06 3 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 532-551

    The Native Homeland of The Indo-Europeans

    Shokhan Abdalla Sekh Khdir, Imad Abdulqadir Mohammed Said

    The homeland of the Indo-Europeans remains one of the most significant and debated topics in historical and linguistic studies, sparking widespread controversy among historians, archeologists, and linguistics due to the variety of evidence and its limitations. Identified primarily through linguistic studies, the Indo-Europeans have been referred to by various names, and their origins, migrations and eventual spread across ancient civilizations have greatly influenced the political and cultural developments of these regions. They played a pivotal role in shaping the ancient world, establishing influential kingdoms and empires, particularly in the ancient Near East, where their presence spanned from the second millennium BCE to the end of the first millennium BCE. The question of their original homeland has long been a subject of scholarly debate, dividing researchers into various schools of thought. Consequently, multiple regions in Asia and Europe, including India, Central Asia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, Northern Europe, Central Europe, Southeastern Europe, and Southern Russia, have been proposed as their homeland. However, a definitive and universally accepted homeland for the Indo-Europeans has yet to be determined. This study, titled ‘The Homeland of Indo-Europeans: a Historical Study’, is divided into two main parts: (1) the term and appearance of Indo-Europeans in History, and (2) The homeland of the Indo-Europeans.

    10.26750/5vseet18 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 552-574

    Water Soil Erosion Has Significant Impact on Creating Geomorphic Hazards in Sarkapkan District.

    Saman Mala Hamadamin, Pshtiwan Ali Mohammed

    Gavrilovic’s EPM model in integration with GIS and its mathematical models combined with other indexes including natural plants, rainfall averages, temperature averages, soil samples and slope are used to determine the water induced soil erosion mass. Landsat9 satellite images especially bands four, five and ten are also utilized after classifying into 6 levels, we conclude that water soil erosion is moderate in the study area which covers the largest area of the study area with an area of 85.57 km2 and %28.69 of the total area of the study are; this is due to the density of natural plants and characteristics of the study area soil. The estimated erosion rate is between 4.59 and 6.43 m3/km2/ year. Sever erosion is only estimated at around 112 and 182 m3/km2/year with a toral area of 7.5 km2 which makes up %2.535 of the total area of the study area. Very weak erosion occupy a total area of 44.28km2 and %22.14 of the total study area. The estimated erosion mass for this category is 4.30 and 34.6 m3/km2/ year.

    10.26750/vbegk379 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 575-600

    Positive Thinking and their Relationship to Emotional Stability among Educational Counselors in High school in Sulaymaniyah City

    Sawen Aziz Ali Aziz, Kawa Ali Mohammed

    The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between positive thinking and Emotional Stability among educational counselors in high schools in Sulaymaniyah city. This study also aims to identify the level of positive thinking and emotional stability according to variables such as (gender, years of service (among the study sample. the researcher used the descriptive method in the study. The population of this study comprises all educational counselors employed in high schools within Sulaymaniyah city, totaling 178 individuals of both male and female genders. The study employed a comprehensive survey method, selecting the entire research population as the sample. The instruments employed in this study comprised of: "Positive Thinking Level" scale which the researcher prepared and an "Emotional Stability Level" scale adapted from prior research. The validity and reliability of the measures having been established, they were thereafter applied to the research sample. The most important statistical tools used were (T-Test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, arithmetic mean, standard deviation). The results of this study showed that, a high level of positive thinking was observed among educational counselors, and educational counselors also demonstrated a high level of emotional stability, however a strong positive correlation was found between positive thinking and emotional stability. Based on the findings of this study, several recommendations and suggestions are presented.

    10.26750/5h7fqt43 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 601-626

    Styles, Classification, and Development of Transportation Street Networks in Ranya City between 1957 and2024

    Sardar Saeed Amin, Bestoon Ahmed Hussien

    Transportation street networks are na important part of urban infrastructure which plays a great role in enabling investment and allowing residents to carry out their daily activities. These networks must be developed in ways that meet the population's evolving needs, ensure safety, support urban expansion, and contribute to a city's modern and organized appearance. Historically, in Ranya City, the street network was basic, unplanned, and untidy, which designed only to meet the minimal demands of a smaller population. Over time, as the city grew and its population expanded, the street network evolved through various morphological stages. This research examines the development and transformation of Ranya’s street network over the years, focusing on its classification and current condition. The study aims to evaluate the current transportation street network and highlight its importance for future master planning. It also identifies existing issues and compares Ranya’s networks to international standards and those in developed countries. The findings reveal that the total length of streets increased from 16.69 km in 1957 to 114.09 km in 2024 which represents a sevenfold increase since the city's earliest developmental stage. This demonstrates that the development of transportation street networks is a cornerstone of urban economic growth and civilization.

    10.26750/q0de5x43 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 627-646

    Application Of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Media Design in The Kurdistan Region

    Goran Ziad Smail, Baqir Daud Hussein

    The purpose of this research is to examine the ambiguity with the level of usage of artificial intelligence and the degree of engagement by digital media channels in designing digital media content in the Kurdistan Region. Therefore, the research investigates the extent and manner of Artificial Intelligence (AI) usage and the benefits derived from it. It also explores the ambiguity with the application of artificial intelligence in Kurdish media communication, specifically for the purpose of utilizing AI in the work of graphic design for digital media in Kurdish media. This issue has been identified as the core problem of the research. To reach accurate and scientifically valid results, the researcher used a questionnaire format along with in-depth interviews. The research is descriptive in nature and follows an analytical methodology. A purposive sample was selected, consisting of professional Kurdish digital media graphic designers who benefit from AI services. Also, the target population of this research includes Kurdish media professionals in the Kurdistan Region. At the conclusion of the research, the researcher reached several findings, including: Most designers working for official Kurdish digital media are from the younger generation, with the majority being around 25 years old. This is considered a positive point, as younger individuals are typically more technologically savvy and play an important role in using artificial intelligence for media production in digital platforms. However, the level of attention and engagement of Kurdish digital media channels with artificial intelligence remains quite low. This is viewed as a weakness of these institutions, as the channels have not taken serious steps to keep up with technological advancements. Additionally, in terms of educational qualifications, most of them hold diploma-level degrees. This indicates that they have a strong academic background in the field.

    10.26750/2nsqny03 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 647-672

    The Turkish State's Attitude Towards the Kurdistan Region

    Tahseen Wsu Abdullah, Amin Faraj Shareef

    After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Kurds territory were divided into four states. A large part of Kurdistan territory was annexed to the newly established Turkish state (1923). In terms of geopolitics, the Turkish state has always seen this part of Kurdistan as a threat to the security and identity of the state. This study aims to explain why the Kurdistan Region has been seen as an important place by Turkey since its establishment and has formed a major factor in Ankara's foreign policy, whether in the context of Turkey's policy towards Iraq or Turkey's special policy towards the Kurdistan Region. For this purpose, in addition to the relations between Turkey and the Kurdistan Region, the Turkish state's attitude towards the Kurdistan Region has been analyzed from the perspective of the constitution, official statements of the state and the political elite. Since the establishment of the new Republic of Turkey, until the 1990s, Ankara's approach to Iraq has treated the Iraqi Kurds as a threat to the security and identity of the state. Then the formation of power made Turkey look at the Kurdistan Region from a security and military perspective, this view continued until the years (2007-2008), but after this the Kurdistan Region was able to become the largest economic market for Turkey. The content of the research is analyzed within three themes: first, the identity of the Turkish state, second, the Turkish state's view of the Kurds as a nation in general and third, Turkey's view of the Kurdistan Region.

    10.26750/0ap1gj33 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 673-693

    Effects Of Political Discourse That Electronic Journalism Has on Voter in The Kurdistan Region

    Mohammed Dler Amin Mohammed, Ali Faraj Ali

    The aim of this study is to understand the effects of political discourse that electronic journalism has on voter in the Kurdistan Region. The descriptive approach was followed in this study, and the survey tool was used for a random sample of voters in the Kurdistan Region, numbering (688) people, relying on an electronic questionnaire tool that was formulated through Google Form. A non-random, intentional sample of election office officials from six major political parties in the Kurdistan Region participating in the elections was also used through scientific interviews. The study reached a number of conclusions, including: A large percentage of the study sample reads news via the Internet. The percentage of reading political discourse or political discussions by the study sample is average, while the percentage of reading political discourse through electronic journalism is low. The study sample is interested in the media content of political discourse on electronic journalism in general and video clips in particular. The study sample's trust in the political discourse of the electronic press is satisfactory, and the percentage of criticism directed by the study sample towards the political discourse of electronic press is high. The political discourses published in electronic journalism had a moderate influence on study samples’ voting decisions for candidates or party lists .Finally, the study found that political discourse published in electronic journalism had a moderate effect on participants’ engagement in election campaigns.

    10.26750/xh9eyd18 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 694-723

    Temporal And Spatial Variances in Noise Pollution in The Main Street and Residential Area in Qaladze City.

    Bakhtyar Muhammed Junet, Mohammed Qader Rasool

    Noise pollution is considered one of the environmental issues, and has a harmful effect on human health and the environment. The aim of this study is to determine and compare (Noise pollution level- NPL) of residential areas and main street. The NPL is recorded in eighteen points along Main Street and residential zone. Sound meters Equipment have been used to determine the NPL of residential zone and main street. NPL data were recorded in both seasons, summer and winter, on holidays such as Friday and working days from Saturday to Thursday, at three different times of the day: 7-9 am, 12-2 pm and 6-8 pm. The results illustrate that NPL is higher in summer than in winter because there are more human activities and working hours in summer. The average NPL on the main street in summer is 63 dB and in residential zones is 54 dB. However, in winter, the average overall NPL on the main street is 59dB in the residential area 44 dB. The NPL in the main street of the study area is higher than in the residential area. The main ways to reduce noise pollution are: using electronic motorcycles, quiet generator with determine places for electric power generators that are far from residential area and schools with interesting planting trees.

    10.26750/sm5zzy24 1 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 724-744

    The Marital Process in Chamchamal

    Chalak Raheem Mohammed, Nadia Wali Jabbar

    This study aims to analyze marriage ceremonies in Chamchamal township. The study highlights the social, cultural, and current changes in the ceremony. The importance of the study is shown by the fact that Chamchamal is a local community and wedding ceremonies and types have not been conducted an anthropological study according to the researchers. The purpose of this study; It sheds light on the marriage ceremony and identifies and presents the methods and types of marriage in Chamchamal. Also highlighting the changes that have happened to the ceremony today. The method used in this study is anthropological method. The researchers tried to understand the meaning, symbols and signs of how marriage is conducted in Chamchamal. (5) women and (6) men were used as samples to obtain information. To obtain more information, use was made of (participation and direct observation, documents, data and information, use of photography and audio recording and notebook record). The study concluded that ordinary marriage is the most common form in Chamchamal, while types such as wife-to-wife, adult-to-child and blood revenge existed only in the kind of old history of the region and are now gone. However, the form of wedding ceremonies has changed with social and cultural changes. The new generation of Chamchamal has been influenced by global and local changes. Unlike in the past, when parents played a major role in choosing a spouse, the majority of young people now choose their own spouses. Khanabandan still continues,and Pashtelana (weekly) ceremony has retained its importance, with special gifts or money being taken to the couple according to the means of the family.

    10.26750/079nyj39 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 745-767

    Nomophobia And Its Relationship with Social Isolation Among University Students

    Khadija Haji Ismael, Jwan Bahaden Ali

    Nomophobia is defined as the fear or anxiety of being without a mobile phone or cellular service. This condition can lead to symptoms such as agitation, changes in breathing, trembling, and panic attacks. This condition most of the time is associated with the overuse of mobile devices and can significantly affect daily activity and life. While it's not officially recognized as a disorder but nomophobia is predicted to become common and notifiable in the current digital era. The study's objectives are to ascertain the degree of nomophobia and social isolation among Raparin University students, as well as any statistically significant differences in these terms among the sample's students based on factors like gender (male and female), academic year (first, second, third, and fourth), study field (scientific or humanities), and family status (single, married, and divorced). Additionally, the study seeks to ascertain whether nomophobia and social isolation are generally correlated. The research methodology is descriptive. Out of the 4963 students in the study population, 513 students 153 males and 360 females made up the selected sample, which was chosen using suitable random selection and represented around 11% of the total. The questionnaire was used to obtain the data. The 20-item Nomophobia questionnaire, created by Yildirim and Korean (2015), was translated from English into Kurdish, leaving 18 items after modification. The researcher created the 28 items that made up the social isolation scale. One-Way ANOVA, T-Test, and Pearson correlation were the primary statistical methods utilized. The most important results: Students generally have a mild degree of nomophobia، however nomophobia is not observed among the variables (gender، academic year ، and family status) ، while it was observed according to variable of study field and was in favor of the scientific department, and the level of social isolation among students is weak and social isolation wasn’t observed according to the variables (gender, academic year, study field and family status). Social isolation and nomophobia are directly correlated, and the researcher has offered some recommendations and suggestions in light of the research findings.

    10.26750/zjq39n80 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 768-802

    The Role of Women in the Foundation of Musical Kurdish Verses

    Sarkawt Burhan Yusef, Dlawar Mohammed Mustafa

    The paper explores the foundation of the Kurdish folk poetry and draws attention to the fact that in the contemporary world, unfortunately, it does not receive enough attention from Kurdish scholars as it should have. Overall, it aims to examine how women’s abilities, identities, and social power are reflected in the verses, and what kind of characteristics are attributed to women within the Kurdish verses. This research seeks to explore many challenges. Among them is the absence of their audio clips especially those who once were masters, yet left behind no traces of audio, only their work which got preserved in the verses and some pages of art. Some women appear in these works remain unknown, never became famous. However, their reputability is lost within time. In contrast, the hero men have stories and endings that are clearly remembered and recorded. The research is analytical descriptive method, aiming to analyze and explain the figures of (Kaka Mir and Kaka Sheikh) verses. The researcher has provided several recommendations to relevant institutions, encouraging them to organize conferences and meetings aimed at promoting Kurdish verse. The researcher also suggested that the verses attributed to Kaka Meer and Kaka Sheikh be analyzed and placed within a clear historical and chronological framework by experts, and that all recorded verses be transcribed into musical notation.

    10.26750/8m0h7y53 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 803-822

    The Criticism Basics of Social Criticism in The Novel (The Men Haven't Returned in Dream Even) By Mahmood Najmaddin.

    Luqman Maqdid Ahmad, Halmat Baiz Rasool

    One of the directions of socio literature is the socio critique that had been improved by Claude Duchet in the middle of the Eightieth of the last century. Under the effect of the social criticism, shape criticism, language criticism, methods appeared as one of the new direction in sociology. Duchet under the effect of groups and methods of sociology methods in relation with social environment, a new shape under the name of social criticism he built. The title of the paper (The criticism basics of social criticism in the novel (The men haven't returned in dream even) by Mahmood Najmaddin is an attempt to recognize the social texts and criticism, in the huge space contextual of socio literature and providing another new aspect in understanding the text under the effect of sociology texts and sociogram, opposite of the meaning of understanding the text by social explanations. The base novel is about changing the scope of Kurdish-person's psychology has been wide not only in language but psychology. The authority of Ba'thism created this environment, as the result of this, they didn't believe in releasing the prisoners on the other hand the Kurd has been neglected in a way that they were at the edge of losing identity, value, and culture.

    10.26750/0fwy1v86 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 823-842

    Kurdish Media’s Role in Covering the 2017 Referendum in Kurdistan Region

    Zahra Ihsan Ramazan, Omran Omar Ali

    In this research, we have evaluated the role of Kurdish media in covering the 2017 referendum campaign in the Kurdistan region, and to what extent the Kurdish media were united during the Kurdistan referendum period. Since the Kurdish referendum held a diverse number of messages, the media played a vital role in disseminating and delivering these messages to neighboring countries and other political parties in the state, and also internationally. We conducted this research to investigate and determine whether the media could have played a positive or negative role in the referendum case, what kind of effect they had, and also to define a united role in some of the major Kurdish media channels. Therefore, we have chosen three Kurdish media to cover in this research: Rudaw, Kurdistan 24, and NRT. Because of Rudaw, Kurdistan 24, and NRT’s high viewership, popularity, and influence among the Kurds all over the world, also for NRT having and delivering a notably different message than the others during the period of the Kurdish referendum, we have made a comparison between these three media channels. As a result, it shows that these three media failed to present a united role in the Kurdish referendum case. Displaying a fragile role, and due to the lack of unity in their message, they were unable to be effective.

    10.26750/5wsemm24 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 843-861

    The Relationship Between Freedom and Law in Kant's View

    Omar Mohammed Ali, Hassan Hussein Siddiq

    This paper which is entitled ‘the relationship between freedom and law from Kant’s perspective’ is an attempt to discuss Kant’s concern with respect to the significance and the role of rule in the society. He claims that the priority is for the behavioral rules in that the derivative rules should be harmonic with the behavioral ones. The behavioral rules are logical as humans themselves naturally carry these values. On this basis, these rules play a fundamental role to have a philosophical understanding of Kant. Kant tries to arrange humans’ freedom in the framework of laws in a way that laws do not be barriers in front of humans’ freedom, that is why law by Kant is regarded as the copy of these criteria that the talent of each one is surrendered to in order for them to be suitable with others. In this regard, Kant thinks that laws are not against humans’ freedom, rather they arrange their daily affairs on a condition that they are applicable for all. Henceforth, Kant claims that laws do not restrict the freedom, instead they are means to express freedom because they cause their reaching to coexistence in the society. The method used in the paper is a descriptive analytic one which is theoretically comment on the aforementioned philosopher’s perspective to law and freedom.

    10.26750/zh7a7198 3 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 862-883

    Cultural Intertextuality in Piramerd's Poems

    Omer Mohammad Salih, Kanyaw Qadr Ali

    This study explores the intertextual dimensions of culture in the poetry of Piramerd, who is a significant figure in the Kurdish literature. This study takes an in-depth look at the Kurdish poet Piramerd, examining the way his poems introduce readers with different cultural Intertextuality of culture. The interaction between texts has become a major turning point in the intellectual and interpretation of literary works in Kurdish literary criticism, so that the strength of the concept was able to create a positive reading among poets, which led to innovation and introduction of new literary works. Due to the fact that, Piramird made use of culture in many of his texts; Therefore, this type of Intertextuality is more common, which marks a turning point in Kurdish literary. This is evident of the poet's rich background in the use of cultural words and codes. The main objectives of this research are to identify the types of cultural differences in Piramird's poetic works (Theory and Practice) In order to reveal the results that cultural distortions have given a special and obvious stamp to the poems and intensively culture has reflected on the works of the old man. Itself, stage) using the sections (folklore, proverbs, riddles, jokes and satire, stories and adventures, poems and songs).

    10.26750/2nt6k086 1 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 884-907

    The Role of Media Literacy in Dealing with Misinformation in The Kurdistan Region

    Ardalan Muhammad Ahmed, Banaz Hama Rashid Hassan

    The main aim of this study is to determine the level each of (exposure to social media and media literacy and to determine the difference in the level each of exposure to social media and media literacy according to variables (Specialist in Education and university. The researcher used descriptive-survey method and the research community includes students of four universities (Salah al-Din, Duhok, Sulaimani and Halabja) for the academic year (2024-2025) which numbers (70241) students، the sample research consist of (385) student’s those are elected bye (Proportional Stratified Sampling) from each university. To measure the level of exposure to social media and media literacy, the researcher prepared a scale in collaboration with the supervisor that consists of (8) questions and (24) items and doing psychometric face validity is (%90) and reliability is (.89). For analyze data the researcher used (SPSS.V.27) and used many static articles such (One sample T-test, Independent sample t-test, One way-ANOVA, Pearson correlation, Guttmann and cronbach’s Alpha ) the results showed that the study sample had low exposure to social media and high level of media literacy, and there is a statistically significance difference in the level social media exposure according to educational specialty and university, in the other hand there is’t statically significance the level of media literacy according to educational specialty but there is statically significance according to university, the sulaimani university student’s had higher level media literacy compare than othr universities students. Finally, the researcher made a number of recommendations in the light of the results.

    10.26750/n9dn0660 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 908-924

    Noise Pollution Levels of Commercial Zones in Duhok City

    Salar Saleem Ali, Nishan Sorin Moses

    Environmental pollution has emerged as a critical issue, with noise pollution recognized as a significant environmental concern, its effects being comparable to other forms of pollution. Ecological contamination. Noise pollution presently endangers urban areas due to population growth and technology advancements. Noise pollution is a prevalent and contemporary issue in Duhok city, exacerbated by population growth and urban development stemming from several causes. Due to noise in the research location, we have selected this study as a scientific project involving fieldwork, utilizing a sound level meter. The noise level was assessed in the commercial area at three distinct times: morning, evening, and night. The investigation delineated noise levels in accordance with international criteria for allowed limits, assessing both daytime and nighttime noise and contrasting it with the business area. In a metropolis such as Duhok, noise has surpassed its natural threshold. The maximum average noise level documented in the business zone attained 76 decibels. Noise impacts all inhabitants, resulting in various mental and physical ailments, and there exist numerous therapeutic approaches and advice to address this issue. Mitigating the adverse impacts of noise through the expansion of residential zones, the enactment of environmental legislation, and the promotion of environmental consciousness.

    10.26750/bxmvtk03 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 925-944

    The Role of Public Relations in The Media Institutions of The Kurdistan Region

    Hazhar Taha Maghded, Zahir Hamadamin Sabir

    The research titled (The role of public relations in the media corporations in Kurdistan Region) The research is descriptive, which aligns with this study, its purpose collecting accurate data and information. Survey methods and measurements are used; the research consists of the public relations of all media corporations in Kurdistan Region, which are 8. The survey participated with (84) employees from public relations of all (8) Kurdish satellite channels, in (purposive samples) which has taken from the research. The researcher uses survey forms to collect data. The central focus of this the research include Identifying the usage level of public relations in Kurdish corporations, and the methods of communication in applying public relations within media corporations. This research is in the field of public relations, especially utilizing media corporations, it’s an academic attempt to analyze the relationship and the implications within the public relations in corporations. Major aims of activities, inside and outside, Showing the position of public relations at the corporations, Knowing the role of public relations at increasing the impact on managing the media corporations, Acknowledging the limit of goal achievement by public relations of media corporations.

    10.26750/xbbkrg88 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 945-963

    Postmodern Concepts in the Novel 'Gorashar' by Saydqader Hidayeti

    Mariwan Omar Dawlat, Hawkar Muhamad Rasheed

    This research, titled "Postmodern Concepts in the Novel 'Gorashar' by Saydqader Hidayeti," is an attempt to read the novel Gorashar under the light of postmodern critical theories. The content of this novel encompasses a collection of distinct postmodern foundations, as among the most prominent foundations of this critical movement are: minimalism, metafiction, pastiche, intertextuality, decentering, play, fragmentation, marginalization of grand narratives, paranoia, etc. From here, literature becomes a laboratory for practicing the postmodern critical movement, and has also become an important field for experimenting with the various effects of this critical trend. Therefore, those views that consider postmodernism as the creator of literary criticism are rejected. These postmodern concepts are rarely seen in Kurdish research, which is why we have conducted our research on this topic. We have benefited from the descriptive method under the light of postmodern theories. Our aim is to identify each of these foundations in the novel Gorashar. This research consists of an abstract, preface, two chapters, conclusion, and list of sources. Chapter One: Terms, concepts, definitions, and history of postmodernism. Chapter Two: concepts of postmodernism in the novel Gorashar.

    10.26750/zf9tvp32 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 964-990

    Directions of Urban Development in the City of Kalar (1977-2024)

    Sardasht Mohammed Hussein, Talat Mohammed Tahir Umar-Albotani, Bestun Ahmed Hussein

    Nowadays, urban population growth is considered one of the most significant and touchy issues of city geography, because population growth directly affects planning and development of the cities. Moreover, it shows an important area of ​​the pillars of development. Therefore, in most cities in the Kurdistan region, the changes and population growth are taken into consideration. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate economic, social, and prosperity scientifically. We can claim that the large amount of population has caused most of the issues that affect cities nowadays. A number of factors have influenced this dilemma, such as natural increase of population and migration, especially the migration of people from rural areas to the cities. The lack of an advanced plan to prevent migration and regulate the rapid growth that occurs in cities is to be mentioning. At the same time, this growth led to some conclusions; the rapid expansion of the cities can be considered the key factor. This expansion mostly is at the expense of agricultural and suburban lands. This paper deals with the directions of urban development between the years 1970 - 2024 in Kalar. For this purpose, the research depended on the results of data and information obtained from official censuses. The research consists of two main parts and several discussions, in which the growth, the demographic changes, and the growth of population growth of Kalar, depending on the official census, are discussed. The rapid increase in population growth and the relations of these changes with the historical events of the region are illustrated.

    10.26750/876kj097 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 991-1012

    The Problem of Epistemology in John Locke’s Philosophy

    Rezhna Faruq Abdalla, Muslim Hassan Mohammed

    This article discusses the underlying disagreement between rationalism and empiricism regarding the source of knowledge. Rationalist philosophers, especially Descartes, claim that true knowledge originates from the mind and not from the sense, because it is related to the concept of inborn and the senses deceptive often. Rationalists argue that individuals are born with innate ideas that are true and do not depend on experience. On the other hand, empiricist philosophers, especially John Locke, maintains that knowledge originates solely from experience. According to Locke, the human mind is a blank slate at birth, and is without innate ideas, and the things we know are obtained through sensory input. Although Locke appreciates the role of the mind in processing knowledge, he believes its capacity to generate knowledge independently is limited. Locke asserts that the mind cannot create knowledge without receiving data through the senses first. According to Locke, reason is not a direct source of knowledge but works as a tool to organize and analyze information acquired from sensory experiences. In the end, he claims that although sensory experience is the basis of knowledge, the mind is crucial for creating, verifying, and applying the knowledge. It can be concluded that the mind is not the origin of knowledge, but it has an essential role in interpreting and organizing ideas. Also, it can combine simple sensory signals into more complex concepts. Therefore, it can be argued that knowledge begins with sensory inputs and is then formed and expanded by the mind. This study aims to explore John Locke's ideas about knowledge and the methods by which certain knowledge can be acquired.

    10.26750/a2wg6c79 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1013-1038

    The Dimensions of the Mongol Invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire

    Hussein Abdullah Khudhur, Hussein Abdulrahman Hussein

    This research discusses the dimensions and motivations behind the Mongol invasion and attack on the Khwarazmian Empire. It highlights the most important aspects of this campaign, categorized by their sequential closeness. The interaction and intermingling of the peoples of these two nations are examined, along with an attempt to consider the most impactful dimension. The geographical factor, which eventually led to the proximity of the distant borders between the two sides and increased familiarity and interaction, played a significant role. The political and expansionist factor further encouraged the Mongols to move westward. This was also fueled by their elimination of opposing and enemy forces in the west, which drew their attention towards that direction. The presence of a single strong political force in the region, which considered itself an equal to their power, fostered a sense of rivalry within them. They aimed to impose their unipolar political and military dominance over the region, thus the existence of any other power in the area besides themselves was unacceptable to them. Furthermore, the main cause of this campaign lies in economic factors, especially in the trade relations between these two neighboring states. The killing of the Mongol trade caravan by the governor of Otrar, Inal Khan, in 616 AH / 1219 CE, provided a pretext for the Mongol Khan to invade the Islamic world and the Khwarazmian Empire. In addition, external motivations and incitement played a crucial role, stemming from the conflict between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Khwarazmian Empire. The Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir li-Din Allah (575-622 AH / 1179-1225 CE) sought assistance from Genghis Khan of the Mongols to curb the excesses of the Khwarazmian Sultan Ala ad-Din Muhammad II (596-617 AH).

    10.26750/d0k7kc51 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1039-1075

    Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Noise Pollution in Residential Areas of Ranya (2024–2025)

    Shamal Star Ahmad, Sakar Muhammad Hassan

    Currently, noise is considered a part of environmental pollution problems due to increasing factors, sources and negative results, it should be given importance. We obtained some neighborhoods in Ranyia as a sample at different seasons of the year, according to working days, holidays during periods (day, night), and compared the samples with local criteria. We noticed that the noise level residential areas had exceeded the local criteria. However, we found that noise level was different comparing one neighborhood to another one. Having stated that, the highest level observed was in Sara neighborhood in the city center and the lowest level was in Bitwan neighborhood in the outer part of the city. Climatic Influence including seasonal climatic conditions played a significant role in noise level fluctuations. Spring, characterized by more favorable weather, corresponded with increased human activity and mobility, thereby resulting in elevated noise levels. Conversely, winter conditions were associated with reduced outdoor activity, leading to a notable decline in noise levels. At the end of our research, we have come to find that in order to stop noise pollution levels and their impacts from getting worse and to help lower them, we have come up with several suggestions, such as raising awareness among people, monitoring and enforcing noise laws and rules.

    10.26750/dbrb8b49 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1076-1087

    Domains in Kurdish Family-Related Proverbs

    Kobeen R. Mustafa, Zeki S. Ali Hamawand

    The current study investigates cognitive domains in selected Kurdish proverbs. A cognitive domain refers to a context of knowledge background that is essential for understanding meaning. Since Kurdish proverbs evoke many domains, Kurdish speakers usually struggle to understand their meanings and identify their facets. At this juncture, the question posed is: Is the meaning of a proverb based on the domain in which it is embedded? To that end, the study adopts Cognitive Semantics approach in analyzing the selected domains. One crucial assumption is that aspects of human cognition shape linguistic features. Applied to Kurdish, it is hypothesized that proverbs are not often meaningful without a larger framework, which consists of related concepts that represent experiences. As for data collection, the study relied on reliable sources such as Shekh Mohamad Khal (2007), Ali Marouf Sharazoori(2010), Hoshyar Noori Lak (2011), and Karim Sharaza (1983). As for data analysis, the study adopts a qualitative introspective approach. The study then aims to identify the role of cognitive domains in the semantic construction and configuration of proverbs. Precisely, the aim is to reduce the degree of misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the proverbs while they are being used. One interesting finding is that one cannot understand the meaning of a proverb without access to all the essential knowledge that relates to that proverb.

    10.26750/zerpdg57 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1088-1102

    ­ Resilience in Selected Poems by Aja Monet

    Vian Mahmud Zamdar, Saman Salah Hassan

    This study delves into the resilience of Black women through an analysis of Aja Monet’s poetry, focusing on her poems “Refuge” and “Grow” from the collection The Black Unicorn Sings (2010). Grounded in Black Feminist Theory, the research explores how Monet portrays Black women’s experiences, struggles, and triumphs, highlighting their resilience in the face of intersecting systems of oppression. Through vivid imagery and metaphor, Monet’s poetry illuminates the internal battles and external pressures Black women face, emphasizing their unwavering spirit and forms of resistance. Drawing on resilience concepts within Black Feminist Thought, the study showcases how Black women navigate and challenge oppressive structures, reclaiming agency for their identities and narratives. By focusing on the voices of Black women authors like Monet, the research enriches the literary canon with diverse voices and catalyzes critical discourse on literature, feminism, social justice, and cultural diversity while advocating for equitable representation across all facets of literary expression. This is accomplished through an analysis of two poems by Aja Monet through the lens of Black Feminist Theory, with a focus on resilience.

    10.26750/5hjsnh12 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1103-1125

    Opportunity and Challenges in Integrating Technology in English Grammar Instruction

    Darbaz R. Abdalla, Salah B. Hussein

    This article offers an understanding of technology integration in teaching English grammar in educational settings where English is taught as a foreign language in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq KRI. Traditional Grammar instruction requires students to memorise rules and practice repetitive drills. This approach makes students unable to use grammatical rules in real-life scenarios. Nevertheless, some new digital technologies are taking a different route and introducing more interactive, engaging, and flexible approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine the usability of these technologies, identify the challenges faced by teachers and students, and recommend feasible solutions to enhance the use of technology in teaching grammar. The study population consists of 25 university instructors from various private and public institutions in KRI. Using semi-structured interviews, the researcher collected statistical data and personal perspectives on the use of technology in grammar instruction. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed. Qualitative coding frameworks were used to extract meaningful patterns and insights. Responses were coded and classified using Excel to identify key themes related to the impact, obstacles, and instructional adaptations associated with technology. However, the research revealed a nuanced implication: teachers are eager but under-supported, students are motivated but unevenly resourced, and institutions are ambitious but inconsistently equipped.

    10.26750/5xxhxe54 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1126-1148

    On Determiner Phrase Analysis in English and Central Kurdish

    Sairan Abdullah Hamad, Salih Ibrahim Ahmed

    The paper explores the determiner phrase analysis in English and Central Kurdish from a comparative-generative perspective. It specifically focuses on the structure of determiner phrase within the X-bar theory to examine whether the construction of determiner phrase can be applied in the same way in both languages or not. The X-bar theory deals with the structure and components of different phrase types with determining the right position for each of the components according to the phrase type. Also, one of the aspects of generative grammar is ‘Principles & Parameters’ which suggests that while languages share universal principles, they vary according to specific parameters. In this way, the existence of different phrase types is universal among languages, but the structure and the components of each phrase are parameters as each language have its own construction with respect to have some similarities with another language. On this basis, the research aims to investigate the structure of determiner phrase depending of the Determiner Phrase Analysis (DPA) in English and Central Kurdish in the light of X-bar theory. The data used in the paper is formal written language in both languages. The core question of the research is that whether the determiner phrase analysis is applicable in both languages or not. One of the remarkable conclusions is that the determiner phrase analysis is applicable in both languages with specific constructions and elements according to the form of the phrase in each language. Moreover, the study shows that some phenomena, such as Izafe construction, exist in CK, while it is not found in English.

    10.26750/xapbp102 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1149-1161

    Anti-social Behavior in Dean Koontz's Intensity

    Karzan K. Babakir, Bakhtiar S. Hama

    This paper explores the psychological dimensions of aggression, irritability, and sadism as portrayed in Dean Koontz’s novel Intensity, focusing on the character of Edgler Vess. The analysis applies psychological theories, particularly those of Erich Fromm and Alfred Adler, to reveal the underlying psychological mechanisms that drive Vess’s antisocial behavior. Through the application of Fromm’s concepts of malignant aggression, sadism, and necrophilia alongside Adler’s theory of overcompensation, the paper examines how Vess’s sadistic tendencies, violent actions, and obsession with death reflect broader human capacities for destruction and domination. By analyzing key scenes in the novel, the study illustrates how Vess’s violent actions are not just expressions of random aggression but are driven by deep psychological needs for control, power, and existential fulfillment. The significance of the study lies in its ability to bridge literary analysis with psychological theory, offering new insights into the representation of pathological aggression in literature. The study concludes that Vess embodies the extreme end of human destructiveness, highlighting how unresolved psychological conflicts can manifest into pathological behavior. This analysis positions Intensity not just as a thriller, but as a profound commentary on the extremes of human nature and the terrifying capacity for cruelty when violence becomes a means of existential self-assertion.

    10.26750/tmevsn21 1 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1162-1182

    The Impact of Digital Marketing Strategies on Hotel Performance

    Fakhraddin Maroofi, Fakhir Jaza Swara

    The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of digital marketing strategies on hotel performance. This research is applied in terms of both descriptive and inferential purposes, and hypotheses were tested using the partial least squares (PLS) method. The statistical population of this study consisted of 125 managers and administrative staff of hotels in the West of Iran. The main instrument for gathering data in this study was a standard questionnaire. Face validity was confirmed by 4 experts, and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha test, which showed a score above 0.7. The results indicated good validity of the reagents, as all had higher factor loadings for their structures. The findings also show that email marketing has a positive and significant effect on performance dimensions, including financial perspective, learning and growth perspective, customer perspective, and internal processes perspective. Additionally, content marketing has a significant and positive impact on performance in terms of financial and customer perspectives. This suggests that content marketing has improved financial conditions and customer engagement, but has not impacted learning. Finally, the study did not confirm the impact of viral marketing on performance. Through a systematic review of current practices in hotel literature, critical methodological issues in selecting and using PLS were identified. These guidelines aim to enhance future PLS studies and provide recommendations for utilising recent methodological advancements.

    10.26750/emt6tc50 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1183-1209

    The Meaning of the Word (Salam) And Its Function in The Holy Qur’an

    Bayan Omer Sabr, Amir Rafiq Awla

    The research deals with the functional aspect of the individual grammatical sections according to Arabic scholars in the composition of verses of peace, and reveals their structural and semantic dimensions. The research concluded that the functional aspect of the language was not absent in the study of Arabic scholars, even if they did not declare it, and that they were aware of the purposes of the language. Grammatical sections, the functions they perform within the structure, and their relationship to the position. The grammatical function is linked to the syntactic mark and determines the type of function. We can define the grammatical function as the grammatical position that the word works to occupy as a result of its connection to other elements of words in the structure. In other words, it represents the linguistic function that words perform through their connection to each other through grammatical meanings and connotations, such as the word being a verb, subject, or object...and others. The research plan required that it include an introduction, a preface, and five axes: the function of the nominal sentence. And the function of the phrasal verb. Effects, consequences, complements, and tools. In this research, we relied on the descriptive and analytical methodology, by tracking the functional aspects in the grammar sections from what was mentioned in the composition of the Salam verses, and we tried to find only one or two verses for each issue of grammatical and functional diversity. This is to avoid repetition and narrowness. When presenting the different opinions, reliance was also placed on the prevailing grammatical opinions, (books) of interpretations, and (sources) of parsing of the Holy Qur’an.To reach the intended meaning of the verse. Then discuss it, in order to determine the grammatical functions of its individual chapters.

    10.26750/f2nv8k64 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1210-1227

    Decision-Making Skills Among Members of The Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament

    Buhar Muhammad Karim, Omar Ibrahim Aziz

    The aim of the current research is to identify the level of decision-making skills among members of the Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament, and the significance of the differences in them according to demographic variables (gender, age, nationality, educational level, years of service in Parliament). The research relied on the descriptive survey method, and the sample consisted of (95) male and female members selected from the members of the fifth session of the Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament, to whom the decision-making skills scale that had been prepared was applied, which in its final form consisted of (31) items. Its validity and reliability were verified. After analyzing the data using SPSS, the results showed that the level of decision-making skills among members of the Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament in general is high, and it was found that there are no statistically significant differences in decision-making skills attributed to the variables: gender, age, nationality, academic level, and years of service in Parliament. In light of the results included a number of recommendations for stakeholders and some suggestions for future researchers.

    10.26750/j96sq124 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1228-1240

    Ibn Furak and His Approach in His Book " Mushkil Alhadith Wabayanuh"

    Hashim Ismail Ibrahim, Abdalla Othman Ali

    This research highlights the scholar “Ibn Furak’s” book “Al-Hadith Problems” in the aspect of understanding the text of the hadith and its jurisprudence and repelling the contradiction from it; this is because the science of the various hadiths is a great science with rules and foundations that only those with exceptional and profound linguistic, rhetoric, interpretation, Al-Hadith, jurisprudence and its origins can comprehend. Ibn Furak was an Imam and one of the Islamic figures in this category. Recently, there have been a lot of problematic issues in hadith texts that appear to be ambiguous and contradictory, and given the importance of the hadith problems, which eliminates the problem and contradiction from the hadith. It is worthwhile to highlight the methodology of scholars who have written in this field to be aware of their methods and scientific and doctrinal approaches. This research demonstrates the Imam's efforts methodology, and the scientific value of his book, many scholars who spoke about names and characteristics who came after him were influenced by his approaches, like Imam al-Bayhaqi and others of al-Ash’ari school who paid a lot of attention to the names and characteristics, such as hand, eye, and intercourse, and exaggerated in interpretation. The modern reader should know these interpretations and the curriculums of the contemporaries. It is obvious from the methods of scholars in decoding ambiguities and problems in al-Hadith texts through scientific methods, so that the reader may distinguish the approach of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah from the approach of people of opinion and speech.

    10.26750/gk5gvf34 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1241-1262

    The Impact of the Judd and Lavoie Model on Acquiring of Geographic Concepts Among Eighth-Grade Female Students in Social Studies

    Nareen Kamal Saeed Shekho, Rawa Salih Mohammad Rahman, Sherzad Ali Ahmed

    The present study seeks to investigate (The Impact of the Judd and Lavoie Model on Acquiring of Geographic Concepts Among Eighth-Grade Female Students in Social Studies). In order to meet the research aims and test its hypotheses, the researchers employed an experimental design with partial control. The study was carried out on eighth-grade female students at Zaytoun Basic School, which is associated with Shaqlawa Education - Erbil, during the second semester of the academic year (2023 – 2024). Following deliberate selection from the schools within the research population, a sample of 84 female students was randomly selected. In this regard, 42 students were assigned to the experimental group, where they were taught Geography using the Judd and Lavoie model, while the remaining 42 students formed the control group and were taught the subject using traditional methods. Subsequently, the researchers ensured equivalence between the two groups by matching them in terms of variables such as chronological age in months, intelligence, previous year’s grades in Social Studies, mothers’ qualifications, and fathers’ qualifications. Additionally, the researchers identified 18 geographical concepts and established three behavioral objectives for each concept based on the processes of concept acquisition they adopted (definition, understanding, application). The total count of these objectives was 90. Furthermore, a test containing 40 items of multiple-choice questions was developed to assess the female students' understanding of geographical concepts. The test underwent scrutiny to ensure its validity, reliability, and the effectiveness of the incorrect answer choices. Following the conclusion of the experiment, the researchers administered the research instrument to both groups remotely. The response sheets were then gathered, assessed, analyzed, and statistically processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The obtained results were as follows: The female students in the experimental group demonstrated superior performance compared to those in the control group in the Acquiring geographical concepts test. Based on these findings, the researchers drew several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

    10.26750/wt0ftz17 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1263-1287

    The Effect of The Study Thinking Model According to The Divergent Learning Style on The Tactical Cognitive Achievement in Volleyball for Students of The College of Physical Education، Koya University.

    Lawest Qasim Dhahir, Rebin Shwan Fathwlla, Rebaz Majeed Ameen

    The research aims to Identify: - The difference between the study thinking model according to the divergent learning style on the tactical cognitive achievement in volleyball for students The difference between the probe thinking model based on the divergent learning style and the followed method in tactical cognitive achievement in volleyball. The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature of the study، and the research sample was chosen from third-stage students in the College of physical education and sport sciences at Koya University. They were divided into two groups: an experimental group that used the probing thinking model based on the divergent learning style، and a control group that used the followed method. After that، The study material was selected then the researchers presented the educational curriculum according to (the probing thinking model based on the divergent learning style) to a group of expertise in teaching methods and volleyball fields to express their opinions and notes on the program. The study tools included the tactical cognitive achievement test in volleyball and the Kolb's scale of prevailing learning styles. Next، equivalence and homogeneity were conducted as they play an important in tactical cognitive achievement in Volleyball. After that، the educational program was completed followed by conducting the post-tests and the data was analyzed by using a number of appropriate statistics، (mean، standard deviation، mode، coefficient of variation، skewness coefficient، t-test for equal independent samples and simple correlation coefficient). It was concluded that the probing thinking model based on the divergent learning style exceeded the followed method in tactical cognitive achievement in volleyball. The researchers suggested promoting teaching strategies and models based on learning styles that develop cognitive aspects in volleyball as a divergent learning style.

    10.26750/cs1f2838 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1288-1306

    Semantic Fields in Surah (Fussilat)

    lawko Amir Muhammad, Saman Salah Saber

    This paper aims to apply the theory of semantic fields to Surat (Fussilat) in the Holy Qur'an via analyzing the meaning of words, classifying them and showing the linguistic and semantic differences between the words in each semantic field. Classifying these words into groups of similar or related meanings can provide new concepts and research tools in the area of linguistics which assists researchers to discover various aspects of meaning. The lexical level is considered a significant difficult level in the study of meaning since words may have close meanings, or the same word can have more than one meaning. Consequently, this paper attempts to clarify how these fields impact the comprehensive interpretation of the Qur'anic text. It also attempts to show the types of relations among the words employed in in the Holy Quran in each semantic field including synonymy, hyponymy, part-whole relation, antonymy, opposition). Understanding these relations can also help to interpret the Quranic texts more deeply and richly to convey the intended messages and rules, which assists to accurately and comprehensively understand the Quranic meanings. Thus, via applying the theory of semantic fields to Surat (Fussilat) and classifying its words into different semantic fields it was concluded that the multiple contexts in which the words occur can lead to a change in the linguistic and semantic interpretation of the word in different parts of the selected Sura in addition to the variety in the type and size of semantic relations within the fields.

    10.26750/f7y84r27 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1307-1328

    The Hidden Cultural Structures in Nizar Qabbani’s Poetry

    Idrees Karim Muhammad, Abwbakr Abdwllah Ghafur

    Literature in general and poetry in particular, like any human activity, performs a function or an act. Critics finds such acts changing. In this scope, Nzar Qabanys poem have the same objective. There are imaginations, feelings and dreams behind his lines and words. However, this has an explicit direct or indirect discourse in its structure. Poetry for Nzar Qabany is a cultural discourse so we can say that talking about it has a fundamental function in the act of interpretation. What we mean by the natural function relationships, as the relationships that critics have predicted between the literary text and its recipient, are those that the literary text is not only a symbol or a gesture, but also has content and contradicts the aspects of human life, showing an honest example for the world. The first task that emerges from this hidden dimension is to reveal the essence and thoughts or concepts behind the expressions and lines of the invented text, in such a way that it tackles some concepts in the language of discourse, some of such concepts are main, accepted and known, while others are hidden, bad and embodied concepts that are the most important challenges on which the hidden dimensions of inventive writing. The genre (type) of dimension is equivalent to the genre of messages and letters when it relies on itself, and is expressions are part of the master's thesis (Hidden Cultural System in Nzar Qabany Poems) and we have used them here as part of the extract that should not be separated from the general section.

    10.26750/apndvn15 1 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1329-1349

    Exploring the Relationship Between Public Relations Strategies and Achieving Customer Gratification

    Lana Sabir Mohammed Saeed, Sazgar Hama Amin Karim

    This research aims to evaluate customer satisfaction with public relations strategies in five-star hotels in the central governorate of Sulaymaniyah. It also seeks to identify the most effective public relations strategies for managing hotel-customer relationships and examines the connection between these strategies and customer satisfaction, and the nature of the relationship between public relations strategies and gaining customer satisfaction for five-star hotels in the center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate. A survey method was employed using a questionnaire form to collect information related to the research objectives, which was applied to a sample of customers their number reached 320 respondents, the findings indicate that: Public relations strategies, as a whole, are important indicators of customer satisfaction in the sample hotels. The strategy of asserting legitimacy emerges as the strongest motivator for satisfaction. This indicates that building trust, credibility, and transparency in public relations efforts is crucial to improving customer experiences. This is followed by the strategy of asserting respect. This confirms customers' appreciation for being treated with dignity, appreciation, and professionalism. The relationship between public relations strategies and customer satisfaction is positive and statistically significant. Some strategies, especially those that build trust, credibility, and respect, play a strong and effective role in enhancing customer satisfaction, while other strategies may require improvements to be effective. Consistent public relations strategies have an impact on gaining customer satisfaction in the sample hotels, especially the strategy of asserting legitimacy, as it achieves the highest impact on customer satisfaction.

    10.26750/php7x492 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1350-1364

    Language and Style in Constructing Narrative Imagination

    Salah Ali Hamad, Sami Naji Sawadi

    This study looks at the imaginative and stylistic aspects of Ahmed Saadawi’s novel Frankenstein in Bagdad. It focuses on how the author combines narrative techniques with symbolic meanings to reflect the post-war reality of Iraq. The research fist analyzes the language and writing style, especially paying attention to the detailed and descriptive language used to build images and imaginative scenes. It also discusses how symbols and metaphors help shape the fictional world. Another part of the study is about language and dialogue, where both classical and spoken Arabic are used. It also considers the influence of a journalistic or realism. In general, the research identifies three main elements that support the imaginative side of the novel: the descriptive language that gives life to events and scenes, the dialogue that shows social and cultural communication, and the mix of classical and colloquial Arabic to create clear and vivid characters. In addition, the study talks about rhetorical tools like symbols and metaphors, which give the novel deeper meanings beyond what appears on the surface. These tools help make the story open to interpretation and give it layers that reflect the complex Iraq experience after war. The research shows that Ahmed Saadawi used language in a creative way to build a unique narrative world with artistic and cultural value, making the novel and important example in modern Arabic literature.

    10.26750/rav53f86 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1365-1380

    Narrative Language and the Representations of Alienation in Najwa Ben Shatwan's Novels

    Hana Khalid Rasul, Sami Naji Swadi

    This study, entitled "Narrative Language and the Load of Alienation in the Novels of Najwa Bin Shatwan," examines the mechanisms of language's operation. Three types of linguistic employment have been discussed, preceded by an introduction to the importance of language in narrative construction, such as: the woman's voice, the beginnings of woman's entry into the world of writing, and how woman acquired a voice to express herself. The women's attitude toward alienation, the injustice, and deprivation are divided into two attitudes: an attitude of submission and compliance to alienation, and a rejection and resistance to what they are subjected to. The second type was devoted to satirical language in which the novels were able to combine sarcasm that invokes humor with the feelings of sadness and suffering of the alienated character, in addition to the focus of the small details in the contemporary Arab novel. Specifically, the postmodern novels elaborate on narrating events and describing people and places. The third type of narrative employment and work through language focused on the poetic dimension carried by vocabulary and structures. How is the poetic lexicon distinguished in the novels that are the sample of the study, besides mentioning some texts that represent alienation and came in the popular Libyan dialect, in addition to the beauty of the structures.

    10.26750/ecfdwf11 3 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1381-1397

    Converted Grammatical Particles: “كيف”(How) in Sura Al-Maida as an example.

    Mohammed Ahmad Esmail, Abdurahman Aziz Mustaffa

    Articles are words that can have a certain function. They have been of great interest by the grammarians constantly as they are crucial in both morphology and syntax. Grammar refers to the rules for combining words and larger units in the sentence in a particular language. However, variable grammatical articles is a new concept which are divided into two parts by Dr. Tamam Hasan: authentic articles such as affixes, clitics, negatives, interrogatives, and conditionals; variable articles such as nouns, adjectives, etc. which have turned from morphology to syntax. Some changes happened to certain nouns and verbs which has lead them lose some of their meanings and give syntactic meaning. The change is called grammaticalization, among them change from nominal to articles. The approach used in the study is a descriptive analytic method which is applicable and effective in this kind of research. The data were collected analyzed accordingly via certain interpretations and elucidations of the texts in the framework of the study. The concluding remarks can be reliable and useful for future researchers of the field. The current study takes these changes into account in terms of their styles and adaptation in a given context, there is an instance for these kind of elements like the word ‘how’ it is still a noun even it is used now as it was; it has been taken from the context which is HOW used.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1398-1422

    The Controversy Over the Waiting Period of a Pregnant Widow

    Ibrahim Abdulrahman Mohammed

    This study explores a jurisprudence and legal issue related to the waiting period of a pregnant woman whose husband has been deceased, and the different opinions on this subject among scholars of Islamic law and law makers. The scholars of Islamic law have been divided into two groups: Each has their own determination concerning the end of a pregnant women after giving birth to her fetus. The study clarifies the strong opinion of Islamic law with proofs about the waiting period of a pregnant women whose husband passes away, as well as explaining the attitude of Iraqi law and its jurisprudence source, accordingly, giving a critical view and amendment of reviewing the legal context. The study applies a critical explanation thorough clarifying Sharia contexts and jurisprudence beliefs compared to the Iraqi law, thus, my research plan is as the following: In the first section the definition of waiting period, types of it, and the rulings has been determined, in the second part the waiting period of a pregnant women whose husband dies has been discussed. In conclusion the research discussed the closer belief of the scholars to Sharia law, but the weaker opinion has been selected by Iraqi law makers, including bad bad jurisprudence social effects against women and family rights.

    10.26750/0rcbyf69 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1423-1449

    University Service Employees' Disciplinary Obligations and Their Promises in the Kurdistan Region and Iraq

    Qaisar Hamasaid Rostum, Mustafa Rasoul Hussein, Fahmi Karim Ahmed

    The Disciplinary framework for university service employees in Iraq’s Kurdistan Region and faculty members in Egypt and France constituties a legal mechanism that reflects administrative efficacy in influencing the professional statuse of university professors. Under Iraqi laws applicable in the Kurdistan Region and comparative legislation in reference countries, the disciplinary process undergoes multiple stages that often encounter significant challenges including: Faculty-Specific Concerns such as obligations affecting professional conduct, including job dignity and adherence to academic traditions, and disciplinaryviolations related to employment, particulary dismissal and service termination, also implementation of penalties not condified in disciplinary laws such as teaching prohibitions,and Legislative Challenges: such as disproportionate disciplinary measures relative to violations, and absence of independent higher education staff disipline laws in Iraq/Kurdistan Region.Faculty Safeguards, such as inadequate legal protections for academic freedoms and immunity during teaching activities. There are many problems,such as non-standadized disciplinary procedurres,and excessive administrative authority over faculty and inconsistent application of penalties. The absence of independent legal framworks for university staff discipline creates unfair treatment and threatens academic integrity across these regions. Along with obstacles related to professional accountability and disciplinary violations,particulary concerning disciplinary penalties such as suspension and termination.This includes implementing sanctions not stipulated in disciplinary laws, such as disproportionate punishments.

    10.26750/r7j3gc97 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1450-1466

    The Employment of Speech Act Elements in the Experience of the Poet Al-Muhalhil ibn Rabiah

    Ammar Hazim Mohammed Ali

    The performative act or speech acts constitutes the vital aspect in the structure of argumentative and pragmatic discourse. Indeed, there are researchers who place it in the rank of a term or concept synonymous with pragmatic. It is the energy and the basic engine that works to transform speech into an act of accomplishment that can be achieved on the ground. It has levels that the philosopher Austin and John Searle worked on classifying. The organic relationship between speech or saying and its achievement is invested in the text or poetic discourse according to five categories: assertives, directives, commissitives, expressives, and declarations. This is what we will try to discover in the poetry of Al-Muhalhal bin Rabi’ah. The poet’s poetry was built on the basis of levels that arise from what the author’s purpose requires. The meaning of the accomplishment required to be achieved has references related to the pre-Islamic reality and the dialectical discourse that we can sense in specific types and topics such as elegy, satire, and pride. Each topic has its own strategies that work to influence the recipient. Every response has an extension in the text. There are phrases and sentences that have A request style that takes the elements of verbs as a functional role in passing messages through which orders or requests are directed that require the recipient to be convinced by them or to try to change behavior and show solidarity with the poet’s cause in his revolutionary taking and sympathy with the argument and evidence that legitimizes the killing or the act of excessive killing against the Jassas tribe, which constitutes the realistic dimension in the text and its discourse.

    10.26750/jnpc0f94 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1487-1509

    The Ruling on Giving Money to Cancel Prayer and Fasting Instead of The Deceased Depending on The Hanafi School, And the Manner of Doing So By ibn Al-Qaradaghi (D. 1355 AH)

    Saman Sadq Rasheed, Murad Jabbar Saeed

    Since the spread of Islam, Muslim scholars have exerted great efforts to understand, preserve, and disseminate the religion across various nations and cultures, rising above geographical and ethnic boundaries. Among these contributors, Kurdish scholars played a particularly distinguished role. Embracing Islam voluntarily, they not only integrated the faith into their communities but also made significant contributions to its propagation and intellectual development. With deep faith and dedication, many Kurdish scholars emerged as prominent figures in Islamic scholarship, leaving a lasting impact on theology, jurisprudence, philosophy, and literature throughout the Islamic world. This study focuses on the critical edition of a rare manuscript authored by the prominent Kurdish Fiqh, Sheikh Ibn al-Qardaghi (RAH), titled: "The ruling on giving money to cancel prayer and fasting instead of the deceased depending on the Hanafi School, and the manner of doing so". The document, dating back to the 14th century AH, represents a valuable participation to Hanafi jurisprudence. The research follows a rigorous academic methodology, consisting of the comparison of manuscript copies, preparation of the text, source documentation, explanation of unclear terms, and citation of relevant legal evidences. One of the key outcomes of the researcher is focusing on the manuscript’s scholarly significance, serving as a modest preparation to the preservation and purebred of Islamic legal heritage.

    10.26750/1480ka65 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1510-1531

    Icons in the Poetry of Abdulsattar Noor Ali

    Sdiq Ali Abdulla, Herish Muhammad Amin

    This research conducts a semiotic analysis of icons in poet Abdulsattar Noor Ali's work, examining their cultural meanings and functions within his poetry using analytical semiotic methodology. Key Focus Areas The study categorizes semiotic icons into four main groups: Historical Icons - References to notable historical figures (writers, poets, political leaders) and significant past events, showing the poet's engagement with historical heritage. Religious Icons - Allusions to Quranic verses, religious figures, and both Islamic and non-Islamic rituals. Political and National Icons - Symbols representing political issues, conflicts, patriotism, national identity, and expressions of homeland suffering. Artistic and Aesthetic Icons - References to artistic concepts (music, visual arts), natural beauty (mountains, rivers, birds, forests), and themes of love and emotion. Research Objectives 1.Analyze the poet's effective deployment of icons within his texts 2.Examine the innovative connection between signifier (icon) and signified (meaning) 3.Uncover layered meanings embedded within these icons 4.Study how icons interact with cultural, social, historical, and religious contexts to create new meanings that influence and persuade audiences Methodology The study employs analytical semiotic methodology to investigate icons and their varied cultural significance as expressed in the poet's work, while exploring how these elements engage and capture audience attention.

    10.26750/hy8n1x96 3 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1532-1550

    Narrative montage in Youssef Ziedan's short story collection ‘Hal u Tirhal’

    Hawr Ismael Mustafa

    This research paper aims to investigate the art of (narrative montage in Youssef Ziedan’s short stories Hal u Tirhal). The writer obviously employs those techniques in his short stories through vigorous use of visual, technical methods, borrowed from drama and theatre montaging techniques, in parallel with narration principles. Youssef Ziedan was well acquainted with the artistic forms popular at the time of his literary career and he was successful in using cinematic arts, in particular montage. This reflects a high level of literary awareness as research shows he strongly believed that a writer’s job is not merely to write and narrate events, but a writer is an artist who produces art, like artists across other fields. Thus, narration, a part from linguistic and literary meanings, is a system of moving images which have previously been formed in the writer’s imagination and require specific tools and hard work to be transferred to the receiver the way they are in the writer’s imagination. This visual texture which comprises editing, cutting, removing, forwarding, mixing, and other montaging functions entails an in-depth analysis and a detailed description to be discovered by a researcher. Therefore, a descriptive, analytical method is the best means to achieve this goal. The paper has found out that Youssef Ziedan has used various chronological orders in the Hal wa Tirhal stories; some stories use a linear structure, whereas others follow a more complicated, non-linear narration. Apart from that, he has used montaging techniques such as acceleration, slowing down, mixing, fading, rapid transformation from one scene to another, visual and auditory effects, and flashback. This has given the author a unique writing style.

    10.26750/583nf930 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1551-1574

    The Effect of Cloud Computing on Enhancing the Quality of Accounting Information

    Omar Hussein Abdulrahman

    This thesis aims to clarify whether cloud computing technology impacts the quality of accounting information by analyzing the qualitative characteristics of information such as relevance, reliability. This includes the benefits it offers that enhance accounting procedures, such as the speed of providing services, exchanging information, storing a vast amount of information and retrieving it easily. There is also the risks that may come with this technology, such as the possibility of data leakage or loss. To achieve the thesis objective, a questionnaire was developed and distributed randomly to a sample of academics and professionals in the field of accounting and auditing (45). The study depended on the inductive and descriptive analytical approach to answer the study's hypothesis and conclude its result. The study concluded that cloud computing has a positive impact on accounting information by a percentage of (0.79) that was gained from the study. This demonstrates that cloud computing will contribute to enhancing and fastening accounting procedures and reducing costs, time, and effort. It aligns with the ongoing development of the accounting profession. The study showed the potential offered by cloud computing to support the accounting profession and the need for all institutions to adopt and increase confidence in it.

    10.26750/r8r43943 2 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1575-1590

    Valuation Of the Degree of Health Awareness Among Students of The Sports Institute in Ranya City

    Muhamad Qadir Hama Rash, Emad Sadradeen Hameed, Faraedun Qadir Hama Rash, Ahmad Razaq Mala

    The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of health consciousness among the students at the Ranya Institute of Physical Education. Determine the disparities in health awareness between students in the study areas at the Institute of Physical Education in the city of Ranya. Using a thorough enumeration procedure, the study population was specifically discovered and chosen, and its sample was drawn from students at the Institute of Physical Education in the city of Ranya. A total of 220 kids in the second, third, fourth, and fifth grades were part of the research community. Because they lacked experience, (80) pupils were not allowed to start in the first grade. Additionally, students that took part in the pilot study were disqualified. Consequently, 120 students, or 54% of the entire research community, made up the final sample size. To address the research challenge, the researchers employed a descriptive survey approach. The researchers came to the following conclusions after gathering and debating the research findings in order to meet the study's goals: Students at the Institute of Physical Education in the city of Ranya demonstrated a high degree of health awareness; the overall health awareness percentage for all areas was 64.01%. - With a response rate of 79.16%, the area of participating in sports had the greatest level of health awareness. The statement, "Practicing sports activities helps the body perform its functions," received 4.70% of the responses. With a response score of 56.68%, the topic of keeping an athletic physique had the lowest level of health awareness. The answer rate for the paragraph that said, "I am interested in knowing how the vital organs in my body work," was 3.63%.

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