Issue 4

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-26

   The desertification phenomena in Kandenawa Sub-district

   Halaw Karem Husein, Begard Hussein Ahmad

   Desertification is one of the problems that affects most countries in the world, as a global raisin because it is not related to a specific market, has become a focus of attention by organizations and researchers because of doing bad things, is a social, environmental threat to the lives of millions of people under the little of desertification phenomena in kendenawa district, one of the districts of makhmur district, the aim is to identify the courses desertification in the district and the reasons for its appearance phenomena, whether natural or human and their impact on crops and the names of the (long-term)and the cover of the social (2000-2020) researchers used geographic information system(GIS) to prepare maps and after aerial analysis, we reached general conclusions by following the details of the most important finding of this study are the phenomena of desertification at different levels in the region such as erosion ,wind and low ground water levels reopening of the cover and increased speech.

   10.26750/nbqwx350 2 views Read article
2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 27-49

   The Reflection of Postmodern Thought in Contemporary Sculpture in Kurdistan Region/Iraq

   Wasan Badri Muhsin, Bayan Mani

   Postmodernism, an impactful artistic movement from the 1960s to the 1990s, critiques modern art while accepting various art forms and critical philosophies. It, however, places focus on modern day art and its meaning far beyond the traditional framework. In the case of Kurdistan, Postmodernism comes with these traits alongside the Kurdish cultural heritage and history. It is honest to note that Kurdish artists strive to illustrate the delicate balance of the Kurdish society and identity through a rich tapestry of common experiences and memories. In Kurdistan, Postmodernism is an expedition of innovative self-exploration and continuing inquiry. It aims to intend to provide a perspective that enables wider artistic freedom while upholding the essence of Kurdish culture. In this context, the Kurdish art is continuously encouraged to actively participate in the universal dialogue about art and culture.

   10.26750/qpxr0913 2 views Read article
3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 50-73

   The internal structure of open syllables according to the theory of optimality in Kurdish language

   Soran Abdulrahman Hamad, Sherzad Saheed Sedeeq

   This research is to deal with the inner structure of a syllable in Kurdish language and the degree of correspondence of phonemes in the context of quality optimality theory. Many sorts of syllable division is done with it. That shows the similarities and differences of the types of syllable. It provides an insight into the various structures and patterns of the sounds of a language shedding light on rules and constraints with explaining the framework of making syllable. As a whole, syllables in terms of inner and outer structures are different in dealing with different aspects of the syllable and together they accomplish a syllable. Concerning the state of opening and closing the organs of speech of humans, it is divided into two types (opened syllable and closed syllable) In this study the opened syllable is dealt with. It means the state of opening the organs of speech during speaking. Thus, the syllable is ended with a vowel sound. Central Kurdish dialect is used fot the data in this study. the data are taken in the dictionary of (Hambana Borina) and is the main source with the library style of the other conducted studies in this field. Examples of (106) a single-syllable words are taken. Syllable has its own characteristics in the framework of optimality theory. Due to the constraints that affect the structure of the syllables. In the deep structure while forming any syllable some candidates will be prepared that go through a phonological process to have the best candidate. This has a direct affect on opening, closing and blocking the airways (trachea). All these process hapen in the deep structure then they will be uttered through the surface structure by choosing the best opened syllable.

   10.26750/h8hx3450 2 views Read article
4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 74-89

   Evidence of The Disbelief of Philosophers by Imam Ghazali (505 AH – 1111 AD)

   Khalid Esmail Hamad, Kamaran Aziz Abdulla

   The title of this scientific research includes several philosophical issues in which the philosophers before Ghazali were wrong, especially in the issue of the antiquity of the universe and the issue of science and God is aware of all and is unaware of unity, and resurrection of body. I have presented here Ghazali's discussion for these issues, how Ghazali answered the philosophers on twenty issues, blasphemed them on three issues, misled them on seventeen issues, and attacked them and answered them point by point According to philosophical researchers, these answers were a deadly blow that Ghazali dealt to Islamic philosophy. Later, Ibn Rushd tried to prevent this attack and wrote the book Tahaft al-Tahaft, in which he responded to Ghazali point by point and rebuked him Because Ghazali took Aristotle's philosophy directly from Farabi and Ibn Sina and did not go back to the main source of Aristotle's philosophy. Ghazali repeated the same mistakes of Farabi and Avicenna, while these two philosophers had misinterpreted and misunderstood Aristotle's philosophy. In general, in addition to an abstract in Kurdish and English, my research consists of an introduction, conclusions, and a list of sources, and four main themes organized as follows: - The first theme: Ghazali's method of rejecting philosophers - The second theme / the issue of the antiquity of universe - The third them / the issue of God's knowledge of universality and ignorance of unity - The fourth topic / the issue of resurrection of the body

   10.26750/n952yc02 2 views Read article
5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 90-108

   The Identity Crises of Women and Others

   Mohammed Ahmed Hasan, Rasul Hamad Rasul

   Women regularly search for their identity in a Male-dominant society. The case is often an issue as the women consider men as a threat on their culture experience; thus, the gender conflicts are existed. The term Others refers back to a cultural authority that doesn't accept any other identities. The aim of this study is an attempt to show the women contemplation for their identity, which has been a chronical issue for women and Others. The identity refers back to human beings' true personality, other dimensions, and the attitudes that differ them from each other. The true identity of one has its individual features that differ from others; besides, within a group makes the group features to be different than other social groups. The pronouns such as (I, He and She) are true dimensions of building identity, besides the individuals have the capability of building different identity. The study contains two chapters. The first chapter is under the title (Identity and Literature issues of Women). This chapter is theoretical and includes two sections. The first section explains the term identity, and the second section explains the features of the women works in literature. The second chapter is the methodological and practical part, which includes the identity issues and its differences. The chapter includes three sections: first section is about woman issues as an individual, section two is about identity and Others with their conflicts, section three is specified for social Identity and Others in the novel.

   10.26750/js0h4304 2 views Read article
6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 109-126

   Murid, his Condition, his Spiritual Station and his Relationships with the Sheikh of the Tariqa according to the Orientalist Annemarie Schimmel (1922-2003)

   Delvin Mohammed Saeed Mustafa, Zrar Siddiq Tawfiq

   The Murid, his condition, his spiritual station and his relationship with the Sheikh of the Tariqa constitute significant topics within the historical discourse of Islamic Sufism. This significance arises from the necessity for the Murid to move through specific conditions and spiritual stages early on in the Sufi path to achieve elevated spiritual states. To accomplish this, he needs a guide that is to select a Sheikh for him. This topic was of particular interest to the orientalist Annemarie Schimmel (1922-2003). She focuses on the importance of this subject in the history of Islamic Sufism, providing detailed information not found in the works of other historians and orientalists. According to Schimmel, after the selection and acceptance phases between the Murid and the Sheikh, a deep bond of affection is formed between them. The Sheikh guides the Murid through various spiritual stages and the Murid attentively follows the Sheikh's guidance and advice. Put differently, the Murid attains these states through his personal effort. Subsequently, the Murid experience various situations based on the stages in which he finds himself. Over time, and with the growing number of the Murids under the Sheikhs’ guidance, the Tariqa emerged as a natural consequence of this expansion. Hence, it becomes evident for us that both the Sheikh and the Murid collectively constitute the principal subjects and components in the history of Islamic Sufism. They have therefore been chosen as the title of this research.

   10.26750/t27g0623 2 views Read article
7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 127-142

   The Ayyubids from the perspective of Kurdish historians from their emergence to the establishment of their state.Sharafkhani Badlisi and Muhammad Amin Zaki, are models

   Khalid Jamal Omer, Kamaran Aziz Abdullah

   The content of this research includes, under the title (The Ayyubids from the perspective of Kurdish historians - from their appearance until the establishment of their state) as a critical analytical study - the dynasty of the Ayyubid House and the steps to establish their state - which includes two main sections, and each section contains three points. In the first section, the researcher is interested in studying the origins and regions of the Ayyubids and the opinions of Kurdish historians about their origins, who relied on the original primary sources and who concluded that their origins are from Kurdish nationality. Based on the two sources (Sharafnama) and (Summary of the History of the Kurds), which talk about the relationship between the Ayyubid emirate and the Zengid emirate, and the reasons for the migration of the Ayyubids towards Mosul, the birth and upbringing of Saladin Al-Ayyubi was discussed. The second section, which consists of three points, talks about the attacks of Shirku ibn Shadi on Egypt through the writings of the authors (Al-Badlisi and Amin Zaki), and talks about the Ayyubids assuming the tasks and positions of the Ministry of Caliphate by Saladin Al-Ayyubi - and the opinions of historians and researchers about the reasons for choosing Saladin The Ayyubid religion for this position, and then the research includes the fact that Saladin was the first personality in Egypt. In conclusion, the researcher reached the reasons for the imbalance in the relationship between Saladin and Nur al-Din al-Zengi through information written by Kurdish historians.

   10.26750/j80sq594 4 views Read article
8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 143-169

   The Impact of Roman Military Thought on the Culture Change and Citizenship from (107 BC to 305 AD)

   Fursah Ahmad Hussein, Kameran Mohammed Jalal

   This study is under the title (The Impact of Roman Military Thought on the Culture Change and Citizenship from 107 BC to 305 AD). It is a historic study; investigating the influence of Roman Military Thought and the willingness of the society to accept non-roman people and slaves as Roman citizens and being given the legal rights and privileges. The researcher believes that the cities and the colonial places are intensely interrelated which might be the crucial and decisive reason of interaction and the spread and cultural change on one hand. And on the other hand, entering the non-roman people into the army and organizing them in a suitable framework and getting the Roman citizenship after their graduation. Therefore, the researcher inquires how military thought had impact on the different aspects of society. And what was the society’s response and the challenges in front of the of the process? Through this study, the researcher aims to identify the nature of the influences of the cultural and social aspects of the society, which often indirectly had impact on through legal administrative organization, social structures and civil foundations in cities and colonies, and even through reconstruction and services. Also the continuous need of the army for a humanistic power and filling these gaps by non-Roman citizens by granting them Roman citizenship and transferring the troops and military units from different parts of the empire have reflected the substitute process in the long run.

   10.26750/v73maz77 2 views Read article
9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 170-193

   The Types of the punishments Imposed on the Exiles in the Period of the Abbasid Age between (334−656 H / 946−1285 AD)

   Ahmad Mirza Mirza, Sihad Asaad Omar

   According to Qur'an and the hadiths of the Prophet (peace be upon him)، the exile is a stable punishment which all the Shari’ah scholars are agree on. On the other hand، the scholars of Shari'ah agree that exile is a form of punishment (al-ta'zir) reprimand and abandoned according to the opinion of the Caliph. The purpose of this punishment was to prevent crime or to set limits as much as possible. Exile means the removal of the convict from his criminal environment to another place، just as the duration of the convict's stay in the place to which he was removed is left to the authorities. In addition، despite the expulsion of the convicts، they faced various forms of torture that were different from previous periods، due to the emergence of different authorities in the management of state affairs with the caliph، including Bani Buya (334-447 AH/945-1055 AD)، who they were from Daylam and were Persians، and Seljuks (447-656 AH/1055-1258 AD) who were from the land beyond the river and were of Turkish. That’s، during this historical time، there were other authorities who pursued various policies of torture against their opponents in order to defeat and to threaten them.

   10.26750/8ydb1370 3 views Read article
10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 194-221

    The Range of Using Historical Thinking Skills by History Teachers at High Schools in Sulaimani

    Nazeera Salih Mohammed, Pshtiwan Othman Ahmed

    This research aims to assess the utilization of historical thinking skills among history teachers in high schools in Sulaimani. To achieve this objective, a descriptive analysis method was employed. A survey was administered to a sample of 94 teachers, comprising 35 males and 59 females, selected randomly from the Eastern and Western Sulaimani directorates of Education. The research instrument, developed by the researcher, consists of 30 items categorized into five topics. The response options are graded as ( Often (3), Sometimes (2), and Never (1) ). Upon data analysis, the research findings indicate a statistically significant difference in the average historical thinking skills between history teachers. Notably, there is no significant discrepancy in the level of evidence between male and female history teachers, nor are there significant differences in skills such as chronology, historical research skills, and analysis of historical issues and decision-making based on the age variable. However, a statistically significant difference is observed in skills related to historical reception and understanding, as well as historical explanatory analysis, in relation to age. Additionally, no significant variation is found in the level of evidence between historical thinking skills in the Eastern and Western education centers, based on location. Concerning years of service, there are no significant differences in skills like chronology, historical explanatory analysis, and historical research skills. Yet, a significant statistical difference is identified in skills associated with historical understanding, analysis of historical issues, and decision-making based on years of service. Finally, the researcher made some recommendations based on the results of the research.

    10.26750/qapqbp82 3 views Read article
11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 222-248

    The Reflection of Security-Related News on Kurdish Websites

    Hoshyar Ahmad Mahmoud, Serwan Anwar Majeed

    The objective of this study, titled ‘The Reflection of Security-related News on Kurdish Websites,’ is to determine the extent to which Kurdish websites focus on security news in the Kurdistan Region and the role these websites play in presenting security information. Additionally, this study seeks to identify the types of crimes that pose a threat to Kurdistan's society and examines how security information is presented in terms of format and structure. In this study, descriptive analytics was employed by the researcher, with the mapping form being utilized as the primary tool for data collection. A sample of security news published on Kurdish websites was taken to represent the study, specifically 779 hypothetical year and security news articles from both Kurdistan24 and NRT websites during the twelve-month period of 2022. The study yielded several significant conclusions, the most noteworthy of which are as follows: a strong correlation exists between security agencies and media institutions, Kurdish websites demonstrate considerable interest in the dissemination of security news, and the stability of Kurdish society faces diverse security threats, with attacks from neighboring countries being of utmost importance.

    10.26750/gajhhj38 3 views Read article
12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 249-266

    Characters in Kurds Residential Areas During First Four Decade of Hijra

    Zirar Sdiq Tofiq, Taha Rajab Hamad

    This research is about cities, citadels, castles and settlements that have been build by the Arabs from the beginning of Islamic conquest to the end fourth decade of Hijra. In fact, during these four decades, some Arab administrators and wealthy persons reconstructed a number of areas that later known by their names In this research, the topic has been researched according to the written historic and geographic information and data, each of the recognized territories, their geographic position and historical reconstruction has been identified. In addition of identifying the reconstructors.

    10.26750/51wmz353 2 views Read article
13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 267-288

    The Role Of Social Networking Video Messages In Business Marketing

    Hakim Othman Hamid, Tazhan Bakhtiar Muhammed

    The main objective of this study is to know and reveal the role of video content of social networks in business marketing, as well as showing its impact on the purchase decision among university students. Facebook and Instagram are selected because they are more well-known by users and have impact on business marketing. In this study, a descriptive method used and relied on survey forms. The research sample consisted of public universities’ students (media, and public relations department) of Sulaimani, Salaheddin, Halabja, Sulaimani Polytechnic, and Erbil Polytechnic universities. Empirical results of the study indicate that Instagram platform is mostly used by university’ students compare to other platforms. In addition, the majority students watch social networking’ videos at a high level (%51,33) to get information about products and goods. Moreover, the short length of video production also has an impact on goods and products.

    10.26750/7m506c20 2 views Read article
14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 289-311

    Intellectual and Structural Dimensions in Contemporary Ceramic Murals in The Kurdistan Region

    Salman Kaikhasraw Fatah, Naeema Mohammed Abdula

    This research is dedicated to the study of the different dimensions and constructs of the contemporary ceramic murals in the Kurdistan Region، which consists of four parts، the first part is the topics related to the introductory part of the research. Each of the research problems، importance of research، research goals، and research boundaries is presented. The short-term problem of the research based on these assumptions 1-Are the different dimensions and constructs of the contemporary ceramic murals in the Kurdistan Region working with the kurdish artists? 2- Is the ability of contemporary ceramic murals in the Kurdistan Region compared to the world's mural products in terms of aesthetic thought show the appearance of art? With the aim of introducing the different and constructive dimensions of contemporary ceramic murals in the Kurdistan Region. Chapter two is the framework of the research theory، which discusses the history of the emergence of ceramic mural art in the civilization of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt، and the art of ceramic murals in the Islamic world as well as the techniques and styles of contemporary ceramic murals. The third chapter of the researchers took samples of the artworks of artists from the Kurdistan Region who worked on ceramic murals، presented in scientific methods and methods. Chapter four discusses the results، conclusions، recommendations and references.

    10.26750/2vgs7w47 2 views Read article
15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 312-336

    Relationship between Illustration and Graphic Printing in the Art Works of Kurdistan Regional Artists

    Chawan Mohammed Muhealaden, Rebwar Said

    This research is entitled (Relationship between Illustration and Graphic Printing in the Art Works of Kurdistan Regional Artists), The first section includes topics related to the general framework of the study, which consists of: research problem, research importance, research objectives, research limitations and definition of terms. The research problem is identified through several questions as follows: 1- Have the arts of illustration and graphic printing been able to continue according to history and changes in human life and have always been renewed? 2- To what extent has the art of illustration and graphic printing become a subject of work for artists in the Kurdistan region?" 3- To what extent has the art of illustration and graphic printing served as a means of communication and expression in the essence of human culture and history? With the aim of providing an interpretive analysis of illustration art and graphic printing in the Kurdistan region, the second section, which is the theoretical framework of the research, delves into the history of the emergence and development of graphic printing and illustration art. It also discusses the techniques and fields of illustration art and graphic printing. In the third section, researchers have presented examples of artworks created by artists from the Kurdistan region who have worked in the fields of illustration and graphic printing in a scientific manner. The fourth section presents the results, conclusions, recommendations, and references.

    10.26750/pbz63y65 3 views Read article
16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 337-360

    Educational Bilingualism and Language attrition

    Hazha Chicho Mohammed Amin, Sherzad Saheed Sedeeq

    In recent years, a large number of English-language schools have been allowed to be established by the Ministry of Education, and the number is increasing year by year. Though the establishment of such schools was originally meant to be for bilingual education, but teaching of Kurdish in these schools has faced big problems, because Kurdish lessons are not given enough attention and least weekly lessons have been allocated for Kurdish. The researcher aims to show that the language of instruction in schools can have a significant impact on the mother tongue. This shows the role of schools in preserving and reviving Kurdish language. Moreover, the researcher aims to show the differences of Kurdish language attrition between students who study in English and those who study in Kurdish, which is shown by comparing them. The data and the tools used in the study are a questionnaire, which consists of four headings and 25 subheadings. Quantitative method was used to collect the data. After distributing the questionnaire form to the research community and answering the questions of the questionnaire by the participants and receiving the answers, the obtained data were analyzed using each of the statistical rules of Regression and One Way ANOVA. The researcher concluded that schools as non-linguistic basis accounted for 44.6% of mother tongue attrition among the students in the study sample. This is a very high and effective rate. This proves that such schools have not created a balanced language environment for students. This is why there is a big difference in mother tongue attrition between students attending English-medium schools and those attending Kurdish-medium schools.

    10.26750/hkgzjs08 2 views Read article
17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 361-374

    Alienation in Bachtyar Ali’s Novel (The Angel’s Ship)

    Ashti Hussein Arif, Diar Mardan Mhamad

    In this study which is entitled ‘Alienation in Bachtyar Ali’s Novel (The Angel’s Ship), we have tried to illustrate human alienation through examples in the novel, as a phenomenon in life, everyone will face Alienation depending on the level of their education and environment. Sometimes, human beings in their life will appear as a bastard in their environment and become strangers in themselves. Alienation is a condition in which humans feel wretched and incapable of changing their life conditions. In other words, humans feel sad and doubt in their relationship with others. This is what they feel by some internal and external factors. From this perspective, the study attempts to talk about the Alienation of the characters in the novel, From the perspective of the characters in the novel, the novelist has looked at the problem of alienation among the Kurdish individual because of the impact that the past armed revolutions have left on the Kurdish individual. The research was conducted under the method of ‘Analytical Praise.’ The study consists of two parts, the first one includes two sections. In the first section, the terms and the definitions of Alienation are explained. In the second section, the types of Alienation are illustrated. Also, the second part consists of two sections, the first section shows the summary of the novel. The last section sheds light on the Alienation of the characters in the novel.

    10.26750/shr12496 2 views Read article
18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 375-387

    Distributed Morphology in Kurdish Language

    Bazyan Yuns Muhiadin, Sabah Rashed Qadir, Azad Ramazan Ali

    Distributed Morphology (DM), Which is the title of our research, Consider as challenging traditional linguistics by proposing a unified system for building both complex word and sentential structures Instead of relying on a separate lexicon for word Formation . Many of the particulars of the theory of distributed morphology grew from discussions between Morris and Marantz , starting around 1990 , the seeds of the theory planted in Morris is thinking , as summarized in . Marantz is contribution identifies as crucial to the birth of DM . This theory radically that joined two core assumption: (1) syntactic approaches to word structure (2) a rejection of a phonologized set of phonological pieces stemming from realizational theories of morphology . DM argues that both words and Sentences are Constructed dynamically through the Same Syntactic operations, this abstract will introduce the Core principles of DM and illustrate its application with an example, we depended on: Syntactic hierarchy all the way down: Elements within both syntax and morphology participate in hierarchical structures, similar to how sentences are built. No lexicon: Word Formation isn’t Pre-Stored in a dedicated lexicon: words are assembled on-the-Fly during Syntactic derivation. Three Component lists: DM relies on three lists: the Formative list (syntactic building blocks) The exponency list (Phonological Content), and the Feature list (Semantic/ Syntacit properties). Late insertion: Phonological realization occurs late in the process, after Syntactic Structure is built.

    10.26750/ngeggq84 2 views Read article
19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 388-401

    Linguistic Analysis of Sheikh Obedullah Nahri’s “Tuhfat Al-Ahbab”

    Talat Tahir hamad amin, Sajidah Abdullah Farhady, Humera zmorrodi

    This paper, Linguistic Analysis of Sheikh Obedullah Nahri’s “Tuhfat Al-Ahbab”: Syntactical Deviation, closely conducts a thorough syntactic analysis of Sheikh Obedullah Nahri’s “Tuhfat Al-Ahbab,” aiming to reveal the poetic and literary style employed by the poet. Despite his primary recognition as a nationalist revolutionary leader, Nahri's literary contributions, particularly “Tuhfat Al-Ahbab” is a handwritten collection dedicated to his followers in the Naqshbandi school of Sufism and mystical thoughts, warrant scholarly attention. Nahri's poetic style exhibits an impression of imitation of preceding poets or contemporary to his era, characterized by a return to classical expressions originated from Iraqi or Khorasani writing styles within a conventional grammatical framework for conveying sentiments. This analysis also focuses on Nahri’s stylistic choices and syntactic deviations, exploring instances such as word order exchanges, the utilization of linguistic tools, and the repetition of phrases as a literary device, showcasing his mastery of syntax to craft a unique poetic voice. Additionally, the paper clarifies the various types of syntactic deviations in Nahri’s work, referring to his innovative approach in syntax and underscoring the thematic richness and emotional depth inherent in his poetic composition.

    10.26750/j8xzf986 2 views Read article
20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 402-434

    The Impact of Facebook on Youth's Freedom of Belief in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

    Shorsh Anwar Abdalla, Hersh Rasool Murad

    New media tools, including social networking platforms like Facebook, offer a wide range of opportunities for individuals to express and discuss their opinions and beliefs. Given the diverse religious landscape in the Kurdistan Region, this study aims to examine the extent to which social media platforms, particularly Facebook, influence the freedom of belief among young people in the region. This research follows a descriptive approach, employing surveys as the primary method to gather data and address research questions. The study targeted young people from all four governorates of the Kurdistan Region: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, and Halabja. 702 respondents as a simple participated in the online survey. The findings of the study reveal several conclusions. A notable finding is that the majority of respondents perceive that speeches and posts of religious people have a negative impact on freedom of belief and religion on Facebook. These conclusions shed light on the influence of Facebook and the importance of understanding its implications for freedom of belief among the youth in the Kurdistan Region.

    10.26750/6331em34 2 views Read article
21. 21
    Social Science Original Research pp. 435-450

    The Process of Affixation in Kurdish Language in Phonological, Morphological and Lexical Theory

    Hawkar Omer Khidhir, Dler Sadiq Kanaby

    Kurdish is one of the agglutinative languages in which affixes play a great role in the morphological processes. In language, affixes can make phonological variations to bases, or they can change the structure of a word that has not been formed according to a rule-based process. These issues belong to some of the former theories in words analysis. However, this theory can analyze these variations according to schemas. Affixes, with phonological impact on bases, are categorized into two groups (partial affix) and (neutral affix). Due to their shared characteristics, they are found in a specific structural position and placed into a lexical level. The order of the processes of inflectional affixes is set according to the sequences of lexical levels. In Kurdish, (derivational suffixes) are categorized as partial affixes; that is, they are effective and change the position of main power of words that occur in the first lexical level; (derivational prefixes), however, are not effective and cannot change the bases, and they occur in the second lexical level. Thus, in Kurdish, the position of power can occur at the end of the lexical words.

    10.26750/shv68824 2 views Read article
22. 22
    Social Science Original Research pp. 451-476

    The Role and Participation of Women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) (1945-1990).

    Kwestan Ahmad Khdir, Hoshmand Ali Mahmood

    This research focuses on the role and participation of women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) (1945-1990), which is a period of enormous significance in the history of women's struggle in Eastern Kurdistan in general and within the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan in particular. During this historical phase, censorship and patriarchal traditions deprived women in Iranian society and Eastern Kurdistan specifically of their rights and freedoms. During the final stages of the Second World War, a number of international and domestic factors led to significant changes in Iranian society, politics, and social life, under the leadership of the newly empowered Mohammad Reza Shah. Among these changes was the establishment of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan-Iran and subsequently the Kurdistan Republic (also known as the Republic of Mahabad), where women from Eastern Kurdistan entered the scene for the first time within their own political and organizational frameworks, playing an influential and active role. The primary research question is: To what extent did women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan participate in political, national, and armed struggle in Eastern Kurdistan? What were the internal and external obstacles and factors that impeded these steps? What role did they play in raising awareness in society? This study further emphasizes the roles and responsibilities of women within the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan in political, military, organizational, health, educational, and training domains.

    10.26750/xc89rc85 4 views Read article
23. 23
    Social Science Original Research pp. 477-505

    The effectiveness of the Jigsaw style in achieving third-grade students in the Kurdish Language and Literature department in a Syntax subject.

    Ayad Fayzallah Othman

    The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of the Jigsaw style in achieving third-grade students in the Kurdish Language and Literature department in a Syntax subject. The researcher adopted the experimental design of equal groups with a post-test. The research community included third grade students / Department of Kurdish Language and Literature / College of Basic Education - Akre at the University of Duhok for the academic year (2023-2024), amounting to (82) male and female students, divided into two groups (a) and (b) randomly. Where the (42) students of the experimental group (A) were studied according to the Jigsaw style, and the students of the control group (B), the number of (40) students, were studied according to the usual method used. The researcher prepared an achievement test that included (30) items and extracted its psychometric characteristics. And after the completion of the experiment, which lasted a full semester, the researcher applied the tool, extracted the data, and conducted the statistical treatment using the (t.test) with it. The results showed that the Jigsaw Style had a significant impact on the achievement among the students of the experimental group, compared to their peers in the control group.

    10.26750/txg06117 2 views Read article
24. 24
    Social Science Original Research pp. 506-526

    Efficiency of Recreational Services (Gardens, Parks and Football Fields) In The New City of Halabja.

    Hawraman Kamal Mirza, Hardi Abdulrahman Hamaali

    This study, as an urban of recreational service study, describes two important types of services, namely (gardens, parks and football fields), which are considered among the needs of urban residents and service different categories and ages of the population who perform them. According to the basic map, the city consists of 12 neighborhoods and has an area of ​​567.1 hectares. As for the municipal borders, its widest area is about 1400 hectares. In the study area (47) parks and gardens with a total area of ​​250983 m2 and 10 playgrounds with an area of ​​70007 m2. The geographical distribution of services is that most of the parks are located in the western and lana city neighborhoods of the city, both of which contain 24 parks, which constitutes 50% of the total area. Azadi neighborhood constitutes 26.3% of the total. Most of the playgrounds are located in Razgari neighborhood, which includes four playgrounds and constitutes 40% of the playgrounds. 39.1% in terms of area. As a result of using service evaluation. The individual's exposure to the service was found to be less than the standards. Regarding the number of playgrounds, there is no problem because compared to the population (10-11), there is a need for a playground for the city, but the space is clearly insufficient. In terms of distribution, services are generally random and dispersed. Finally, the study presented several recommendations, most notably increasing the number of parks to the required area and also increasing the area of ​​playgrounds by building new playgrounds or increasing their area in the event of unused land around them.

    10.26750/qy3ak294 3 views Read article
25. 25
    Social Science Original Research pp. 527-551

    The Status of Christians in the Mosul Province Under the Policies of the Ottoman State (1879–1900 AD)

    Luqman Mohammedamin Babakr, Dara Tawfeeq Kaka Amin

    This study discusses the status and conditions of the Christian communities in the Mosul Province during the Ottoman era, specifically between the years 1879 and 1900. Focusing on the non-Muslim religious components of the province, particularly Christians, the research highlights their importance and unique position. The key factors behind this importance include the province’s strategically significant geographical location and the interest shown by European countries in Christians as political, religious, economic, and military allies. These dynamics greatly influenced the Ottoman authorities’ policies and perceptions toward this group. The study draws from sources that indicate Christians held notable roles in administration, education, healthcare, and religious services within the province. Their presence and contributions were shaped by Ottoman policies that, while granting certain rights and privileges (such as exemption from military service), also subjected them to various restrictions and inequalities. Compared to other non-Muslim groups in the province, Christians often enjoyed more privileges, yet they also frequently faced injustice and oppression from officials and the state. This research specifically sheds light on a distinct period in Ottoman policy toward Christians in Mosul, addressing questions such as: To what extent were Christians respected as an internal community of the state? What was their lifestyle like during this period? How integrated were they into the state’s administrative institutions? And how did international developments influence the Ottoman Empire’s treatment of Christians? These and other questions form the core objectives of the study.

    10.26750/ryybks66 2 views Read article
26. 26
    Social Science Original Research pp. 552-576

    The Comparative Method Eilhard Wiedemann in Writing the History of Science in Islamic and Western Civilizations

    Mabast Burhan Qadir

    The German physicist, historian, and orientalist Eilhard Ernst Gustav Wiedemann (1928 ce) ,by using a comparative methodology, he compared the scientific achievements of Islamic civilization and Western civilization in most of the scientific branches, particularly in fields such as(Physics and Technology). He compared the inventions and writings of Muslim scholars with those of western scholars and identified the sources of the inventions and writings of most western scholars. With scientifically proved evidence, he identified the contributions of Muslim scholars in the history of sciences. He reconstructed some of the inventions of Muslim scholars as instruments. This had a significant impact on researchers scientists and German orientalists, prompting further investigations into the history of Islamic sciences and revisiting the inventions of Muslim scholars, and he studied the history of Islamic sciences for (40) years. To study the history of Islamic sciences, he used original manuscripts of Muslim scholars as primary sources and avoided relying on Latin and Hebrew translations of the works of Muslim scholars. Between the years (1900 – 1928), with the collaboration of some German orientalists and physicists, he collected original manuscripts of Muslim scholars from most libraries in the east. He translated many of these manuscripts from Arabic into German, This research consists of four main themes: the first theme describes the scientific biography of the orientalist, the other theme compares the scientific branches, and the third theme Theoretical and practical aspects are compared. In the fourth topic, innovation between Muslim and Western scientists is compared.

    10.26750/qgx9gy79 2 views Read article
27. 27
    Social Science Original Research pp. 577-598

    Bertrand Russell’s Philosophy of Education

    Hawkar Hamad Khdir, Batool Ridha Abbas

    Russell’s views on education are both interesting and controversial. Similar to Rousseau and Locke, he considered education to be a process of “self-habit.” Russell believed that children are like raw materials at birth, and it is our responsibility to shape them. In the beginning, it is very easy to influence a child, whether positively or negatively, because children are neither inherently good nor bad at birth. What influences them is, on one hand, an unknown nature, and on the other hand, education and various environmental factors that shape this raw material—the child. Habits and conditioning, whether for better or worse, ultimately lead to either happiness or misery. A child is born with certain instincts and develops habits under the influence of the environment, which may be good or bad. This is largely determined by the intelligence and wisdom of the parents and guardians, as the nature of the child from the beginning is so soft, compliant, and receptive that it is almost unbelievable. Most children are capable of becoming either good or bad individuals, as the instincts and reactions they possess become stable habits and characteristics due to environmental and educational influences—especially during childhood. For this reason, the foundation of a child’s behavior and personality is formed early in life. Russell believed that moral education—the education of a child’s soul and personality—should begin at an early age to help them become positive, brave, and intelligent members of society. According to him, this can be achieved with most children, often with very good results.

    10.26750/xhhyyy38 2 views Read article
28. 28
    Social Science Original Research pp. 599-618

    The Impact of Social Media Advertising, Especially Snapchat, on Female University Students)

    Sarkawt Waysi Kareem

    The Impact of Social Media Advertising on Female University Students Snapchat as an example. Snapchat has a role in creating influence across all sectors of life, particularly in social and professional aspects related to daily basis, including many scocial issues and topics. Currently, advertising companies are so active on social media platforms, especially Snapchat, which has gained wide range of attention in the lives of individuals and communities. In this era of fast technological advancement, the researcher in this study scientifically examines the extent of the impact of social media advertising on female university students. The primary goal of this study is to understand the relationship between social media advertising and Snapchat, explore the characteristics of advertising influence through Snapchat, evaluate the level of its impact, and identify Snapchat's key role in shaping advertising effects on female university students. Community of The study consists of female students at Salahaddin University in Erbil, spanning different colleges, departments, and academic levels. A stratified random sampling was used to distribute (300) forms of questionnaires. The researcher employed statistical tools based on the (SPSS) system for data analysis. The study adopts a descriptive method , and for practical data collection and precise conclusions, the researchers used survey methodology to determine the impact of social media advertising on female university students. The study reached several key scientific findings, most notably: Snapchat is a significant factor in the effectiveness of social media advertising on female students at Salahaddin University. The results highlight the crucial role Snapchat plays in advertising influence.

    10.26750/6jcjsy96 2 views Read article
29. 29
    Social Science Original Research pp. 619-640

    Kurdish Songs in Piano Music Composition

    Kurdo Sardar Mohammed, Hiwa Talat Arif Ozeri

    This study is devoted to investigating how the Kurdish songs are represented and improved within the piano instrument, concentrating on their adaptation across different musical forms and historical time. The main goal of this study is protecting Kurdish musical heritage while combining it into piano, causing innovative and engaging compositions. These works give pianists chances to seek different playing techniques and musical forms, presenting how Kurdish melodies can align with compositional practices from the Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Atonal eras. Additionally, the research positions Kurdish traditional music within a broader global music context. A total of fifty Kurdish songs were analyzed, with twelve selected for compositional development. This sorting out includes three original pieces and five traditional folk songs, all adjusted for piano. The adjustment is in several different formats, which include works for solo piano, piano four hands, and two pianos. Highlighting the adaptability and richness of Kurdish music through piano interpretation, thereby enhancing its visibility and relevance on the international music stage, is the main objective. These new compositions provide fresh standpoints and renewed vitality to Kurdish musical expression.

    10.26750/rjap7005 1 views Read article
30. 30
    Social Science Original Research pp. 641-668

    The Effect of the Raft Strategy in Obtaining the Kurdish Language Grammar for the Students of the Fifth Basic Grade

    Shaban Ramadan Hassan, Ayad Faiz Allah Othman

    The study investigated the efficacy of Rafat strategy on Kurdish grammar acquisition among fifth-grade primary students. The research population encompassed schools within the Amedi District Education Directorate's jurisdiction. Through purposive sampling, researchers selected Isifka and Rozh mixed primary schools, randomly assigning subjects to experimental group in Isifka School (30) students and the control group in Rozh School (29) students. The researcher also controlled a number of non-experimental variables. A 25-item achievement test was constructed to measure learning outcomes. Following experimental implementation, data collection, and statistical analysis, results indicated statistically significant differences between the experimental group taught via Rafat strategy and the control group instructed through conventional methodologies. Mean score comparisons revealed superior performance among students exposed to the Rafat strategy. Statistical significance of these differences confirmed the hypothesis that Rafat strategy positively impacts Kurdish grammar acquisition. The findings demonstrate that strategic instructional interventions can enhance grammatical competence among primary school learners. This research contributes to the pedagogical literature on effective grammar instruction methodologies in the context of Kurdish language education, suggesting that innovative approaches like Rafat strategy warrant further implementation and investigation in primary educational settings. The researchers concluded that the experimental intervention produced measurable improvements in student achievement compared to traditional instructional approaches.RetryClaude can make mistakes. Please double-check responses.

    10.26750/v43emd03 2 views Read article
31. 31
    Social Science Original Research pp. 669-696

    How Expressive Speech Acts Relate to and Influence Other Speech Acts.

    Sulaiman Hiahyar Mohammed, Sulaiman Ismail Rajab

    Speaking is the primary means by which individuals establish relationships and express emotions, playing a vital role in society. Expressive speech acts are closely tied to the speaker’s psychological state, meaning that whenever individuals wish to express their emotions, they rely on them, such as greetings, thanking, apologizing, and complaining. This research, entitled "How Expressive Speech Acts Relate to and Influence Other Speech Acts" Expressive speech act types are grounded in theoretical frameworks developed by Searle and Vanderveken. Using descriptive and explanatory methodologies, this study examines the relationship between expressive and other speech acts, investigating their impact on interpersonal relationships. The central purpose of this study is to explore how people express their feelings, and how the way they express them can strengthen the message—making the hearer feel respected and content. This study is structured into two comprehensive sections. The first section thoroughly discusses the concept, definition, characteristics, various types, and diverse functions of expressive speech acts. The second section examines other relevant speech acts, such as politeness, directives, persuasion, face-threatening, and face-saving, analyzing their intricate interaction with expressive speech acts. Through illustrative examples and detailed contextual analysis, this research provides a deeper understanding of the crucial role of speech acts in communication.

    10.26750/xntjnd13 2 views Read article
32. 32
    Social Science Original Research pp. 697-715

    Salih Zaki Beg Sahibqiran: His Life, Political, Military, and Cultural Role (1886-1944)

    Hamza Othman Hawez, Hewa Hameed Sharif

    Research, investigation, and examination of the life trajectories of individuals who played significant roles in various fields and who, through their efforts and struggles, influenced the course of events during their time and left their mark on the pages of history. This is an important endeavor that aims to reveal historical truths and uncover hidden information. Among these figures, several Kurdish personalities emerged in the early 1920s, with Salih Zaki being one of the prominent figures who left his mark in political, military, administrative, cultural, and many other domains. Beyond his military career as an Ottoman army officer, upon his return to Iraq, he held various administrative positions across different cities and regions of Kurdistan and Iraq, where he played significant roles and rendered considerable services. He also achieved significant accomplishments in the cultural sphere. This study aims to objectively present Salih Zaki's true role, both positive and negative, and indicate the factors behind his development and influence. Using a methodology of presenting and analyzing information, this study attempts to uncover the hidden aspects of his life and position by addressing the following questions: How did Salih Zaki emerge and develop? Despite his loyalty and competence, why was he removed from the position of Kurdistan's military commander? What was his role in cultural affairs, and what were the reasons behind his frequent transfers between cities and rapid changes in administrative positions?

    10.26750/zygn6d83 2 views Read article
33. 33
    Social Science Original Research pp. 716-752

    Ego-Strength and its Mediation Role in the Relationship between Parental Perfectionism and Self-Esteem among University Student

    Rzgar Muhammad Hassan, Jwan Nwri Rasool

    The aim this study was determined the level of (ego strength, parental perfectionism and self-esteem) and Determine the level each of them according to (gender and parental style). Finding relationship between parental perfectionism and self-esteem and knowing Mediating role of the ego strength between them. The researcher used descriptive-relational method and community-based research is Raperin University Student’s for the academic year (2024-2025) which numbers (4693) students and the sample size consists (560) students. To achieve the goal of the study the researcher used ego strength scale, Frank Baron, 1953 multidimensional perfectionism scale, Stober, 1998 and the Researcher prepared criterion the scale (self-esteem) based on the theory of self-esteem (Morris Rosenberg). The Researcher used (SPSS) analyze the research data such (One Sample T-test, Independent sample T-test, One way-ANOVA, Pearson Correlation, Spearman Correlation, Regression, SOBEL Test). The results showed: 1- Ego Strength high level and there is statistically significance differences in the level of ego strength according to gender and males have higher ego strength than females. 2- Parental perfectionism high among the Student’s and There are no statistically significance differences according to gender. 3- Self-esteem low among the Student’s, there are statistically significance differences according to gender and Females have higher self-esteem than males. 4- There is an inverse negative statistical relationship between parental perfectionism and self-esteem. 5- Ego strength has a highly positive statistically significance mediating role in the relationship between parental perfectionism and self-esteem.

    10.26750/76qhrn33 3 views Read article
34. 34
    Social Science Original Research pp. 753-774

    The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Language Services

    Sakar Kamal Wahid, Talar Sabah Omer

    Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that, since its inception, has converged with various disciplines and fields. As a modern and integrative approach to knowledge, it offers extensive services to language processing, continuously expanding its capabilities. This growth enhances communication efficiency and accelerates access to information, helping to bridge linguistic gaps globally—particularly for the Kurdish language. This study, titled "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Language Services: The Kurdish Language as a Case Study," underscores AI’s pivotal role in developing and preserving Kurdish through natural language processing (NLP) applications. These advancements have also exposed persistent linguistic challenges in Kurdish. Our research aims to: Explore the scope of human intelligence across its manifestations and levels, Highlight AI’s contributions to the Kurdish language, Evaluate how effectively Kurdish has leveraged these tools for its advancement and preservation, and Assess the current standing of Kurdish within AI-driven language technologies. While AI enables Kurdish to remain vibrant and competitive among the world’s living languages, its AI-supported resources remain limited compared to other languages. This disparity stems from the predominance of individual efforts rather than coordinated initiatives among.

    10.26750/y1bnrv14 2 views Read article
35. 35
    Social Science Original Research pp. 775-787

    The transformations of form in the sculptures of Saleh Al-Qarghouli

    Azad Karim Mouhamed, Kamaran Mahmod Ahmed, Karwan Rashed Hassan

    This research focuses on the subject of form transformations in the works of the sculptor Saleh Al-Qaraghouli. It aims to identify these transformations through a selection of the artist's works. The research, titled The Transformations of Form in the Sculptures of Saleh Al-Qaraghouli, is divided into four chapters: Chapter One introduces the research problem, its significance, findings, limitations, and definitions of key terms.Chapter Two presents the theoretical framework, which is divided into two sections: Section One: The concept of form and its role in the visual artistic value. Section Two: Transformations of form in contemporary art. Chapter Three provides a practical application of the research, analyzing a number of selected works by Saleh Al-Qaraghouli to address the research's objectives. Chapter Four concludes with the research findings, based on an analysis of selected works by the sculptor, which are summarized as follows: The sculptor achieves transformation in his work through simplification and detaching forms from their original reality, as seen in the analyzed pieces. Saleh Al-Qaraghouli reinterprets the Sufi concept by translating it into abstract forms, particularly evident in most of his works, especially those analyzed. The sculptor achieves transformations in form by reducing and dispersing sections of the body and abstracting other parts to enhance the subject matter and expression, as demonstrated in the third model

    10.26750/gfxkcq04 2 views Read article
36. 36
    Social Science Original Research pp. 788-808

    Magical Realism as a Narrative Style under the Impact of Globalization

    Drakhshan Ali Baker, Ameen Abdulqader Omar

    Globalization is a phenomenon that eliminates national and cultural boundaries, and strengthens both economic and cultural relations across nations. It has blended time and place, mixed nations and cultures to form a new world. The novel embraces these changes with its unique voice and tells the stories of its characters in a modern, globalized world. Magic realism has become an important style in responding to the changes that have occurred under globalization. As globalization removes borders, magical realism serves as a tool to preserve cultures influenced by modernization. It highlights how people maintain their national identity in the era of globalization. This study examines the reflection of magical realism in Tahsin Navishki's novel Gorlis (2022) as an example of Kurdish literature. Following a quantitative research methodology, the paper seeks to find an answer to this hypotheses question: To what extent did the writing style of magical realism influence the way of writing the novel Gorlis? Findings indicate that the author successfully employs magical realism to convey his critical message.

    10.26750/aatzwh23 3 views Read article
37. 37
    Social Science Original Research pp. 809-839

    Impact of Climate Change On the Direction of Temperature in Dukan District

    Hemn Hussein Ismael, Muhammed Qadr Rasul, Yadgar Mustafa Ibarhim, Pishtiwan Shafiq Ahmad

    Climate change has recently shown signs of global warming due to increased human activities and burning of fossil fuels, which has led to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Climate change has negative effects on the global climate generally and the Middle East and Iraq especially. Climate change also impacts on research areas by increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation. This paper analyses time and direct temperature with the distribution of the yearly and seasons in Dukan district during research studies between (2003-2022). This research study attempts to answer these questions: is it a change in temperature in the study area? Is the change of temperature direction by increase or decrease? What are the factors for changes in temperature and distribution yearly and seasons in the region? The methodology of the research is using inductive and analysis with collecting data from the weather stations of the Dukan area using (SPSS, ArcGIS, and Excel) to find the relationship between temperature and other elements of climate. The research got some results: changes in climate were increased during the study area in the maximum and minimum temperature and average temperature in the seasons and average years.

    10.26750/z619kb19 2 views Read article
38. 38
    Social Science Original Research pp. 842-864

    Optimization of Support Vector Regression for Improved Prediction Accuracy in Cross-Sectional Data Using Genetic Algorithms

    Hindreen Abdullah Taher, Aras Jalal Mhamad, Ahsan Abdalkhaliq Taha

    Support Vector Regression (SVR) is a machine learning technique designed to predict continuous values by extending the principles of Support Vector Machines (SVM) into regression tasks. The performance of SVR models can be constrained by the selection of hyperparameters, which significantly affect the model’s predictive accuracy. To overcome this challenge, Genetic Algorithms (GA) can be utilized to optimize the hyperparameters of the SVR model. The GA demonstrated a steady improvement in fitness over 100 iterations. In this study, researchers focus on optimizing SVR for improved predictive accuracy in analysing cross-sectional data related to COVID-19 pandemic in Sulaymaniyah governorate. By leveraging GA for hyperparameter tuning, our research aims to evaluate the performance of a SVR with GA combined for optimizing complex, non-linear relationships in cross-sectional data, and improve the accuracy of the SVR model through GA. While previous research has explored optimizing similar models, to the best of the researchers' knowledge, this is the first study to apply such an optimized model to this specific dataset in Iraq and for medical field. The integration of SVR with Genetic Algorithms represents a novel approach in predictive modeling for COVID-19 pandemic related complications. Initially, the GA achieved a low mean fitness value of 0.0451, which steadily increased, reaching a peak of 0.0792. The results underscore the efficacy of this hybrid approach in finding optimal solutions, with predictions showing good alignment with actual data values. Overall, the integration of GA and SVR provided a robust method for solving complex optimization problems.

    10.26750/87w4cn57 2 views Read article
39. 39
    Social Science Original Research pp. 865-885

    The Judicial Review of the Income Tax in Iraq, the United Kingdom and the United States

    Rezhen Ismael Omar

    The scope of this research is to identify and consider the methods by which courts in Iraq, the United Kingdom and the United States scrutinize income tax laws and their application. In order to compare the mechanisms of judicial review in these three countries, a comparative legal approach is used. This research analyzes constitutional and procedural landscape of judicial challenge of tax legislation by way of case law analysis, procedural rules, and case precedents. It also constitutes a study of the relationship between the judiciary as a detector and the legislative power as the maker of laws regarding taxation. The novelties in the tax laws and the numerous consequences of taxing and exemption procedures make significant concerns about the judicial exercise of interpretation and review of tax policies. Allegedly, this research aims to examine how efficiently judicial review works in relation to taxation laws across various legal frameworks and the problems when it comes to equal and proper implementation of taxation principles. Iraq, the UK, and the US have different constitutional and legal systems which determine their ways of dealing with Judicial Review. This paper examines the challenges a comparatively young legal system in Iraq experiences in exercising judicial review concerning tax issues. English law enables far reaching judicial review and the US has a robust system of review through the constitutionally provided checks and balances system. Both systems’ consideration of how tax laws were to be reviewed has therefore been colored by history, politics and societies in the two countries. The research finds that judicial review serves an important preventive function that helps maintain the legal and reasonable taxation regimes, at least as long as their highest courts continue to act as they have in the past; however, the intensity and aggressiveness of review have been decreasing gradually in the three countries. As with any major system of public regulation, judicial oversight and supervision remain crucial for global confidence in taxation systems while the presumption of the extend and scope of judicial intrusion remains very much open to debate in every system.

    10.26750/jsbnd356 2 views Read article
40. 40
    Social Science Original Research pp. 886-910

    War-Induced Trade Shocks

    Hewa Othman Ismael

    This research aims to investigate the impact of the Russia-Ukrainian war on Iraq’s import-export dynamics with Ukraine. The study employs statistical tools such as the Wilcoxon rank test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Shapiro-Wilk test to analyze variations in trade quantities, providing robust insights into trade shocks caused by the conflict. Using data from both pre- and post-conflict periods, the study captures the fluctuating trade patterns between the two nations and examines the extent to which geopolitical instability can influence economic interactions. The analysis highlights a peak in Iraqi imports from Ukraine in mid-2021, followed by a sharp decline at the onset of the war in early 2022, with intermittent spikes in trade observed during the post-conflict phases. This demonstrates the war’s significant disruption to trade while emphasizing Iraq's economic resilience in navigating such challenges. The research contributes to a broader understanding of the implications of geopolitical conflicts on international trade, highlighting their destabilizing effects on supply chains and trade flows. Key recommendations for policymakers include the development of contingency strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of geopolitical instability on trade, the diversification of Iraq’s trading partners to reduce overdependence on specific regions, and the enhancement of internal economic resilience through targeted investment in non-oil sectors, particularly those that foster economic diversification and sustainable growth.

    10.26750/5fndcx72 2 views Read article
41. 41
    Social Science Original Research pp. 911-937

    An Evaluation of the EFL Curriculum in Vocational Schools to Address the Gaps and Job Market Mismatches in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

    Payam Azeez Nawe, Jamal Ali Omar

    This study evaluates the current English language curriculum taught in public vocational schools across the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The research identifies deficiencies and gaps in the English curriculum and examines how well it meets students’ needs and modern labor market demands. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through three tools: a questionnaire for students and stakeholders (400 participants), a questionnaire for vocational English teachers (43 participants from 43 public vocational schools), and semi-structured interviews with seven English supervisors and policymakers from the Ministry of Education. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS, whereas qualitative data were analyzed with thematic analysis to elucidate the perceptions of key stakeholders. The findings indicate several weaknesses in the curriculum’s content, structure, and practical application. Teachers, students, and policymakers all indicated that the current curriculum lacks sufficient alignment with students’ professional needs (particularly regarding speaking, listening, and writing skills, as well as the incorporation of technology) and job market demands. The study advocates for the urgent revision of the curriculum through a needs-based, negotiated syllabus that focuses on job-orientated language skills and practical communication. The findings support educational reform efforts and help vocational education in the KRI respond more effectively to evolving Kurdish market needs.

    10.26750/ew4sg904 2 views Read article
42. 42
    Social Science Original Research pp. 938-957

    The Impact of Wage Disparities on Employment Sustainability and the Rise of Women in Professional Management in Rania City

    Hunar mohammed amin Ibrahim, Hawar Hassan Sofi, Luqman Sleman Omer, Burhanadin Hamad Nabi

    The main research objective is the impact of wage disparities on the employment sustainability and the role of women in vocational management in Rania city. This research depends on the quantitative and descriptive analysis method. For this aim, the researchers created a questionnaire, consisting of 30 questions, and a convenient sample of 220 questionnaires was distributed to employees in supermarkets and vocational shops where female employees work. Many supermarkets in Rania city were chosen for the data collection. The response rate was only (197) from which only (186) questionnaires were selected as suitable for analysis. After returning and analyzing them through the statistical analysis program (SPSS v27), the results show that the salary difference has a significant impact on workplace satisfaction, and there is a strong positive correlation between them. This shows that the employees who feel that their salaries are fair are more satisfied in their workplace. On the contrary, when there is unfair salary dissatisfaction increases and this leads to low performance and efficiency in jobs. On the other side, the research suggested that the supermarkets and vocational shop managers should treat the salary differences by implementing transparency in the salary and constant scrutiny of it to reassure them of a fair salary and non-differences between males and females.

    10.26750/xtevcz82 3 views Read article
43. 43
    Social Science Original Research pp. 958-983

    Artificial Intelligence Techniques Between the Difficulties of Using and Improving the Quality of Auditing

    Paiman Rafiq Mohammad

    This study aims to shed light on the extent to which the use of artificial intelligence techniques contributes to improving the quality of auditing and to highlight the difficulties and obstacles artificial intelligence faces. To achieve the aims of the research, the descriptive analytical approach was used, and a questionnaire was designed and distributed to a random sample consisting of (external auditors, and academic individuals specialized in the field of accounting and auditing) in the Kurdistan Region – Iraq and are (57) in total, and this is to determine the extent to which the chosen sample is aware of the importance of using artificial intelligence in improving the auditing process. The study has reached a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: the use of artificial intelligence by external auditors helps in improving the auditing process by reducing time and the cost of the audit process and accuracy in extracting data and classifying them which in turn helps in enhancing the audit process. The study had several recommendations, the most important of which were: the need to deal with the difficulties and obstacles in the way of the auditing process in light of the use of artificial intelligence techniques in a rational manner, with the aim of keeping pace with modern developments in general and at a professional level in particular, and the need to enhance the awareness of auditors of the importance of using artificial intelligence techniques in the audit process with the aim of publishing knowledge related to these techniques and using them in an effective and an efficient manner to enhance the performance and quality of audit process.

    10.26750/cp0dhv29 3 views Read article
44. 44
    Social Science Original Research pp. 984-1016

    The Role of Strategic Ambidexterity in Achieving Organizational Sustainability

    Sarhang Ibrahim Othman, Daroon Fereydoun Abdullah, Muhammad Abdul Hussein Al-Taie

    This research aims to analyze the relationship and impact between strategic ambidexterity in its dimensions (exploratory strategy, exploitative strategy, and structural flexibility) and organizational sustainability, represented by (economic sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability, and ethical sustainability) in private universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. After reviewing a group of studies and literature, theoretical concepts were written and a model and hypotheses were built based on the dimensions of strategic ambidexterity and organizational sustainability, and based on the nature of the research and the goals it seeks to achieve, reliance was placed on the descriptive and analytical approach. In order to collect data, a questionnaire form was relied upon, and (289) questionnaires were distributed directly to all members of population, represented by deans, their assistants, and heads of departments and units in private universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (289) individuals. (256) questionnaires were retrieved, and after sorting and checking the received questionnaires, the number of questionnaires suitable for analysis reached (242). Several statistical methods were used, including arbitrators and Cronbach's alpha to ensure validity and reliability, factor analysis, numerator correlation, and structural equation modeling using (SPSS-26) and (AMOS-26) programs. The results showed that there is a positive correlation and impact between the research variables and its dimensions. Based on the results of the research, a number of recommendations were presented related to the need for administrations, leaders, and private universities to focus on adopting strategic ambidexterity in order to achieve organizational sustainability for the researched universities.

    10.26750/412j5q45 2 views Read article
45. 45
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1017-1035

    Learning Styles and its Relationship to Administrative Curiosity and Academic Achievement among of Management Students Department

    Kurdistan Hamid Mohammad

    The purpose of the study was to investigate the learning styles of management students Department and their relationship with academic achievement and administrative curiosity. To achieve this goal, the researcher designed two questionnaires. The first questionnaire focused on learning styles, based on Richard Felder and Barbara Solomon's framework, comprising (44) items. The second questionnaire measured administrative curiosity using a (35)-item scale similar to Campbell’s (1971) scale. They were applied after verifying its validity and reliability on a sample of (72) first-level students in the Administration Department at Kalar Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU), during the academic year (2021-2022). The study revealed a higher preference for the practical-reflective learning style among the sampled students compared to the verbal-visual style. Both the holistic-sequential and sensory-intuitive styles ranked lower. Regarding gender differences, the practical-reflection style ranked first for male students, while sensory-intuitive style for male students and holistic-sequential style for female students ranked last. No significant gender-based differences were found in students' scores on the administrative curiosity scale. Furthermore, the results indicated a direct but non-significant relationship between students' scores on the learning styles scale and academic achievement, as well as a reciprocal non-significant relationship with administrative curiosity. Finally, the study found a direct, non-statistically significant relationship between students' scores on the administrative curiosity scale and academic achievement. The study concluded a list of recommendations.

    10.26750/nmk9hr56 2 views Read article
46. 46
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1036-1063

    The Impact of the Quality Financial Reporting On Firm Value

    Younus Abdulkareem Ahmed, Vian Sulaiman Hama Saeed

    This study aims to measure and evaluate the level of quality of financial reporting in the Iraq Stock Exchange, as well as evaluate and analyze the value of the establishment of companies listed in the market and test the relationship and impact of the quality of financial reporting on the value of the enterprise. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a main hypothesis was adopted directed to test the relationship between the two variables of the study within the framework of the practical side of the study, as the applied approach based on evaluation and quantitative mathematical analysis was adopted, as the annual financial statements of the companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange and the official bulletins of the market were adopted as data sources for the period (2017-2021). The sample of the study was mainly a sample of companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, which amounted to (30) companies, and was selected in light of the sample of companies that do not apply the standards of (IFRS) and the sample of banks applying the standards of (IFRS) and the number (11) banks. The study reached a set of results, the most prominent of which is that there is no correlation and significant impact between the quality of financial reporting and the market value of enterprises applying and not applying IFRS standards Therefore, the study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was the need for the management of establishments to seek to identify other means that are positive indicators for investors and a source of their expectations when making their decisions related to the sale and purchase of shares, which is one of the means to raise the value of the facility.

    10.26750/dj4j6e26 2 views Read article
47. 47
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1064-1076

    The Themes Of Alienation And Estrangement In Ali Badr's Novels (Cloud Player) And (The Infidel Woman).

    Tazra Nooraldin Najmaldin, Latif Mohammed Hassan

    This study focuses on The themes of alienation and estrangement in Ali Badr's novels (Cloud Player) and (The Infidel Woman). The study highlights two characters who left their homeland، Iraq، in search of a better life. In "Aazif al-Ghaym،" the study points to the character Nabeel، who left his country for Brussels، and in "Al-Kafira،" it focuses on the character Fatima، who left Iraq for Belgium. The study examines the reasons that led to the decision to leave the country، whether they were religious، political، or social. The novels depict the painful scenes of their journey from Iraq to exile، as well as the suffering and challenges they faced on the path to reaching a new land. The political، economic، and social environment of Iraq compelled people to emigrate، as illustrated in "Al-Kafira،" where the novelist portrays the character Fatima forced to leave her country by extremist armed forces. Similarly، Nabeel in "Aazif al-Ghaym" undergoes challenges in his homeland before colliding with what awaits him in Belgium. In "Aazif al-Ghaym،" the novel presents the strong character of Nabeel through the suffering he encounters on the journey to Europe. Despite fear and anxiety، his determination to continue the journey surpasses the hardships faced by thousands of his compatriots seeking a safe haven. Likewise، in "Al-Kafira،" Fatima's ordeal on the road extends beyond fear and anxiety to the issue of assault on her way to Brussels.

    10.26750/xfzz2x61 2 views Read article
48. 48
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1077-1092

    Killing of the Women for Honor Reason in Kurdish Society

    Sarwan Taher Othman

    The killing of women in Kurdish society because of the issue of honor is a complex social phenomenon that depends on historical social traditions and values. The concept of honor is defined, in this context, as being linked to women’s behavior and sexual behavior, and it requires women to adhere to strict social laws related to chastity and traditions. Killing women because of honor is considered an embodiment of domestic violence and discrimination against women in Kurdish societies and other regions, and this phenomenon is not limited only to Kurdish society, but is also spreading in other regions around the world in different forms. This phenomenon has been linked to the content of culture and tradition, and honor is considered sacred and must be preserved at all costs. Therefore, if a woman’s behavior is considered to violate this honor, it can have serious consequences, including murder and sexual discrimination, and women are treated with discrimination, as They are prevented from obtaining education and working outside the home, making them more vulnerable to abuse and control, as well as honesty and transparency. In some cases, men are required to maintain the “family trust,” making them responsible for the behavior of their family members, and this can include monitoring and restricting women’s freedom. . The researcher concluded that this phenomenon may be due to the presence of weak laws in some places. The penalties for honor killings of women are minimal or ineffective, which enhances the continuation of this type of violence. The researcher recommended that, in order to combat this phenomenon, ideas and values must be changed. Social practices, promoting women’s rights, education and awareness of their rights, and calling for tougher penalties for crimes of violence against women in domestic and international laws.

    10.26750/dwwmw009 1 views Read article
49. 49
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1093-1110

    Inclusion of Spousal Alimony On Medical Costs

    AbuBakr Ibrahim Aziz

    This research aims at presenting the opinions of the four ancient schools of thought، the contemporary scholars، and the Iraqi law about the inclusion of medical expenses in the spousal alimony. It also analyzes the arguments and proofs each group presents in regard to this subject in accordance with the status quo. Research methods This research uses both descriptive and analytical methods by explaining the points of views of the scholars and then analyzing them through the lenses of the books and scholarly opinions. Research conclusions The scholars of all four schools of thought have concluded that medical expenses are not considered a part of spousal alimony. They have based their judgment on (customs). In the ancient times، medical expenses were not among the basic needs of humans، because most of the medicines were home and locally made، and therefore were not of considerable cost. Also، there were no specialized medical institutions. Nowadays، however، things have changed. Therefore، modern scholars and the Iraqi law have ruled to include such expenses in the spousal alimony. Ideas and judgments change based on different circumstances، times and even persons، as such، this is the prevailing opinion of this era. Authenticity of search This research addresses a current and a real issue in the subject of spousal alimony and whether it covers medical expenses. It presents the case depending on the theories and ideas of various old and modern scholars and the Iraqi law.

    10.26750/znm3yf97 2 views Read article
50. 50
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1111-1141

    The Role of the Producer in the Production of Morning Programs in Kurdish Satellite Channels

    Karwan Mohammed Hassan, Yohan Othman Hama, Barham Khalid Ahmed

    The objective of this research paper is to identify the role of producer in the morning television shows in Kurdish satellite channels. This study classified as descriptive research using a survey method to collect data with a specific sample of 84 journalits and individuals working in production of the morning TV shows in Kurdish satellite channels in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Several key findings emerged from the study, as follows: A majority of the participants perceive the role of a program producer in morning shows as a very challenging and complictaed task. The research conclusion has also demonstrated that the preparation of moring programs requires more effort than is typically anticipated, and it the producer is very significant elemnt for the morning programs. According to the findings the producer’s experiences are plays crucial role to enhance the qualities of TV programs, as they have a substantial impact on the program's acceptance by the audiences. The study results have indicated that the producers should consider the moring shows’ guests by inviting a diverse group of experts who are well-suited to the chosen topics. Finally, the vast majority of the participants affirmed that the program presenters also should ideally be responsible for program preparation as well, as they possess a deep understanding of the program's objectives and the preferences of the viewers.

    10.26750/4zxhzz60 3 views Read article
51. 51
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1142-1162

    Lexical and Morphological Analyses of Zuhair ibn Abi Sulma's Wisdom Poem in The Curriculum of the Twelfth High School Grade in The Kurdistan Region of Iraq, With A Methodological Perspective.

    Omar Hassan Hamad, Amir Rafiq Awlla

    This research is a linguistic analysis of a poem called " Al- Hikmiyya" by a poet named (Zuhair Ibn Abi Salma),which is included in the high school curriculum for the 12th grade in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. It provides a systematic technique through an analysis of the poem, with the aim to display how such linguistic forms affect the meanings that the poem conveys, and how these forms assist in donating to convey ethical and social meanings with these encompassing teachings on human behavior. The school textbook has such impressively crucial and central role in raising and educationally shaping generations. Therefore, its composition and its production in form and content based on educational, psychological, customary, artistic, technical and informational bases. The research also touched on how to magnify linguistic appreciation and its impact on guiding learners towards the learning of human values through literature. It supplies a systematic framework to the prescribed course to identify its strengths and weaknesses with the aim of enhancing its strengths, correcting its weaknesses, and consists of an introduction to the poet, the poem, and the vision of the methodology and is divided into two parts: the first part addresses the lexical level, and the second part addresses the morphological level. The study is expressive and analytical in nature to identify the internal cohesion of the text, deduce its meanings, and direct its implications to noble moral values.

    10.26750/d586bp73 2 views Read article
52. 52
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1163-1187

    The Effect of Attribution on Altering the Semantics of the Verbal Sentence

    Zainab Abdalrahman Aziz, Azza Adnan Ahmed Ezzat

    Sematic studies are various and diverse, given the different perspectives on the lexical material under investigation, ranging from phonetics to morphology to syntax. Certainly, meaning changes with variations in grammatical attributions. In this study, we have examined the changes that occur in sentence meaning. There were 25 roots that began with the letter alif. We analyzed changes in meaning depending on whether the predicate or the subject was rational or irrational, male or female, child, or adult, singular or plural. This was done by examining the derivatives of these roots and their occurrences in sentences, which were over two hundred examples in total. It was confirmed that a complete separation between linguistic levels is nearly impossible. Since information should not be redundantly repeated in different forms, these levels must be intertwined, with some falling under others. The findings show that the most significant factor influencing meaning change is a shift in the subject, followed by a change in the object. Changes in the subject had effect on meaning depending on whether it was rational or irrational, masculine or feminine, an animal, plant, place, or other entity. Equally, changes in the object, upon which the verb is applied, followed the same patterns as those seen in the subject. Taking into consideration the complexity and variety of Arabic sentence structures, in the third part we compiled examples where meaning changed, sometimes because of the subject and due to the object in other occasions.

    10.26750/ahnbsp36 2 views Read article
53. 53
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1188-1207

    Al-Balisani's Methology to Dealing with Incorect Hadiths Through His Interpretation - Hossn Al-Bayan

    Umed Muhammad Abdulghany, Sulaiman Salim Ibrahim

    This research entitled (The approach of Sheikh Muhammad Al-Balisani in dealing with incorrect hadiths through his interpretation (Hossn Al-Bayan) - a descriptive study) is taken from his doctoral thesis as part of its requiremens. This research deals with Al-Balisani’s approach to dealing with weak hadiths and the most important conditions and controls that Sheikh Al-Balisani must deal with weak hadiths.It is an important topic in the science of hadith. Muhammad Al-Balisani cited in his interpretation a group of weak hadiths.The research relates to how to deal with hadiths that do not It reaches the level of authenticity due to the weakness of its transmission chain or text. We divided the research into three sections and a conclusion. In the first section، we talked about the life، In the second section، we began by defining the weak hadith، which is the hadith in which the conditions for the authentic hadith were not met، and defining the authentic hadith and the conditions for the authentic hadith. In the third section، we talked about the position of Al-Balisani on the hadith. Weak، and we mentioned some examples of this. Most of the time Al-Balisani comes up with weak hadiths and does not talk about them or refer to them. In conclusion، we mentioned the main findings we obtained after writing the paper.

    10.26750/329c7p18 3 views Read article
54. 54
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1208-1227

    Geographical Analysis of Dams and Lakes and Their Role in Developing Water Tourism in The Kurdistan Region of Iraq

    Bahri Salim Fattah Alsaffar

    The Kurdistan Region of Iraq is rich in numerous dams and lakes that can be invested in to develop water tourism, i.e., to utilize this potential to develop the tourism sector and compete with other economic sectors in the region, by activating them and enhancing their role within local tourism and encouraging tourists to practice its activities, especially water sports, such as swimming, rowing, and diving. The importance of the study lies in its efforts to encourage the Kurdistan Regional Government and relevant authorities to develop water tourism in the Dukan Dam and Lake, which will lead to the revitalization of tourism both domestically and internationally. This study also aims to identify the most important obstacles and problems facing the process of developing water tourism in the “Dokkan Dam and Lake”, and then to develop proposals that contribute to making it a distinguished site that attracts tourists and visitors to practice water tourism activities in particular. Since the development of water tourism leads to the activation and revitalization of water sports, therefore, in order to achieve the objectives of this hypothesis, the historical, descriptive and analytical approach was used alike, with division into four axes as follows: The first axis defined the study area and its location, while the second axis addressed the geographical distribution of dams and lakes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The third axis was devoted to studying the importance of dams and lakes in water tourism development. The fourth axis addressed the obstacles to water tourism development and development methods in the dam and Lake Dukan. In conclusion, the study reached several conclusions, most notably that all lakes in the Kurdistan Region are considered artificial lakes. The most important recommendation was to conduct regular and continuous monitoring of Lake Dukan to ensure its cleanliness and lack of pollution.

    10.26750/axbqmf68 3 views Read article
55. 55
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1228-1253

    Manifestations of Conflict in the Novel " Jano, You Are my Story " by Maysalon Hadi

    Hamza Rasul Ibrahim, Sabah Kareem Mawlood

    This research aims to examine the Conflicts in the novel “Jano You Are My Story” by Maysaloun Hadi who is regarded as one of the most significant writers in the Arabic era. The novel focuses on three key types of conflicts within the work, which are; political, social, and religious concepts. At first, I elaborate on the concept of conflict throughout the work in terms of what meaning it conveys and its importance. Later, explaining how these conflicts can have impacts on humans and drive them to achieve their goals or defend against their interests. However, the novel begins with a broad overview of conflicts and its functions in literature. Overall, it depicts how the contemporary Arabic literature’s portrayal of issues such as conflict and loss demonstrate that art and reflection of reality and aesthetics. They influence on how more parties attempt to accomplish a goal which is common among humans to feel their integrity. In fiction, these political, social, and religious conflicts can result in an impactful tension that affects both individuals and society. According to Maysaloun Hadi, and among other aspects of the story, conflict is a crucial component that shapes events and the characters' difficulties. To mention, place is more than just a location in her novels; it generally has a big influence on the protagonists' outcomes.

    10.26750/gacs4w24 2 views Read article
56. 56
    Social Science Original Research pp. 1254-1274

    The Phenomenon of Fatwa in Kurdistan Under the Effect of Diversity of Sources and Mufti’s Personal Mood

    Ahmed Mahmoud Ahmed, Ibrahim Abdulrahman Mohammed

    This research studies the phenomenon of fatwa in the Kurdistan Region, and specifically goes deeply on focusing on the diversity of its sources and the influence of the person’s mood who issues the fatwa, in order to analyze the deviation caused by incompliance with Shari'ah procedures. A fatwa is defined as a Shari'ah opinion issued by an expert in Sharia in response to a religious question matter, even though making researches and exploring shows that some of these Muftis follow their own desire, political and cultural affiliation rather than Shari'ah evidences, they lay under the influence of material interests or social customs. The study also shows that the weakness of the doctrinal preparation and the interest of the path leads to issuing of inaccurate fatwas that lead to religious misguidance, distort the image of Islam and terminates social stability. Through the descriptive analytical method, the study criticizes the rush of issuing contemporary fatwas, compared to the serenity of the ancients, in addition of claiming that the mufti must be well-informed in Shari'ah sciences, fair, and able to consider time and place, also the study shows that issuing Fatwa is a great responsibility and needs equitability to guarantee trust and confidence, it also advocates compliance with Shari'ah procedures in order to achieve the public interest and prevent affliction and division of the society. The nature of the research requires to be divided into an entry, two sections and a conclusion, the entry is dedicated to define essential keywords that have been used throughout the study, in addition of adherence to be rhetoric and avoidance of unnecessary extended contexts. The first part discusses the procedures and criteria necessary for issuing fatwas with considering time and place. The second part is devoted to explaining the cases and events that have occurred in the Kurdistan Region without taking the principles and points mentioned in the first part into that consideration. Finally, the study has reached several conclusions and recommendations in order to improve the process of issuing fatwa in the region.

    10.26750/a1qxn585 2 views Read article