Volume 12
Issue 3
- Published
- 29 June 2025
- Articles
- 43 articles
- Access
- Open Access
Table of Contents
-
01
Social Science Original Research pp. 1-26
Media Elite Perspectives on the Role of Television in Monitoring Government Affairs
Hazhan Khalid Ahmed, Salam Nesradin Mohammed
In this study, the researchers focused on investigating the role of Kurdish news channels' television programs in montoring government affairs from the perspective of Kurdish media elites. It is obvious, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has experienced numerous crises that have had a significant impact on citizens' lives. The main objective of this study is to determine the extent to which television programs play a role in monitoring government affairs, as perceived by the media elite. The researchers aimed to identify the factors that affect the application of the watchdog function in television programs. The study utilized a descriptive research method, and data were collected through a survey form. The results of the study revealed that a majority of the respondents sometimes watched television programs about government affairs, and their motivation was to gain information about government decisions. It was also found that, according to the majority of the media elite, television programs played a moderate role in monitoring government. Additionally, the study identified barreiers of this normative role such as, political obstacles, restrictions on freedom of expression, and lack of access to information as the main factors that hindered the effectiveness of monitoring role in television programs in KRI.
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02
Social Science Original Research pp. 27-40
The Reflection of Alan Showalter's feminist components in the works of Belqis Soleimani
Edris Hamamrad Majid Sharif, Hardi Mohammed Tawfiq Hamwandi
The research on women and female style in contemporary Persian writing has been one of the important issues and the attention of critics in the last two centuries. Feminist criticism first started in Europe and after the constitutional revolution in Iran and the connection of Iranians with the Western world and the translation of their literary works, it gradually entered Iranian literature. The meaning of feminist criticism is to depict the hopes and dreams and the sleeping pains of women who see their rights violated in the patriarchal society. In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical research method, two novels by the author of the eighties of Iran - Mrs. Balqis Soleimani - named "Khalebazi" and "Bazi Akharebanoo" based on Alan Showalter's feminist approaches (biological, psychoanalytical, cultural and linguistic approaches) The review has been placed. The findings of the research indicate that these two novels are completely in line with Shawalter's four-point theory and all kinds of biological characteristics that are more related to the biological and biological condition of women's bodies and the linguistic and expressive characteristics specific to women along with desires, anxieties, and humiliation. which is examined in the field of psychology and the cultural characteristics of patriarchal societies that violate women's rights under false pretenses are seen. These two novels depict the difficult life of two women in the same society, each of whom is in some way trapped by the sufferings that the patriarchal society has created for her only because of her gender.
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03
Social Science Original Research pp. 41-61
Types and Characteristics of Video Products in The Media Tools
Hawnyaz Sami Saber, Ebtisam Ismaeil Qadir
In general, all video products are almost similar in terms of their production steps and styles, though in terms of types and contents, they can be categorized in to several types. Video products are also different in terms of duration, techniques of production and contents. As such, this current study explores and determines various forms and types of video products and their characteristics, in addition to introducing and classifying them based on their length and duration. Relying on many reliable sources, this study focuses on achieving several aims, in particular classifying the main types of video products based on their duration, and providing a deep understanding about various video products from the shortest one which is Spot to longest one which is Documentary Videos. This study found that video products can be classified and distinguished based on their duration, and their value does not affected if they were short. Another result of this study is that video producers should take in to their consideration for which type of media tools they produce their videos, as for social media platforms as an example, short videos are more popular and acceptable.
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04
Social Science Original Research pp. 62-77
The Education System of the Kurdistan Region and Social Justice
Hiba Sabri Hasan, Eyyub Kerimi
The citizens' perception of social justice directly affects the consent and survival of a sociopolitical system. This article focuses on the education system in the Kurdistan Region and its relationship with social justice. Education systems in underdeveloped countries have played varying roles in the process of modernization. Some have successfully reduced social inequality, particularly in terms of class and gender, while others have reproduced it. This research aims to determine whether the education system in the Kurdistan Region has reduced or reproduced social inequality. We gathered the perspectives of Kurdistan universities graduates on social justice and the impact of the academic system on inequality. Overall, the findings suggest that, according to the interviewees, the education system in the Kurdistan Region, specifically the academic system, has not effectively reduced economic inequality. However, it has positively influenced graduates in terms of social and cultural capital. The reasons behind this perspective on social inequality include the income disparity between the public and private sectors, the reproduction of discrimination within the education system based on social backgrounds, and the perception of social justice as social equality influenced by Kurdistan's egalitarian and political culture.
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05
Social Science Original Research pp. 78-95
Social Satire in the Southern Kurdistan Journalism 1920-1950
Karwan Saleem Qaitaran, Muhammad Dler Amin Muhammad
Satire as an important aspect of literature is about mocking and criticizing the follies of the society and people through a literary genre. Social satire, as the subject of this research, is a witty criticism based on the flaws of the society; its goal is to drive social change. Social satire was an essential part of the southern Kurdistan journalism during the (1920-1950). Poets, writers at the period used it to criticize the vices of the Kurdish society for changing and developing their society. The present research is entitled (Social Satire in the Southern Kurdistan Journalism 1920-1950). It is composed of two chapters. The first chapter, in two sections, discusses the concept of satire, its definition, and the history of Kurdish journalism. The second chapter is divided into two sections as well. The first section discusses satire and its types in terms of content. The second section is devoted to the social satire in the southern Kurdistan journalism 1920-1950. The research ends with the results and the list of the references consulted for the study.
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06
Social Science Original Research pp. 96-117
Adorno's Aesthetic Theory as the Critique of Art in Society
Twana Abdulrahman Abdullah, Azad Hama Abdulla
Although Adorno's philosophy represents more critical theory, but "Aesthetic theory” includes a broad view of criticism in many different fields, especially criticism of art, education and sociology. Adorno's critical view of art makes many contributions to contemporary argument, specifically his critique of art in modern and capitalism society. This investigation attempts to interpret art as critique of modern and contemporary capitalism society from Adorno's perspective, which is a focus on art criticism of society and then autonomous art as a strong alternative for alteration, with the rejection of traditional art and nonautonomous art. The study seeks to answer the following questions; what are aesthetics and autonomous art? Then, art as critique of modern and capitalism society with an interpretation of the culture industry and how to look at art, which is explained throughout the study in light of Adorno's philosophy.
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07
Social Science Original Research pp. 118-131
The Method of Induction and Logical Criticism
Darstan Abdulrahman Hussein
Currently, a method has become the fundamental for all researches. Whether they are practical or theoretical. It relies on a method or another. The induction method as an experimental method is collecting some quotative facts and then extracting a general result from them. The induction method which begins with several steps that observation, experimentation, hypothesis, and experiment to the theory. Some philosophers criticized this method, including David Hume. Karl popper. Hume’s criticism for the induction method was that if a part of the decision was correct it does not mean that all the decisions are correct. For instance, no one can deny that fire is burning, and this has been proven in the past and present experiments. But there is no evidence to prove that fire can burn in the future. According to Hume Humans learn from experience when they pay attention to the frequent events in an infinite way. As we expect that is to come will be like what we have seen in the past and now. The cause for creating this is that we are used to do this. It is not related to any rules and logical scientific principle. As long as the rule of nature is an ongoing process. So we can’t get the aim by the induction method so we can’t predict the future through it. Although Popper claims that the principles of induction method are incorrect, providing the assumption that make them believe that the future and past should be alike. Popper believes that we don’t need to talk about repetition but it needs to talk about the correct situation or mistakes. In order to show the wrong theories and eliminate them. For this reason, Popper set a method of (The possibility of refuting) he said that we cannot prove that the sun will rise tomorrow but we can say that the sun rises every day, provided that if the sun doesn’t rise one day, the theory will be rejected. Despite the criticisms and different ideas on induction method, it is still used in the research field.
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08
Social Science Original Research pp. 132-155
Spread of Arab Inhabitants in Kurds Populated Regions (16-232A.H\637-749A.D)
Zrar Sdiq Tofiq, Taha Rajab Hamad
After the end of the process of conquering Kurds inhabitant cities and regions, and their being part of the Islamic state, they were run by the governors, leaders and Islamic Caliphate authoritative, that most of them were Arabs. One of the new features of the new situations in these regions was that a great number of tribes, clans and families who were affiliated to different Arab tribes, were settled in these regions. Specifically, those who were fighters and came during the conquering period based on the Islamic Sharia. The conquered lands were recognized as their own legitimate lands. It seems that despite this reason, there are many other economic, social, political, tribal, factors that played their own role in the process of inhabitation, which has been explained in details based on the contexts and examples mentioned in the resources This research is assigned to talk about those Arab tribes and families who were inhabited in the Kurds residential regions from the beginning of Islamic conquer to the end of Amawi period, this has been fairly explained in detail according to existing data to categorize their identity and residential places.
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09
Social Science Original Research pp. 156-178
Commercial activity in Erbil city 1991-2003
Hogir Hassan Pirdawood, Ismail Mohammad Hassaf
Commercial activity is the most essential economic activity and plays a critical part in demonstrating economic growth in each state and society. There is no research about commercial activity in Erbil city in this period. This study looks on the commercial activity in Erbil between 1991 and 2003, and some factors which impact on it. The studies look at statistics and information gathered by the government to indicate the commercial change and expansion of the area. Following the 1991 revolt, Bazaars of the city became bigger and new bazaars opened such as Chrag and Second hand, Shekala Bazaar grew to become the city's most major commercial area. People flocked to bazaars for secondhand products since they were poor. Erbil city was involved in unlawful transactions (smuggling) with the Iraqi government and Iran. Erbil developed legal commercial links with Iraqi government territories in 1996, and the city also had strong external commercial relations with neighboring countries. This study examines important economic period of the city, which could help to solve economic issue nowadays.
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10
Social Science Original Research pp. 179-200
The Syllable and Scale of Sonority Basis in Kurdish Language
Soran Abdulrahman Hamad, Sherzad Saheed Sedeeq
The purpose of this research is to explore the process of sound sonorant consider the basis of agreement and communication، and phonological processes apply rules that are close to syllables on words، and phonological processes serve to perform coverage. There is a hierarchy between the voices of the Kurdish language، which begins from the highest sonorant، to the minimum، i.e. from the low vowels stand to the voiceless plosive. In this study، the data are in the central dialect of Kurdish language, the research uses (Humbana Borinə) dictionary as a main source, and took benefit from the studies conducted in this field as well as only monosyllabic words have been collected as examples in which there are (1996) of monosyllabic words. As a scale in the framework of optimality، sonorant lists constraint and inserts candidates in input into the phonological processes so that the best candidate succeeds to output. This process directly affects the degree of opening, closing and abstractions of the airway, all of these processes occur at the deep level and then uttered at the top level.
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11
Social Science Original Research pp. 201-226
The significance of ecotourism in the context of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals
Rebeen Abdulkhaliq Abdullah, Kameran Tahir Saeed
Due to contemporary accumulation of environmental issues for many natural and humanitarian motives, this has led countries around the world and international organizations to take action to prevent the further improvement of this issue, restricting excesses and determining solutions. In this context، the United Nations has evolved an intensive program for our present day century, agenda 21, in which sustainable development is the principle basis for achieving the goals، which includes 17 standard goals, at the same time as identifying methods to achieve those goals. For this purpose، tourism in well-known and ecotourism specially plays a role within the achievement of those goals, much like many different economic, social and environmental sectors that we have proven on this study. As a result, we have got come to the conclusion that environmental tourism has a strong and direct relationship with more than 9 targets of the overall goals of Sustainable development, and that this process requires the overall cooperation of stakeholders and is not carried out by one aspect alone and does not reach the goal.
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12
Social Science Original Research pp. 227-242
The Artistic Creativity of Language in Salm's Qasidas
Talib Abubaker Tahir, Othman Hamad Dashty
The research has mentioned the construction of language and its importance in transmitting purpose, Al’s indicated that without language meanings and purpose can’t be transferred to others. Then it is mentioned how Salem has described language of Qasida and the difference with the ghazal language Salm’s dictionary of Qasida one after one with its allusion in it, which each of them include a different sort of hint,has been shown.in one side, Salm’s religious Qasida s own special dictionary and linguistic characters that are symbols and his linguistic dictionary is linked to the religious subjects or patriotically that the dictionary of patriotic ones are mentioning wars, distruction of bloodshed and conquering of Kurdistan’s conquerer and the name of places, noble people,words and symbols are pure Kurdish and his describing Qasida indicate Baban leader’s bravery and knighthood or the greatness of Islam prophet, in other side، his social Qasida show good behaviors and bad habits and the words and allusions are in this circumstance. generally, the culture and language of the Qasida and the symbols in the Qasida are different according to the theme and purpose for which they are used.This tells us the fact that the dictionary (culture) of language and poetic symbols differ not only from poet to poet, but also from poet’s poems to another. Language of ghazal differ from Qasida and language of Qasida is different from hajoo and it’s purpose even from a Qasida to another according to the content.
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13
Social Science Original Research pp. 243-266
The Sixth Parliamentary Election of Kurdistan: Results and Implications
Rostam Jabar Mustafa
Political geography examines all geographical factors that influence political decisions and changes, including the analysis and distribution of power among parties and lists participating in the electoral process. Parliament is a national institution that plays a vital role in strengthening the political process of the Kurdistan region and ensuring the rights and duties of its inhabitants the sixth term of Kurdistan Parliament represents a major change in the parliament's history regarding the electoral system, reduction in parliamentary seats, distribution of seats across electoral districts, and the reorganization of ethnic minority quotas. The election system changed from a single constituency to a multiple constituency system. Based on Kurdistan Region's provinces, parliamentary seats were divided into four electoral districts (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, and Halabja). The number of parliamentary seats was reduced from 111 to 100, and the ethnic minority quota system was reorganized from 11 seats to 5 seats, distributed across the electoral districts. Since the first parliamentary election, voter turnout has consistently declined, from 87.4% in the first term to 59% in the fifth term - a decrease of 28.4%. However, voter turnout in this sixth parliamentary term increased to 72%, demonstrating Kurdistan Region citizens' renewed trust in this national institution. This is considered an important turning point for the Kurdistan Region, enabling parliament to become a decision-making center and a strong pillar of national security.
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14
Social Science Original Research pp. 267-293
The Analysis of the Human Development Guide (Education, Health, Income) in the Kurdistan Region for the year 2021
Hiwa Sadiq Salim, Sakar Bahadin Abdulla, Sirwan Hussein Ismael
The aim of this study is to explain the level human development indicators in 2021 Kurdistan Region. The study also tries to conduct research on the current culture of human development indicators in the provinces by studying education, health and income indicators from consumer to producer. Therefore, the current study relied on a descriptive method to analyze the indicators of human development in the Kurdistan Region. Howeve, the stufy relies on scientific analysis, geographical and demographic data in the study area In 2021. After analyzing the indicators of education, health and income, the value of the Human Development Index was (0.680), which is obvious according to the UN report, the Kurdistan Region is in the middle level. Moreover, the life expectancy indicator was (0.83)and the income indicator was (0.415)in the region.
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15
Social Science Original Research pp. 294-313
The Reaction of Arab Countries Towards the Kurdish National Liberation Movement in Iraqi Kurdistan (1976-1979)
Omeed Yaseen Rasool, Muhammad Abdullah Kaksawar
Many people thought that the Kurdish national movement had come to an end after the September revolution of 1975, but the Kurds rose up once more, forming a number of new political parties as Kurdish history entered a new era and the armed struggle began. Syria and Libya generously donated money and military support to these parties. Additionally, the Kurds placed a high value on the sympathy and assistance of the Palestinian parties, and this time is especially notable for the strong external contacts of the Kurdish parties. At that point, we can state that at the conclusion of this research, we arrived at the conclusion that Kurds would not have been able to simply rebel and resume hostilities if not for Syria and Libya.
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16
Social Science Original Research pp. 314-336
The Media Coverage of the 2021 Iraqi Council of Representatives Election in the Kurdish News Websites NRT and Rudaw as Case Studies
Hawkar Jazaa Hama Karim, Karzan Mohamed Ahmed
This paper is a scientific effort to research the handling of the Kurdish websites of the 2021 Iraqi Representatives Council Election. We look into their way of covering the news as the campaigns begun, the process, and the declaration of the results. The importance of this paper from a scientific and academic point is that it clarifies and simplifies the way the new age media handles elections, specifically in their behavioral patterns towards an important topic such as elections. Little has been written about this topic, as such more research is necessary to understand it from all its facets. And in the practical part, the paper tries to identify the way the new age media deals with elections. The results of this paper may be able to help the media better handle the importance of this topic so as to cover the process more responsibly and do their duty in a better way. The samples for this research are taken from NRT and Rudaw news agencies. All the news pertaining the are taken as examples. We attempt to explain and explore the news and its contents in a descriptive method. The most important results noted from this paper are: The sites taken as examples in the research covered many areas and different topics pertaining to the research. However, they also announced the results prior to the official statement by the Election Committee, as they had depended on data from biased individuals and/or their reporters. In some of their articles the sources have not been mentioned, which affects how well the reader may trust them.
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17
Social Science Original Research pp. 337-358
Depiction of Kurdish clothing in paintings by artists from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Payam Rebwar hamasalih, Nabaz Abdullatif
In this research, the researcher has worked on investigating about Kurdish design clothes and its reflections especially in contemporary art in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. This research presents the basic concept of authenticity in Kurdish fashion design and its characteristics. This research contains four chapters. The first one of the research is devoted to the general framework of the research, which is containing the Research problem and the main questions, such as presenting the issue of authenticity and arguing the reasons behind the unique form of Kurdish clothing design and the differences with neighborhood countries, as well as presenting a central question about the factors of reflecting Kurdish clothing design within contemporary painting in Kurdistan Region. The first section also includes terms and glossary definition, according to the definition of words in the linguistic context in addition to the concepts definition of the term, in the field of its usage and to be matching the procedures of the recent research. While the second chapter of this research is devoted to the theoretical framework of the research, which consists of two topics, the first topic is entitled (The Basic Elements of Design), while the second topic is entitled (A brief study about the roots of Kurdish Clothing).
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18
Social Science Original Research pp. 359-387
A Geographical Analysis of the Potentiality of Educational Services in Bahrka Subdistrict and Its Impact on The Population Distribution
Tanka Osman Saeed, Fatimah Qader Mustafa
Education is one of the most important criteria by which the level of development and progress of society is measured and it is also the key to the development of individuals in general, and the experiences of modern countries have proven this fact, as well as there is no doubt that the beginning of real progress is the education and learning, because the maturation of each society is imposed on it, which must pass through the gate of learning. In this context, the study of educational services in the Bahrka subdistrict gives us a complete overview of the level of development of this service, particularly the importance of the development of society. Therefore, the topic; “A Geographical Analysis of The Potentiality of Educational Services in Bahrka Subdistrict and Its Impact on The Population Distribution” was chosen in order to highlight the nature of educational services in this place and clarify its role in the population distribution of Bahrka subdistrict. Therefore, the research problem is summarized as follows: what is the level of educational services in Bahrka subdistrict? To what extent may it fit into the planning and educational criteria? The hypothesis of the research is that there are differences in the distribution of educational services between schools (primary and secondary) on the base of;(urban and Rural) levels in Bahrka subdistrict. The main objective of this study is to provide a clear indication of the distribution of educational services, and then the role of this service and its impact on the distribution of the population in the study area, the study was based on a (descriptive and analytical) approach, and the study area is Bahrka subdistrict which located north of Erbil city. Its area is (255) km² within the framework of the study period) 2022-2009 (and at the end of the research, the study reached a number of conclusions and recommendations.
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19
Social Science Original Research pp. 388-407
The Appearance of Anthem and Songs in Kurdish Children's Literature
Haydar Mahmood qader, Bakr Shakr Abdulla
This research is designated (the appearance of anthems and songs in Kurdish children's literature). It is descriptive and analytical research. it sorts of an introduction m and has three parts. the first part includes five topics: the first topic ventilates the concept and definition of anthems, the second topic discusses the types of anthems, the third topic discusses the concept and definition of songs, the fourth topic discusses the types of Kurdish songs, and the fifth topic presents the history of Kurdish anthems and songs. The second part consists of three topics: the first discusses the definition of children's anthems, the second discusses the definition of children's songs, and the third presents a comparison between anthems and songs. The third part consists of two topics, the first discusses the history of the appearance of children's songs in Kurdish folk literature, and the second discusses the history of the appearance of children's songs in written literature, the results are presented at several points, and the list of sources is listed scientifically.
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20
Social Science Original Research pp. 408-432
Evaluation of the Military Foundations of the Topography of the Asos Mountain Range Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Rebeen Rostam Rasull, Dler Khalid Hassan, Pshtiwan Shafeeq Ahmad, Yadgar Mustafa Ibrahim
This study aims to evaluate the military principles of the topography of the Assos Mountain Range using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), with a specific focus on military guides and Defense Tools in ArcGIS Pro. The analysis is centered on the relationship between elevation, slope (degree and direction), and their military implications. By integrating spatial data and GIS-based mapping, the study examines key topographic factors affecting military mobility, defense positioning, and operational strategies. The significance of this research lies in its systematic evaluation of selected military principles in relation to the Assos Mountain Range, utilizing geospatial data and analytical tools. To achieve its objectives, the study employs a descriptive approach combined with statistical analysis (strength analysis method). The study is divided into an introduction and three axes, The first axis is devoted to introducing the geographical location of the research region, concepts, terms and sections of (Military Tools), while the second axis is the military principles of the high mountain range of Assos The third axis refers to the military principles of the Assos mountain Range. The findings indicate that the Assos Mountains cover an area of approximately 714 km², with an 11 km international border with Iran. The highest peak exceeds 2,500 meters above sea level, while 63% of the study area lies between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. Moreover, over 80% of the terrain has slopes greater than 10 degrees, presenting significant mobility challenges for military vehicles, tanks, and armored units. The study underscores the crucial role of GIS, particularly Defense Tools, in advancing modern military planning, strategic decision-making, and operational effectiveness.
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21
Social Science Original Research pp. 433-450
The Position of the Verb Head in the Phonological Foot in Kurdish
KASAR YASEEN MOHAMMED
The Position of Head is an essential topic in Kurdish language phonology. This research attempts to determine the position of the verb head at the level of words, according to the metrical phonology theory. One syllable among a chain of connected syllables is more prominent than the adjacent syllables. In order to determine the verb head, we need to find out the syllable in the foot which bears the stress. The fundamental questions of this research are: Is the verb Head in the metrical foot located to the right or the left of the foot? Which type of structure is the verb foot? These questions will be answered through analyzing samples of metrical feet presented using the metrical grid. This research, reached the conclusion that the position of the verb head, and the type of verb foot -Badini dialect can be analysed via metrical phonology. Furthermore, the main and secondary stresses in the foot can be predicted by applying some rules. Depending on the collected data, it appeared that all syllables in Kurdish can be stress-bearers; hence, it is not easy to determine the position of the main stress. Consequently, the position of the main stress in the verb foot determines the Head of the verb. It can be stated that feet are bisyllabic in Kurdish, and that the first syllable is more prominent than the other one. In other words, the verb Head lies on the left side of the foot when written in International Phonetic Alphabet.
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22
Social Science Original Research pp. 451-468
Along the Way Picking Flowers Evaluating in Literary History
Rizgar Abdulla Ahmed, Hemin Omar Ahmad
The history of literature is one of the most important subjects in the literature of any nation, because it is the history of literature that is the foundation of national literature and identifies the beginnings and first literary texts of the nation, with reference to the beginnings of literary transitions and the important changes that occur at the beginning of each new period. This paper entitled Along the Way Picking Flowers, it attempts to conduct a critical reading of Picking Flowers Along Roadside according to the theory of writing the history of literature. Research Approach: This research relies on descriptive analytical approach. what is remarkable here is that the theorization of the issue of writing most of the books of the history of Kurdish literature have not been rewritten in the light of the theories of writing the history of world literature. This has caused most of the books on the history of Kurdish literature to contain a number of problems. This study aims to examine in detail all the theoretical perspectives of writing literary history in this book and present whether this book follows the principles of writing literary history and what are the problems. The most important result of this study is that most of the steps taken in writing the book and its contents are in accordance with the theories of writing literary history.
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23
Social Science Original Research pp. 469-482
Ozone Problems and Its Solutions
Sarbaz Hawla Braim
Ozone is a natural occurring molecule up of three elements of oxygen known as O3. The ozone layer is one of the layers of the gaseous mantle below the stratosphere, where oxygen fragments decompose and the ozone layer is formed. With the depletion of the ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation is expected to rise to the earth, which will have a negative impact on human, with the spread of skin and eye diseases, it affects the environment by climate change, increased desertification, loss of agricultural land, genetic changes in plants and reduced land productivity. In this study, the study method was used because the subject matter is reading. The purpose of this study is to identify all the problems facing the ozone layer, from thinning and increasing UV rays on Earth, and to present solution that prevent the depletion of the Ozone layer (O3), such as reducing and using alternatives to all substances Ozone as (chorine, fluorine and carbon) and too many cars, above all spreading environmental awareness. The results of this study tell us that the cause of the ozone layer depletion is humanity itself, which is the disposal of industrial waste and environmental pesticides, which has led to climate change, environmental degradation and the spread of disease, increased aridity and increased floods, decreased habitat. Currently, this threat has become a global problem, however, countries around the world have realized the dangers, so they have started appropriate measures to reduce the risks caused by ozone depletion.
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24
Social Science Original Research pp. 483-502
The Effect of Conceptual Learning Strategies on Acquiring Kurdish Grammar Concepts Among Sixth-Grade Students
Zuzan Hassan Ahmed
This research aims to assess the effectiveness of Concept Map strategies in helping sixth-grade students acquire Kurdish grammar concepts. The study used an equivalent groups design, in which one experimental group were receiving instruction based on Concept Map strategies, whereas the other group followed traditional teaching methods. The researcher selected Piremagroon primary Co-educational school for Girls as the study site and randomly assigned two divisions: one to serve as the experimental group and the other as the control group, consisting of twenty-eight and thirty students, respectively. Firstly, the selected groups were carefully matched based on several key variables. Later, a test consisting of fourteen items was constructed, including seven multiple-choice questions as well as seven matching and error identification questions. Nevertheless, the test was thoroughly examined for its psychometric properties, including both reliability and validity measures. The experiment was conducted over a period of time extending from 22/1/2024 to 7/3/2024. It involved administering the test, correcting students’ responses, extracting relevant data, and analyzing the results by means of an independent-samples t-test. However, the results showed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in acquiring grammar concepts. The researcher concluded the study by making several recommendations and suggesting valuable directions for future related research in this area.
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25
Social Science Original Research pp. 503-522
The Effect of Using Karin's Model on the Achievement of Fourth-grade Students in the Kurdish Language Department in a Literary Styles Subject
Diljeen Shafiq Mohammed
This research aimed to investigate the effect of using Karin's model on the achievement of fourth-grade students in the Kurdish Language Department in the subject of Literary Styles. The researcher adopted an experimental approach. The research population consisted of all fourth-grade students in the Kurdish Language Department, College of Basic Education, University of Duhok for the academic year (2024-2025), amounting (87) students, Section (A) with (44) students representing the experimental group that was taught using Karin's model, and Section (C) with (43) students representing the control group that was taught using the traditional method. The researcher conducted statistical equivalence between the two groups across several variables. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of three questions: the first question included (10) true/false items, the second question contained (15) multiple-choice items with four alternatives each, and the third question comprised (15) essay-type items. After completing the experiment, applying the research tool, collecting data, and conducting statistical analysis using t-test for independent samples, the researcher concluded that using Karin's model in teaching literary styles to fourth-grade students in the Kurdish Language students had a significant positive effect on student achievement compared to the traditional method. Based on the research results and conclusions, the researcher presented several recommendations.
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26
Social Science Original Research pp. 523-548
The Impact of Solid Waste on Tourism in the Doukan District Center
Fouad Khalid Saeed, Hemn Abdullah Wasta Ahmad
Urban solid waste is currently of great importance to the management of population areas (cities, towns, villages, temporary and seasonal settlements) in the world is constantly emphasized, the impact of this waste is clear on the tourism sector Isn't it reducing tourists? The aim of this research is to know the current management (collection, transportation and treatment) of waste in Dukan district and analyze the impact of this management (collection, transportation and treatment) on tourism in tourist attractions Administratively, it consists of six districts (Center, Khdran, Surdash, Khalkan, Piramagrun, Bangird). The method used in this study is descriptive analysis. The population of the district is constantly increasing Population activities include tourism, administrative activities, wholesale and retail trade and industrial services, small industries, two medium and one large food industries. Waste generally consists of: organic waste (food), plastic waste, glass waste, paper and cardboard waste. The Environmental Department of Dukan District Municipality is responsible for supervising this work. The work is contracted to Anzo Construction Company. It collects waste daily (except Fridays) from all sectors The total number of equipment used for collection and burial is 31. The amount of waste in the district is increasing. There is no separation of waste into sectors in this district (only waste). Their doctors have special furnaces inside the hospitals and they burn the necessary amount of medical waste. The average daily collection of waste is 79.272 tons/day, which is 1.147 kg per person Waste, obviously remaining in one place and not collecting solid waste pollutes the environment, causes air pollution and visual pollution, on the other hand spreads an unpleasant smell in the place If the company does not know, the company has set up mobile numbers for the employees and the administration of the tourist areas to call them and go directly to collect the waste. These are all reasons for the tourist areas to remain clean Travel Choose this area, the negative impact of waste transportation on the tourism sector is observed, because capsule vehicles are used to collect and transport waste, directly cover the waste and suppress the smell (to a large extent). The reason for the spread of smell and spillage of water on the streets (the administration of tourist areas have been notified in this case, I will work to minimize the mixing of water with waste). The only solution is to bury the waste underground in an area very close to the tourist center of the district, on the one hand creates problems for the soil and water of the area In the past, this has happened only once. Municipal inspectors continuously monitor (collection, transportation and treatment of waste) according to municipal guidelines. Any violation of improper collection or transportation or treatment according to guidelines It is close to 3 million Iraqi dinars, which is no less than 2 million in total and much more than the previous company.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 549-573
A social Perspective On Euphemisms and Their Uses in Kurdish
Zhawaro Abbas Omar
This research investigates (A Social Perspective on Euphemism their Uses in Kurdish). The main objective of this research is to explore the factors affecting the use of euphemism in Kurdish language and understand the phenomenon of euphemism in language. In today's world, talking about sensitive topics has increased, so speakers are looking for a lighter alternative to express their opinions, so they resort to euphemisms. The research approach is praise-analytical, and we have taken the research materials from the everyday language of the people. The results of the study show that euphemisms in Kurdish play an important role in several areas, such as preserving the social structure and values of society. As for taboos, sexual expressions are at the top of taboo expressions in Kurdish, so speakers use euphemisms as a substitute to avoid social complaints. In the field of political discourse, the study showed that euphemisms play a major role in shaping messages and influencing the masses. In addition, Kurdish media (television, radio, newspapers, social networks) have played a major role in the use of euphemisms. The study also showed a strong relationship between the use of euphemisms and religious beliefs in Kurdish society as the majority of speakers follow the holy religion of Islam. This research is divided into two parts, the first part is devoted to (a brief about euphemism (aesthetics)), which includes the following topics (concept and definition of euphemism, types of euphemism, hidden euphemism, explicit euphemism, functions of euphemism, euphemism structure, The second part is entitled (A Social Perspective on Euphemism and its Uses in Kurdish Language) which includes the following topics (Euphemism and Language, Euphemism and Culture, Euphemism and Literature, Effective Reasons for Using Euphemism in Kurdish Language, Reasons for Avoiding Taboos, Reasons). religious, political reasons, commercial reasons).
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Social Science Original Research pp. 574-594
From Cold to Confident
Baraat Ismael FaqeAbdulla
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of warm-up exercises in the teaching of English. The study makes use of quantitative questionnaires and interviews as instruments for data collection that are conducted in 2023 at Salahaddin University’s English Department in the College of Education in Erbil, Iraq. The purpose of the questionnaires and interviews is to find out opinions of teachers and students about the value of warm-up exercises in language learning. The results of this study showed that warm-up exercises significantly affect students’ motivation and engagement levels, as well as their language learning process. Most teachers and students who participated believed that warm-up exercises are very helpful for English language learning. Students who take part in warm-up exercises feel more comfortable, confident, and ready to participate in the learning process. The findings of this study are important for teachers because they show that incorporating warm-up exercises in lessons can help them build strong relationships with their students. Teachers can improve students’ overall language learning and create a positive learning environment by implementing warm-up exercises.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 595-607
Delexical Verbs in English and Kurdish
Hawkar Muhammed Ameen Radha, Bekhal Latif Muhedeen
This paper entitled " Delexical Verbs in English and Kurdish Language: A Comparative Study" is an attempt to compare both languages related to delexical verbs in terms of syntax and semantics. Delexical verbs, a set of common and frequent verbs, are the indication of an important group of transitive verbs in English language which take a core role in spoken and written language. This study hypothesized that there are several similarities and differences regarding delexical verbs in both languages. Delexical verbs have a unique structure in which the lexical verb is delexicalised, and some changes occur in the nature of the verb, especially on its meaning. The meaning of the action is shifted from the verb into the accompanied noun. The aim of this study is to make a comparative analysis of delexical verbs in English and Central Kurdish languages to find out the similarities and differences of delexical verbs between English and Kurdish (Central Kurdish).
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Social Science Original Research pp. 608-631
Role-Playing, Witty Language, and Woman’s Agency in Oliver Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer.
Kawa Othman Omer Ahmed
Oliver Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer has been widely considered by critics as one of the most significant comedies in England’s 18th Century. Its popularity is due to the dramatist’s cunning use of satire and humour as artistic means of entertainment. Noticeably, critics mostly have focused on the aesthetic values of the dramatist’s use of satire and humour. However, this research provides a new reading, particularly the significance of the heroine’s bodily and linguistic role-playing. Firstly, the research investigates the extent the heroine’s role-playing enables the male protagonist to undergo personality change from a reserved and anti-social into a more tolerant and open-minded personality. Secondly, the research investigates the extent the heroine’s witty rhetoric, together with her role-playing, exposes patriarchal misconceptions, biases, and prejudices about women and marriage by the authoritarian figures. Notably, the easiness through which the heroine changes identities and social roles, symbolically, throws into question the fixability and naturalness of social roles in the play. Symbolically, the heroine’s performative acts of role-playing , whether bodily or linguistically, confirms postmodern feminist’s theory, particularly Third -Wave Feminism , with regard to constructiveness and performativity of gender and identity. Methodologically, the research applies Close- reading approach; that is, New Criticism, as well as Feminist approach. Moreover, the research is significant because it investigates the co-relation between the heroine’s role-playing and her quest for selfhood.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 632-648
Effect of Internal Control on Financial Performance
Hawkar Anwer Hamad, Naji Afrasyaw Fatah, Hariem Abdullah
This study is an attempt to empirically investigate the effect of internal control on financial performance. The study selected the banking sector in an emerging economy, specifically the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Effective internal control systems, encompassing policies, procedures, and risk mitigation, contribute to accurate financial reporting, operational efficiency, and investor confidence, thereby positively influencing a bank’s financial performance. The study relies on evidence from the Kurdistan region. The Kurdistan Region's banking sector encountered issues with its utilization and funding methods. Using internal control will ensure that management and workers adhere to their responsibilities and strive to enhance the success of the banking sector in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, based on the lessons learned. We conducted regression analysis on the seventy responses using SPSS 26. The results showed that there is a positive relation between financial performance and the control environment, control activities, and internal risk assessments.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 649-682
The Efficacy of Pricing Public Goods and Services in Revenue Generation
Khaled Haider Abd Ali, Perot Muhammad Amin
This study aims to analyse the efficacy of pricing public goods and services in producing public revenues and supporting public expenditures in Egypt from 2010 to 2019. Utilising a comprehensive scientific methodology incorporating a comprehensive literature review, quantitative analysis, and inductive reasoning, this study aims to examine the hypothesis suggesting a correlation between fiscal policy and the pricing of public goods and services. The findings indicate that the pricing mechanisms employed for specific categories, such as taxes on income and profits, customs charges, power tariffs, and fees for housing and building services, exhibit a lack of efficacy in generating public revenues. The pricing mechanism seems to diverge from financial policies aimed at increasing public revenues through the acquisition of more cash, as indicated by an evaluation of the historical importance of income streams obtained from the pricing of public goods and services. The percentages of contribution are rather tiny, which do not sufficiently cover public expenditures or have a substantial impact on the GDP. The results provide evidence in favour of the theoretical proposition positing a connection between fiscal policy and the pricing of public goods and services in Egypt. The study concludes by providing valuable insights into fiscal policy that could be of significance to governmental authorities.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 683-695
Scene emerging of the god Shamash between two mountains on cylinder seals from the Akkadian period
Aziz Mohamad Amin Zebari
This research deals with an important aspect of civilization in Mesopotamia, which is the religious aspect that played a major role in all aspects of life, and left prominent imprints in the fields of religion, art, and thought. We have dealt with one of the important gods in religious beliefs, especially in the Akkadian era, which was represented frequently in art in all its forms. The research was limited to the sun god Shamash (Utu), represented on the cylinder seals in the Akkadian era, and his appearance between two mountains and on selected seals from the British Museum, as this scene is often represented on the Akkadian cylinder seals, and it symbolizes divine power and the cosmic order, and is linked to the idea of sunrise as a daily miracle that brings light and life to the world. This scene also represents a deep mixture of cosmic beliefs and religious perceptions that embodied the Akkadian man's vision of the cosmic order and the role of the gods in maintaining the balance between the forces of nature. Shamash appeared in it in different forms, and this is what the research will investigate and study the scene of the appearance of the god Shamash between two mountains (sunrise or sunset). The positions in which he appeared and the analysis of the main scene of the seal.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 696-725
The Effect of Special Strength Training Exercises with Different Resistances on The Anaerobic Capacity and Muscle Fatigue Index of Young Football Players
Tahseen Sulayman Qadir, Eyad Muhammad Abdullah Al-Zubaidi, Rizgar Majeed Khidr Khoshnaw
The research aims to show the importance of the differences in aerobic and muscle tiredness between the pre and post tests for the first experimental group that used strength training for protecting body weight, for the second experimental group that used strength training for protect extra weights , and for the third experimental group that used strength training for body protection. The researcher considered the sight of the importance of the data differences in the aerobic capability and the muscle tiredness in the pre and post tests for the first experimental group that used the strength training for weight protection. As for the research sample, it was chosen intentionally, as it shows (70.41%) of the youth of football sports club. The experimental idea was used and the number of implements were used to gather data and many investigative experiments were managed. To be certain the cogency of the performance of the tests, the researcher also used the data package (SPPS) to drown out the outcome, where data methods were used . Throughout these outcomes the researcher came to a group of feedbacks the most significant one is the latest strength training for body weight protection performed by the first experimental group. An important development was made in the aerobic capability and muscle tiredness for the young football players and the particular strength training made by protecting body weight + extra weights (mixed), there was an important development in the aerobic capability and muscle tiredness for young football players and the aerobic capability did not show an important difference between the research groups in the post test.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 726-747
Some Coordinated Abilities and Their Relationship to The Accuracy of Performaning the Skill of Serving Among the Koya University Female Volleyball Players
Nawzad Hussein Darwish, Imad Sadr al-Din Hamid
The research community and sample were chosen deliberately from the female volleyball players of the Koya University team Academic year (2023-2022), through comprehensive enumeration, which numbered (16) players, and one player was excluded for non-compliance with completing the tests, and (4) were excluded Female players from the university volleyball team because of their participation in the reconnaissance experiment and the extraction of stability, and thus the size of the final sample was (11) players, with a rate of (%68.75) of the research community. The researchers used the descriptive approach, and after obtaining the results, they were discussed in a scientific manner supported by sources to achieve the research objectives. In light of the findings of the two researchers, the followings can be recommended: - Conducting similar studies on other components of the compatibility of abilities with other physical and skillful attributes of female volleyball players - Giving specific percentages of the volume of training to develop the different abilities of the volleyball players - Ensuring the development of tests that include tests for the components of Coordination abilities that contribute to the development of skillful performance and physical attributes of volleyball players - Conducting a similar study on players of different age groups and national teams
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Social Science Original Research pp. 748-776
Spiritual Intelligence and Body Image Among Female Employees at Sulaymaniyah University
Nazaneen Othman Mohammed
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and body image among female employees of the University of Sulaymaniyah; and to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the level of spiritual intelligence and the level of satisfaction with body image according to the variable of marital status (married, single), and age groups. This study was carried out. With a sample of (180) female employees, whose ages ranged between (25-55) years, they were chosen randomly. The results of the study indicate that the female employees of the study sample enjoy an average level of spiritual intelligence, and a high percentage of female employees in the study sample have a high level of their body image amounting to (82.22%), results also indicated that there is no difference due to the variables: marital status and age groups, and There was a positive correlation with statistical significance between the degrees of spiritual intelligence and the degrees of body image.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 777-802
Educational Leadership Behavior Among Heads of Departments in The Universities of Kurdistan Region/ Iraq
Hero Hama Hama Rashid Baban, Muhammad Mohieddin Sadiq
The research aimed to Constructing Leadership behavior Scale of head of departments in the Universities in Kurdistan region- Iraq, and measuring leadership behavior among them, And finding statistical differences in the level of it according to the Variable: gender, Specialization and Workplace. The population of the research Consisted of (327) heads of department Collected from (5) Universities (Salahaddin/ arbil- Sulamani, Duhok, Soran, Raparin) The Sample selected from (250) head of departments, The researcher Constructed Scale at (43) items, And find out validly, Relibitty of scale by Using (T. test, of two independent variables, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal, seheffe test, chi square, person, spearman, Guttmann, Cranach's- alpha, Anora), Results show the head of departments have by leadership behavior, there are statistically differences on it by Specialization and no Statistically differences according gender and Workplace.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 803-829
The Effect of Plyometric Training with Extra Weights On the Development of Some Physiological Varisbilities of Football Player- Juniors
Halkawt kamal khizir, Sherif Qadir Sherif Qadir
The research aims to prepare a training curriculum with plyometric exercises and extra weights for the junior category, and to identify the impact of this training program in developing of some physiological varisbilities, as well as to identify differences between the results of the pre and post test in the first and second experimental groups in the development of some physiological varisbilities, and to identify differences in the results Post-test between the first and second experimental groups in developing of some physiological varisbilities.The research problem appears in the lack of use of exercises that improve the muscular strength of football players, which may cause a clear discrepancy in the level of the general performance of the team, and most of the exercises were traditional or random, and the researcher believes that adding weights with plyometric exercises may improve strength significantly. Plyometric training by adding weights through the design of a training curriculum using plyometric exercises to find out the impact on the development of some physiological varisbilities.The researcher uses the experimental method by using two groups (the first and the second) in the pre and post tests due to its suitability and the nature of the problem. The researcher deliberately selected the research community from the players of the junior team in the Chwarqurna Sports Club Academy, which is represented by (45) players, and (25) players were chosen randomly by drawing lots to conduct the main experiment on them, and (5) players were excluded for not committing to training during a period The experiment, and the research sample was divided by the intentional method into two groups (the experimental one and the second one) with (10) players in the first experimental group and (10) players in the second experimental group. The researcher reached the latest proposed training curriculum for development in all physiological varisbilities under investigation except (anoxic capacity, pulse rate before exertion) in the first group, and (anoxic capacity, pulse rate before and after exertion, respiratory rate after exertion) in the second group.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 830-858
The Impact of Abandonment On Deriving Legal Rulings and Jurisprudential Appliatcions Thereof
Hirsh Ahmed Haji, Jamal Muhammad Faqi Rasool
The chapters of the fundamentals of Islamic jurisprudence are close and intertwined with each other, including the abandonment of the Messenger, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, with others. = Leaving the Messenger - may God bless him and grant him peace - an important legislative aspect that the mujtahid must know, because the ruling stops in many issues of calamities, heresies, and interests sent upon him, because some of the abandonment indicates permissibility, and some of them indicate prohibition and heresy, and some of them indicate hatred When the Messenger - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - left, he did not do - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - what was destined for him in the universe, so he helps to differentiate between heresy and the sent interest. = The Messenger - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - is the legislator by means, so his leaving the legislative had an impact on deriving legal rulings, and he did not fulfill his conditions by being one of the acts of worship and that the requisite is present and the impediment is negated, like his leaving the prayer on the martyr.= The Messenger (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him) did not deliberately omit any of the actions and words except that they are related to the door of the legitimate purposes of the purpose of facilitating the Islamic nation, preserving the soul, warding off corruption and bringing interest and other purposes.= Acting by leaving is closing what the Messenger - may God bless him and grant him peace - did not do - and this means that adherence to leaving is a leader in closing the door of innovation in religion, because from leaving is evidence of prohibition, recommendation and permissibility, and not all of them are in one position, so work is the opposite of what the Messenger left ( Peace be upon him) may lead to a great spoiler, which is creating innovations, so they must be blocked.= The abandonment of the Messenger - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - is either due to the call of the human nature, or there is evidence of his specialization in it, or a clarification and confirmation of the entirety of the Qur’an and a well-known ruling, such as the abandonment of the Messenger - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him - praying for the hypocrites and standing over their graves in compliance with the Almighty’s saying: {And do not pray One of them dies, never, and do not stand over his grave} (At-Tawbah: 84), and this means that abandonment has a great impact in extracting the jurisprudential ruling - as a second source for deriving rulings - and from other legal evidence or from the Turk itself only without other evidence, and this means when There was no evidence other than the Turk, and this second is the purpose of the message in particular.= The Turk is one of the sources for deriving jurisprudential rulings, and there are various jurisprudential applications attesting to this.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 859-880
The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises to Improve Some Motor Abilities of Patients with Spastic Diplegia CP
Saber Mohammad Khaled, Goran Maaroof Qader, Shwan Kader Mohamad
The results of a number of relevant studies and research indicated the need to pay attention to people with cerebral palsy in childhood and provide a rehabilitation program to improve motor skills on the one hand and skills for life and daily activities on the other hand. Rehabilitating motor abilities is one of the common problems among children with spastic cerebral palsy in general and those with diplegic cerebral palsy in particular.The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group experimental design with two pre- and post-tests to suit the nature of the research.The sample included to participate in the rehabilitation program consisted of (8) children with double spastic cerebral palsy, who were among those with second degree paralysis and who attended the Jawarbakh Rehabilitation Center in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. After reviewing specialized scientific books, previous research and studies, and personal interviews with experts and specialists in the field of rehabilitation for the disabled in general and cerebral palsy in particular, the researcher prepared and designed the proposed rehabilitation exercises for a period of three months, and the rehabilitation units (sessions) are three rehabilitation units per week.The results indicated significant differences between the two tests (pre-post) in the variables studied, and this means the progressive development of the program using qualifying exercises for the research sample.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 881-896
The Effects of Weight Training Using the Pyramid and TRX Workout Methods on Muscular Strength and Physical Measurements Among Bodybuilders
Sherko Yousif Hama Amin, Hassan Hashm Abdullah, Bebak Muhammad Ali Khan
This paper is an attempt to observe the effects of weight training by practicing the pyramid and TRX (Total Resistance Exercise) workout methods on muscle strength, body measurements, and certain functional abilities among the study participants. In addition to that, the results of this study were compared before and after training to determine the differences on each training sessions in terms of its effectiveness. Therefore, we as the researchers found the importance of conducting an experimental approach in order to accomplish the study objectives, specifically to be more precise in determining the results. Following that, a group of 14 bodybuilders were chosen intentionally for the sample, the participants were all from Rania city in Sulaymaniyah governorate. The training program lasted eight weeks which would accordingly develop the selected measures of fitness. Furthermore, the program followed a structured plan with weekly training cycles and two main phases. The intensity followed a 3:1 manner, and each muscle group, such as the chest and arms, did 16 training units, with two sessions per week. According to our findings, we have come to understand that both training methods which were employed during the study were found to be very effective on the targeted variables. Specifically, the pyramid training method was found to be particularly effective in increasing maximal strength and anaerobic respiration capacity, whereas TRX training found to be effective for enhancing stability, balance, and overall functional capacity.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 897-909
The Impact of Public Relations on Marketing in the Era of Social Media
Hoshyar Muzaffar Ali, Thahir Hamadamin Sabir
This research discusses in a description method the Impact of public relations in social media marketing. The research aims to analyze the mutual effect between public relations and marketing strategies and how these relations contribute to enhancing promotion and the making of the value of the brand. The research also discusses the tools and steps that public relations offers to support marketing in this digital era with focusing on its effect on building general opinion and long term customers. Public relations has become a core variable in marketing success. Especially in the age of social media which witnesses a major shift in the methods of social interactions and the impact on general opinion? This research represents the effect of public relations on marketing in doing so also understanding the new dynamics which links effective marketing and the making of the mental image of the brands. Public relations depend on building transparent social channels that are effective between firms and its prospects. With the emergence of social media these channels became interactive stages with an immediate sense that allowed public relations to develop innovative strategies that serve marketing goals. Public relations are no longer limited to enhancing the firm’s image, instead it became a major partner in relaying marketing messages, targeting prospects, and managing reactions. Within this framework classical public relations interact with new digital ones to offer a new value for marketing. For instance, public relations can contribute to enhance interactions with the marketing content, building impactful stories about products and services, and increase brand awareness. It also contributes to increase the prospect’s trust which directly affects purchase decisions and achieve customer loyalty.
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Social Science Original Research pp. 910- 934
Ecofeminism in Modern Iraqi Women’s poetry: “Ashtar’s Songs” by Lamia Abbas as a Sample
Hawr Ismael Mustafa
Ecofeminism is a recent theory that has significantly influenced literary work and criticism. And This critical theory become best tool for critical reading for the literature texts, Then it has become a most important lens for finding the different sides of texts implications, so that it can display us most literary meanings, that we can not knowing those meanings without this critical theory. Lamia Abbas Amara, a leading Iraqi poet and feminist activist, has been an outstanding figure in Arabic and Iraqi literature since her childhood. Her rise in the literary world coincided with the spread of feminist and ecofeminist ideas. This study, titled "Ecofeminism in modern Iraqi Women's Poetry (Ashtar's Songs) by Lamia Abbas as a sample," seeks to examine Amara's enrolment in ecofeminist themes. The researcher employs ecofeminist theory, which emphasizes the relationship and harmony between women and the environment and critiques the dominant male culture for contributing to both women's oppression and environmental destruction. The study assumes that there is a great connection between women and nature in Amara's poetry. It also presents a tense and sensitive relationship between men, women, and the natural world. The Iraqi landscape is prominently featured in her work, and her poetry is notable for its candid and aesthetic portrayal of psychological and social environments.
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