Volume 7
Issue 2
- Published
- 29 April 2020
- Articles
- 30 articles
- Access
- Open Access
Table of Contents
-
01
Social Science Original Research pp. 1-22
Philosophical interpretation to the history in Nosherwan Mustafa’s perspective
Azad Ali Maulud, Aras Abdulrahman Mustafa, Qadir Muhammed Muhammed
Noshrwan Mustafa Emin ( 1944 -2017), commonly known as Noshirwan Mustafa, was a prominent Kurdish political figure and Peshmerga commander. He played an important role in the political life of southern Kurdistan as a Peshmarga commander and political activist. Therefore, the majority of Kurdish people may know him as a politician rather than as an author or historian. Pondering upon Noshrwan Mustafa’s history related writings, indicates that his contributions in that area is as significant as his political career. This research deals with a side of Noshrwan Mustaf’s history writing style, which is " philosophical interpretation to the history in Noshrwan mustaf’s perspective". It appears that Noshrwan Mustafa was aware of the philosophical iterepretations. They could easily be noticed in his historical books. He, however, did not rely on only one philosophical school of thought to analyze historical events. He appears to have taken into account a plethora of philosophical views to analyze history.
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02
Social Science Original Research pp. 23-41
The social Diexes in the elector’s Language
Shilan Othman Abdulrahman
The above is the title of this study . The aim of the social diexes is to show its impact on the speech of its members . the social diexes include mam , khal , westa , haji , sheikh …etc in Kurdish. They are a branch of the ragmatic signs which composite of setting : time , place , person , text and social figures . The language of propaganda in election is a kind of language used of praising which electors use to persuade voters . This study attempts to investigate that language in the process of election. Readers expected interesting results , the study shows that 83% of the electors use this language in the posters while 17% of them neglected , do not use this language.
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03
Social Science Original Research pp. 42-60
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Group Counseling Program on Self-Efficacy among 7th-Grade Students
Bakhan Bakhtiyar Muhammdamin, Jabbar Ahmed Abdul Rahman
Self-efficacy is the students' belief about their ability to perform school tasks successfully, and Counseling is the crucial way to help students to understand their potential and help them to solve their problems at school and in their daily life. This research examined the level of self-efficacy among 7th grade students after participating in group counseling program, self-efficacy was measured by Self-Efficacy Self-Report Scale that was designed by (Erford, Schein and Duncan, 2011). The researcher found the validity and reliability for the scale, ultimately the scale consisted of (15) items. This research was designed as (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up) quasi-experimental design with (11) students from Srwa school for girls in the academic year (2018-2019). The students participated in 35 minutes sessions twice a week including (Homework assignments, Coping skills, Modeling, Role-play, Feedback, Problem-solving, Coping cards and Adaptive attribution beliefs). After the counseling sessions the collected data were analyzed with (IBM SPSS statistics version 23) by using paired sample t-test, the results revealed that there were significant differences between mean scores of pretest and posttest. It showed that the level of self-efficacy increased after conducting the counseling program. The research marks a closure with a discussion and the limitations of the research, suggestions for further researches and practical implications of the research.
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04
Social Science Original Research pp. 61-92
The Role of Managers in New Educational System in the Development of Educational Process from the Basic School Teachers’ Perspective in the Centre of Sulaimani City
Azhi Hama Qazi Rahim, Kurdistan Mohamed Azad
This study is structured into four chapters; the first is an introduction part that includes aims, objectives, limitation, and concepts of the research. The second will be on the theoretical framework which contains the concept of manager, its rolls and roll of manger in modern studying systems; it also concentrates on three researches as a brief literature review on the topic of this paper. Then, it moves on to the methodological chapter. The fourth chapter discusses and describes the findings, restates and summarises the results from the research process.This research aims at conducting the teachers’ perceptions about the role of managers upon developing the teaching process in the basic schools of Sulaymanyah (2019 - 2020). Based on the study aims, the researchers relied on a descriptive manner. The research sample concluded all teachers from both eastern and western education directorate of Sulaymanyah. The sample size set as (185) of all teachers from both education directorates which are (1246) teachers.Based on the literature review, a close-ended questionnaire is chosen as a suitable approach to collect data among participants, in addition, 52 questions were prepared and divided by over four clauses such as (management system, teacher developments, student developments, and relatives’ side of students. After the prepared questionnaire, validity was assessed by experts and it was (0.81). Then, for the purpose of the research reliability, the questionnaire was repeated upon participants and it was resulted (0.84) using Person ،Correlation Coefficient. Furthermore, in order to analysing collected data, present a meaningful result and discus detailed findings, this study benefitted from many statistical tests including (weight variation test means, arithmetic average (using SPSS. Finally, it was reached to a set of conclusions, including the role of managers was positive in three aspects in managing, developing teachers’ ability and related sides of student relatives). On the other, their roles were negative on developing students. Another result was that there was no different opinion among teachers from both eastern and western education directorates.
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05
Social Science Original Research pp. 93-117
The structure of Asfar-e-Kateban of Abu-torab Khosravi
Arkan Abdullah Mahmood, Najmuldeen Roostam Younus
Abu-torab Khosravi has obtained a special place among the third generation of Iranian fiction writers through writing a collection of stories under the title of Havieh and Divan-e-Soomanat and two novels titled Asfar-e-Kateban and Rood-e-Ravi. Despite his precision and attempt at processing a coherence among language, narration and themes, his stories have been, to some extent, neglected due to the narrative complexities and technical nicety in his works. His novel, Asfar-e-Kateban, can be an appropriate selection for explaining the artistry and value of Abu-torab Khosravi. Thus, this novel will be analyzed in terms of structuralism. This novel consists of 12 sequences which contain another three narratives; the proposed subjects and thoughts correspond with its deep-structure, that is to say, the subversion of time.
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06
Social Science Original Research pp. 118-136
The role of linguistic context in conveying the syntactic meaning of the verb in Khanaqeen sub_dialec
Muhammed Majeed Saeed, Qais Kamal Ahmed
In the first part, the researcher determined the personal pronouns in the dialect of Khanaqeen: one group of separate pronouns and two groups of attached pronouns. The position and function of each pronoun is explained. The second part deals with the theoretical aspect of verb formation. The relation between the lexical and syntactic structure of the verb is indicated. The study has revealed that the linguistic information of the verb is organized and accumulated in the lexical items. Later this linguistic information interacts to form the external syntactic structure of the verb within the frame of the phrase and sentences. The third part also deals with the role of linguistic context due to its central role in determining the tense of verbs and sentences in the dialect of Khanaqeen.
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07
Social Science Original Research pp. 137-158
The Relation between Popular Heritage and other Sciences
Ibrahim Hasan Hamad
This study is about the relation between popular heritage and some humanitarian sciences such as history، sociology and enthropology، a study of man، how they move and interact with society. History is divided into two basic parts، written which is recorded by historians and oral which is narrated from one generation to another. In the ancient era، epics، lawik and hairan (special type of song related to Kurdish culture) are considered as a mirror to reflect factual and historical events. They are considered as a reliable document for popular heritage. Concerning، enthropolgy، has a great relation with the popular heritage because it is emerged from anthropology.
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08
Social Science Original Research pp. 159-182
Types of Nonverbal Communication Cues with Reference to Refugeeism
Bekhal Abubaker Hussein, Rauf Kareem Mahmood
This paper tackles nonverbal communication cues among refugees. It is widely believed that nonverbal communication is one of the most effective types of communication to enhance better human understanding and cooperation. Besides, interpretation and comprehension of this type of communication are crucial among diverse nations, cultures, and ethnic groups. On the other hand, the number of refugees has increased because of several factors, mainly including armed political conflicts in Middle-Eastern countries. Thus, they face political, economic, social, and/or psychological threats. Besides, they encounter other challenging difficulties in verbal and nonverbal communication. Therefore, communication enhancement has become essential and crucial to treat refugees through more proactive nonverbal communication strategies. The study targets real people in Sulaimani Governorate refugee camps, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It investigates the types of nonverbal cues in the sociopragmatic refugeeism context. It initiates by some definitions of sociopragmatics and nonverbal communication and its cues categorization. In addition, it extends to explain the impact of sociopragmatic variables on the communicative types of nonverbal cues.
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09
Social Science Original Research pp. 183-213
The crime by refrain and leaving, its essence pillars and applications into a legal comparative study to Islamic juispudence
Kamal Muhammad Abubakir, Karim Taha Tahir, Shakhawan Khidr Rasool
crime usually happens in a negative way, that is to prevent an act that is bidding legally, punishable by his/her legacy, or legally binding on it, another one doing positively is the crime takes place in a positive way, that is, by committing an act prohibited by the law and criminalized by the law, especially if it results in an act or omission as a harmful result, and whether the harmful result financial or misconduct was a pure legal violation. The crime of refraining may be preceded by positive behaviors which time its completeness and magnitudes are confirmed.The elements that make the crime are available in the crime of abstinence, like other crimes. The material element is indicated from the proposition that each crime has a result and the causal relationship between the result and the conduct. Or through the law’s consideration of that behavior alone without taking care at the result, depending on the legal concept of the result, through which the result is aggression against an interest saved by the law.The moral element of the abstaining crime is got when there is a condition of discrimination and freedom of choice for the wrongdoer, so the criminal act is issued by someone with a criminal ability.The element of compulsion in the crime is achieved by abstaining when there is a legal obligation on the individual’s responsibility. His\her failure to implement what he\she orders leads to the arrangement of responsibility over the wrongdoer, on the basis of one or more of the base of compulsion, starting with the Penal Code and then the laws that supplement it and after that contract and the conduct of the perpetrator and other laws and rules Public and custom, responsibility and the idea of the advocator, and the exclusive responsibility to protect interests.In Islamic statue include more ways to rule on the crime of abstaining, by considering the abstainer as a cause of the crime, or as a participant therein, or as being incompetent to do what he must himself\herself or assign to him\her from the accomplishment appoint on him\her, and the abstainer can also be judged based on the evidence from the texts of the BOOK and The SUNNAH is straightforward, and the decision of the wrongdoer can be withdraw by measuring it with similar origins and patterns.The criminal victuals have expanded in Islamic jurisprudence and the penal code for the crime of continence, and have determined the appropriate penalties for it according to the resulting damages and aggressions affecting the individual and society.
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10
Social Science Original Research pp. 214-241
Media role in the formation of public opinion towards the right of self-determination for Kurds in Iraq
Hemin Majeed Hasan, Baqir Dawd Hussein, Kamil Omar Sleman
This research deals with the subject of the Kurdish media in relation to the right of self-determination, which the Kurds prepare for its central cause and struggle for it. The importance of this research comes from the importance of its basic components represented by the Kurdish media and the right to self-determination, where they combine the equation of influence and influence, which is the operator of the formative relations of things and designed in all human groups, including the community of the region, in addition to being one of the few Kurdish studies in this field, To cast its positive on the operators of the terms of reference.The aim of this research is to realize the levels of interest of the Kurdish media in the concept of the right to self-determination and its role in conveying its meanings and implications to the Kurdish individual, as well as to identify the mechanisms used by this media to convince the individual mentioned this right and activate his tendencies toward him.The research depends on the university teachers, in addition to their field dimension, because they are the most appropriate and the right to express opinions about such strategic issues and their details and implications, because of their knowledge, scientific, specialized and other structural participants, as well as their structural representation of various social components in the Kurdistan Region.
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11
Social Science Original Research pp. 242-261
Surrogacy contract between permissibility and prohibition
Sangar Ali Rasul
The law is a set of general and abstract rules of conduct that regulate the ties in society, and it is associated with punishment for those who violate it, and the development of these social ties would make legal rules unfeasible. Consequently, the necessity to alter, amend or repeal those rules in response to the growing needs of society so that the legislator can bring the laws in line with these advancements.This includes artificial insemination with surrogacy and the subject is a new emerging and innovative idea, particularly in the legislation of states that authorize it which requires a legal regulation aligned with that progress.The research relies on the analytical approach in dealing with details of the subject, and the research structure is based on two sections, we discussed in the first section of what is surrogacy by defining it and presenting its characteristics. In the second section, the provisions of surrogacy between Sharia and law are discussed. The conclusion of the research includes some of the findings and recommendations that might be appropriate to our modest view.
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12
Social Science Original Research pp. 262-287
Schools and educational centers for American Missionary and their effects on the educational situation in the Ottoman Kurdistan in the nineteenth century
Saman Hussien Ahmad
After American missionaries arrived to the regions of Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the 19th century and when they started their activities, the Kurds as one of the nations who were living within the Ottoman Empire, attracted the attention of missionaries. Therefore they opened their office in the Kurdish cities and started their activities. As it has been known that most of the activities of American missionaries were intellectual and educational activities, as a result they opened many schools, professional schools and even they established universities in some cities of Kurdistan, many girls and boys studied in these schools. This study is about (American Missionaries’ educational centres in Kurdish cities in Ottoman Empire in 19th century). This study attempts to illustrate the impact of these schools that were established by American Missionaries and how they were operated. This paper is divided into three parts. First part is about the appearance of American missionaries’ activities in the region of Kurdistan. In this part we will try to briefly describe how they came to Kurdish regions and how they worked and what were their activities. The second part is about the American missionaries’ educational centres in Kurdistan. It endeavours to show the educational activities of American missionaries in Kurdistan regions, and then it will illustrate the importance of these educational centres in Kurdistan regions. The third part is about the effect of American missionaries’ educational centres on the situation of education in Kurdistan. It will evaluate the impact of these educational centres on the education in Kurdistan and on the situation of education in Kurdistan.
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13
Social Science Original Research pp. 288-304
Silver nanoparticle Bacteriostatic activity Assessment against Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumonia
Payman Akram Hamasaeed, Shayma Jabar Hyder
The aims: Screen for the Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumonia from urinary tract infection UTI patients phenotypically and molecularly, also testing different sizes of silver nanoparticles as antibacterial for the resistance isolates. Methodology: Vitek Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase test , molecular confirmed ESBL-producing isolates were checked by PCR for the presence of AmpC and blaCTX-M genes. Flat well microtiter plates were used for packing of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles . This study included 85 urine samples were collected from patients that admitted to the "Rizgary Hospital" in Erbil province from 15 June to 15 December 2018. Antibiotic sensitivity test of all isolates to (Ampicillin, Ampicillin/sulbactam Cefazolin, Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Imipenem, Nafcillin and Nitrofurantoin )antibiotics were tested by the disc-agar method as standardized by the National Committee for Clinical laboratory Standards (2006).Results: Out of 51 tested isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia, 11 (21.6%) were Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producers. Their antibiotic resistance profile showed the rate of resistance isolates was (100%) to Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Ceftazidime and Ceftriaxone and ( 90%) to Cefepime .In addition the susceptibility to Imipenem was (72.7%) of isolates. The bands of the AmpC and bla CTX-M genes was noted in (42.9%) samples and the remain samples (57.1 %)were negative for both genes. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration during incubation of Non ESBL producer - ESBL producer isolates in series concentrations of silver nanoparticles size (20 nm) was between (625 -2500) µg/ml and for size (90 nm), it was (1250) µg/ml for non ESBL producer and not affected ESBL producer isolates .The increased percentage rates of β-lactamase producing Klebsiella species were seen which was considered as an alarm, due to limitation in treatment options for UTI. It was appeared that Imipenem currently is the main available antibiotic for UTI treatment as a drug of choice. It was noticed that different sizes of silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity for ESBL producing isolates.
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14
Social Science Original Research pp. 305-330
Mumtaz Haidari and his role in Kurdish Newspaper
Barzan Mohammad Ali, Karwan Jawhar Mohammad
In general this Research paper examines the biography and personality of Mumtaz Haidari and his role in the history of Kurdish newspapers. All the aspects of the study are supported by proofs, evidence from different trusted sources. The paper expresses its point of views in a very objective way. In all its arguments the writer supports his views and opinions by different sources, in a genuine attempt of him to present a very clear picture of Mr Haidari in all historical incidents of Kurdish history. The research consists of two sections: The first section sheds light on the life of Mr Haidari. The way he grow up and his works up to the present time. The second section focuses on his role in Kurdish newspepars and all his activities and contributions to this fiend.
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15
Social Science Original Research pp. 331-364
Speed Reading and its impact on Understanding and Increasing the number of words(experimental research)
Moaid Ismail Jarjis, Bazyan Satar Khafur
In the current empirical research, the researchers aimed to prepare a scale and program on rapid reading and its impact on understanding and increasing the number of words as it went (Tony Buzan, 2011 - 2018). The program was based on a sample consisting of (14) equal female students in terms of age, sex, social status and level of education, as one experimental group of students of the internal section (18) at the University of Salahaddin - Erbil. The importance of the current empirical research is that reading fast teaches students to learn new ways of reading and understanding and increasing the number of words, and left the previous misconceptions in reading and understanding, which we learned from childhood in schools, where it was an obstacle to reading fast and understanding and increase the number of words and benefit from the effort and time as well. The accuracy of the visual reliability and the stability of the method test and re-test were verified. The apparent of the visual reliability was 100% and the stability coefficient was 91%. The pre-test was carried out on the experimental group and the program was applied to them and then the post-test was performed on them. Statistical analysis of the social sciences (Spss) showed the results: 1. Prepare a rapid reading program 2. There is a statistically significant difference between the arithmetic mean value of the pre- test and the post-test, in favor for the post-test in degree of freedom (26) at the level of statistical significance (0.001) This means that the independent variable (Quick Reading Program) has an effective effect on the dependent variables (understanding and increasing the number of words). In the light of the results, the researchers presented some recommendations and suggestions.
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16
Social Science Original Research pp. 365-390
History writing by the Kurdis in Iraq (1958-1968) is among the books printed in Kurdish language.
Bashdar Omar Rafeeq, Mohammed Abdullah Kakasur
The issue of writing history by Kurdish authors in Iraq between1958-1968 is analysed and explained which is about those printed books in kurdish written and published by Kurdish authors in Iraq. We have concluded that eight history books were published in Kurdish language from 1958 to 1968. Among them, seven of them were written and published from 1958 to 1962 and only one book was published in 1968. This devision of publishing those books has been due to politicial reasons and the emergence of Ailul revolution in 1961. On the one hand, it was due to the political unrest which was a stumbling block for the writing process for authors. On the other hand, however, it was due to the Aylul revolution that led to the restriction of the writing and publication processes by the Iraqi government. The historeans were peoples of different backgrounds in Kurdistan including politicians, army, religious people, school teachers, poets, and scholars. This show the desire of writing history by peoples of different backgrounds in the Kurdish society. Regarding the academic and scientific quality and the methodology of adopted at that time in writing history books, although it cannot be compared by today’s history books, but it was rather narrative and simple. In addition, very few references were usually used in writing those books. This was due to the fact that the history books authors were not historians.
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17
Social Science Original Research pp. 391-415
The USA policy towards Iraq Feb 8-1963- July17-1968
Harem Hasan Ahmed Baban, Mohammed Abdullah Kakasur
The USA policy towards Iraq 1963-1968,is one of the significant topics that has been given special attention by researchers, especially the America’s role in bringing the Baathists to power in Iraq and recognizing them.Another issue that has been taken care of by America is how to strengthen its political, cultural, and economic ties, especially its oil relations with Iraq. Because of Iraq was one of main forces in the Middle East during the Cold War, Therefore, it has become an important site to American interest .On the other hand, there were some external factors that had a negative impact on the US foreign policy towards Iraq during this period. Among those factors, the Arab-Israel and the problem of western oil partners that were operating in Iraq at that time. However during existing these issues, the cultural and economic relations between USA and Iraq was still remain.
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18
Social Science Original Research pp. 416-434
Seasonal Variation of Solid Waste Components in Ranya District, Iraq.
Araz Ahmed Hamza, Omed Aziz Ahmed
Municipal solid waste can be considered as one of the significant environmental issues in worldwide, as a result of industrial revolution, economic development and overpopulation. The current study focused on seasonal variation of solid waste production and composition. The study was conducted during winter and summer seasons in 2019. Solid waste samples were collected from the collector trucks from eight different zones in Ranya district. The results revealed that the average of total solid waste generation in the district estimated as (286.9 tons/day) and (1.108 kg-capita/days). The analysis of the waste content detected that the largest portion of the district solid waste is organic material which forming an average of 67.05%. Followed by cloth & textile, plastic, paper & cardboards, metal and glass, which their quantities are 11.93%, 8.19%, 7.12%, 3.05% and 2.65% respectively. The seasonal variation impacts on solid waste has been preserved obviously in this research study, more specifically in metal, glass and organic waste contents, which their quantities increased substantially from wet to dry season, (6.2 to 11.61 tons/day), (6.26 to 9.07 tons/day) and (177.5 to 207.62 tons/day) respectively. Moreover, the total generated solid waste magnitude of the district picked up changed from 268.37tones/day for wet season to 305.44tones/day for dry season.
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19
Social Science Original Research pp. 435-455
The taboo topic in Kurdish language
Bzhwen Yahya Mohamad
The research is entitled (The topic of taboo in Kurdish language), it is an attempt to find the topic of taboo in Kurdish native speakers' mental, in order the most taboo expression to be recognized generally. Consequently, to find taboo and its order in mind, mental lexicon has been applied, which is in relation to being individually or in group has its particular sort. The present research is to explore that information in mental lexicon, which relies on the data and instruments that are uncovered in syntax and morphology of contexts. The study uses analytical descriptive method to analyze the phenomenon and its principle. The instrument of the study is Kurdish language _ slemani Dialect. The findings of the study shoe that the taboos have their own domain and in mental lexicon orders are kept and on the same sorts are expressed.
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20
Social Science Original Research pp. 456-493
The role of media language in creating coexistence in conflict society
Nazakat Hussein Hama saeed
Language in most societies is a key role in creating coexistence, peace, social and security. However, this can only happen when the language is taken as an important part of the constitution and the law of that country, which have to be constituted as a way of beginning for coexistence. Furthermore, at the same time the education system and the media have also to be put to serve and create a suitable language for coexistence. The opposite is also true, where language is an identity; it is a way of dialogue, word or a term that are used. It is misunderstanding between some people in some societies that language has become a source for the mayhem, conflicts, economic crisis and the disruption of national and social security especially in those countries and societies that are passing through the transition stages. Which is also multinational, multilingual, multi faith, multi ethnic? In addition to this they also have a historical background in conflicts and war. The Kurdistan region is a newly developing region that has a diverse population and has had a historical past in continuous conflicts and war between the internal political parties. As well as this the presence of a political media system in the country has been a part of the conflicts in which has made the media language a huge reason for the distancing of the parties and the further deepening of the conflicts. That is why this research investigates the importance and role of the media language of its responsibility of creating coexists, the Kurdish channel in the Kurdistan region taken it as an example ,by using a survey method.
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21
Social Science Original Research pp. 494-512
The Lonely Woman in Tennyson’s Poetry: A Case Study in “Mariana” and “Mariana in the South”
Basil Qahtan Muhammad, Ziyad Muhammad HamadAmeen
This paper tackles the theme of lonely women in Tennyson’s poetry. It studies the theme through the character of Mariana in the two poems carrying this name in the title, “Mariana” and “Mariana in the South”, with the objectives of finding similarities and differences and the continuity between the two poems. It studies each poem individually with focus on the characteristics of the protagonist, the setting, the correlation between the character’s psychology and the surroundings, and the presence of death and faith in each of the two poems. It ends with the conclusion that both Marianas are very similar in their situation and their suffering. Yet, the drastic change of setting in the later-written “Mariana in the South” from the setting of the earlier “Mariana” shows that, even in very different settings and with very different religious stands, women who suffer from loneliness and desertion end up similarly desperate.
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22
Social Science Original Research pp. 513-531
Bilateral White and black in the poetry of Antar bin Shaddad al-Absi
Pakhshan Rahim Rasheed Al – Muthafari
The importance of this research is that it goes beyond the many descriptive studies that dealt with pre-Islamic poetry and poetry in particular. This research deals with the dualism of white and black in the poetry of Antar and the relationship of this duality with the same poet. It may come to mind that the poet To ignore the mention of this duality in his poetry, but contrary to what the reader expected more than mentioned and talk about, and so he does not escape from the basic problem facing him in his life, a color node, but tries to address it and face to overcome Through its introduction and conform to religious, mythological and social standards and the same And moral values, by deconstructing this dualism and making black as well as white acceptable on both the personal and social levels. Through his poetic style and his good use of white and black, he attempts to modify the balance between his understanding and his society understands of human relations in accordance with humanitarian principles and not just formal forms in which society believes and gives them something of holiness.
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23
Social Science Original Research pp. 532-551
Memory of the wound : An attempt to interrogate invisible space
Dilshad Mustafa Raheem Razawa
The power of silence, however, it might attend an invisible discourse framework, it goes further to the sphere of killing the opportunity of exploring the invisibility codes. Exploring the space that has been explored previously, there was a simple narrative of the victims’ stories, that could help the researcher go much deeper through different kinds of concepts that could help in the interpretation process, or create an intentional approach for the sake of the victims' subjectivities and opening wider space for its appearance. In other words, to get out of the limitations of silence we must appropriate several terms from different context to help us face its hegemony and embarking in its strong boundaries. For instance, when we simply look at an image, we do not know the intention or purpose of the image (photograph in particular) is the process of perpetuating the moment of taking it, or to freeze the time in the moment of any process. We do not look at the circumstances and the situation that produces the image, as far as our focus goes to the faces and components within the image. This mainstream and simple comprehension is a clear sign of a lack of understanding to the image’s language. That language helps to show what is touring inside who has been captured, who simply says: I was there. This study tries to find the keys that give the power of expression to the image, so that it can represent the wounded’s memory, therefore, starts to convey it through a carefully deliberated process from invisible to visible, from narrative to imagery.Dealing with the memory of wounds spreading on the Kurdish body needs a different type of approach, in a way that has not been explored previously. Explore through different means away from the prevalent and familiarity.The researcher believes that taking benefit from the experience of others in the process of representing the wounded can help in the elimination of hesitancy domination and incursion into other more open spaces by exploring a set of criteria and factors that form other extents of expression such as motion picture, cinema for example. From this standpoint, we find that the process of representing the memory of the victims in the massacres of the Jews (The Holocaust) is the most successful process during the last century until nowadays. Therefore, taking into account how to take advantage of the methods and the forms that has been used in the Holocaust imagery process can take us to a broad and informed horizon. This research tries to explore a way that can help the victims to get rid of psychological constraints and express themselves through a trustable medium that could be cinema. In the case of Kurds, exploring that type of cinema which can enhance the victims to narrate their stories without any restrictions.
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24
Social Science Original Research pp. 552-581
The role of childrens television programs on aggrresive behavior of kurdsh children
Jwan Bahaaddin Ali, Salam Nasraddin Mohammed
The aim of this research is to identify the television programs that children watch in general during interviews with a group of (504) children. After analyzing the content of those programs that were widely viewed according to some categories such as (the tools used for aggression), (verbal violence), (Practical violence) and (symbolic violence). Then the programs were arranged according to the number of repeated the violence in them. For all this, a questionnaire was prepared to analyze the content of the programs. After doing face validity and Internal consistency to the measure, the researcher analyzed the content of (50) programs from the animated films and the total time was (830) minutes or (13) hour and (50) minutes.According to all categories of content analysis measure, the results showed that children's programs generaly includes violent scenes and (Spiderman, Tom and jerry and Ben 10) got the first rank in that they contain stylized scenes, and this makes them the most influential cartoon movie on children to learn from them violent behavior and to make social and psychological problems. At the end, the researcher has presented some suggestion and recommendations.
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25
Social Science Original Research pp. 582-608
The Role of New Media in Rising Public Awareness of National Security in Iraqi Kurdistan Region During The War On ISIS
Abdulkhalq Ibrahim Mustaffa, Radwan Ali Khidhir
This study aims to explain the role and impact of news websites in Iraqi Kurdistan region in raising public awareness regarding the dimensions of national security and providing them with important information. In this study the method of content analysis is used to analyzing the news content in (Xendan) website and (K24) website during their coverage of the war on Islamic state. The most important finding in this study are: news websites concerned with different dimensions of national security and the military dimension has received more attention than other dimension.
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26
Social Science Original Research pp. 609-637
The role of media censorship, for television channels in Kurdistan Region
Gashaw Ali Faraj, Saman Jalal Mawlud
This research under the title (The role of controlling institutions, for television channels in Kurdistan Region). The main purpose of this research is to show the importance of controlling institutions for the kurdish media movement and find the way and solutions that are important for the content of the media message at television channels not make a censor for the free expression.In this research the descriptive and survey metod used that are exact with the goals that the researcher wants to get, in the practical side, the spss application used for the meetings and the questionnaire, to get the most data and informations and get the goal of the main problem of the research, that are being because of having no free media controlling institutions or the institutions are weak and there's no law for organize the television channels.The academic and experts in the media and the journalists from the 4 provinces in Kurdistan Region (Erbil, Sulaimaniya, Duhok, Halabja) are used as a sample and the society of the research.The research contains six parts, in the first part the frame of the research, second part contains the concepts and defining the media and television theories, third part talks about the levels of the development of local and satellite channels in Kurdistan Region, the fourth part contains the concepts and defines the controling institutions for the media movements, also the controling institutions in the point of the authority and law and executions,the fifth part talks about the controling media institutions in different authority systems, and the last part shows the practical side.At the end, this research got the consequences that are important for the controling media institutions for the television channels, also all the laws and bases that deal with the media, and shall be Changed, at the same time, write new laws and bases for the media channels and publishment. And decrease the parties's authority for the formal institutions that work in media, and more make sure of the quality of the content and the message of television channels at that institutions in Kurdistan Region.
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27
Social Science Original Research pp. 638-660
Review studies of Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment tools
Gulala Abdulqadir Aziz
Urbanization due to population growth has negative environmental impact. The sustainable developments of the city and neighborhoods becomes as essential requirement. For this purpose, in the last few years several Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment tools have been developed and used around the world. The aim of this research is comprehensive review of the used neighborhood sustainability assessment tools in the literature and compares the assessment criteria among the tools. The systematical review method is used in this study in order to determine the development, progress, and future direction of this emerging topic. The result of this study shows an overview of neighborhood sustainability assessment tools in the context of annual publications and journal publishers, authors main contribution, published research by countries, common neighborhood sustainability assessment tools in literature, and literature findings. This paper recommends potential research area for future researchers and policymakers of neighborhood and residential sustainable design.
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28
Social Science Original Research pp. 661-685
The Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Financial Sources of Media Institutions in the Kurdistan Region
Jwana Salah Hussein, Omar Ahmed Ramadan
The research highlights the effects of the financial crisis on Media’s institutions in the Kurdistan Region. The research is excerpted from the Master's thesis (The Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Financial Sources of Media Institutions in the Kurdistan Region) and it is a Media and Economic Subject at the same time The aim( goal) of the research : to show the extent of the impact of the financial crisis on the performance and how to work in medias institutions, according to the type of owner of the institution and the type of media. In order to reach the mentioned goal, the research used the survey method. In the process of collecting information, use the questionnaire (scale) by distributing it to employees and employees of Media’s organizations. The research consists of three main sections The first section: It consists of the research methodology The second section: It is the theoretical aspect of the research and consists of two issues. The first issue: The occurrence of the financial crisis in the Kurdistan Region, factors of its occurrence and its implications. The second issue: the financial sources of media organizations and their economic peculiarities. The third and last chapter: It is the practical and field aspect of the research, and it includes the results and suggestion.
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29
Social Science Original Research pp. 686-705
From laboratory life to newsroom practice: The use of actor-network theory and community of practice to explain newsroom practice and culture: Kurdish Network News as case study
Kovan Hussein Saado, Abdulsamad Qadir Hussein
This paper focuses on the impacts of technological changes in the newsroom practices, taking both Actor-Network Theory (henceforth ANT) developed by Latour, 1992; Callon, 1992 and Law, 1992), as well as the Community of Practice (henceforth COP) developed by Wenger, 1998 and Lave, 1991) in newsroom practices and news-making processes inside the newsroom of (KNN) a Kurdish news channel. The paper argues that both models provide a strong basis of understanding the situation of news practice and constructing a better environment of learning, shared projects, problem solving, focal actor roles, and translation processes.The paper explores how the ANT and COP models work together to provide in-depth understanding for media researchers in their study of newsroom technology. Through this paper the researcher will provide in-depth understanding surrounding the key concepts and principles of each model and employ these to analyses news practice and contemporary newsroom culture. Through the use of ANT and COP this paper seeks to understand the role of new technology tools, human and non-human actors in shaping journalists’ behavior in the newsroom.The date collection process based on the secondary data includes the in-depth interviews with news making crews in the newsroom and non-participate observation of the situation of automation system newsroom applied by KNN.
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30
Social Science Original Research pp. 706-735
The Impact of COVID- 19 on Social media user behavior and their usage level: The Kurdish Journalist as a Case.
Nazakat Hussein Hama saeed, Hakim Othman Hameed
This study relies on an online questionnaire survey paper, The aim of the study is to Carry out that during coronavirus and lockdown which causes people to stay at home and prevent them to get outside. “Who lost their jobs temporarily because of covid-19?” how impacted on social media user behave and their level of using .Dose being online for most of the aspect of life made journalists to use social media more than ever before. This paper focused on Journalists, because they are more intelligent to use social media and much more need to use social media regarding their jobs. For this purpose, this paper use survey method to collect data sample size which is 101 journalists 101 form being returned and responded by the Journalists from all of Kurdistan Region governess, and all type of media organization such as printer ,digital and broadcast media .So that gain the answer, do the Journalist behave and their level of using social media being changed when compared coronaviruses time and before coming this crisis .
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