Issue 6

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-20

   Mechanisms of Time Transition in the Narrative of the Collection of Stories (Khawnnamay Dada Sozi) by Karwan Kaka Soor

   Mustafa Saleh Mustafa

   The research entitled (Mechanisms of Time Transition in the Narrative of the Collection of Stories (“Khawnnamay Dada Sozi” by Karwan Kaka Soor), is an attempt to introduce and show the effect of time transition in developing the structure of the narrative text. The study examines how the use of mechanisms to accelerate and slow down narrative time contributes to this effect. A narrator can alter the time of the narrated text according to their own intentions and needs, creating a distinction between narrative time and story time. This demonstrates the narrator's ability and talent within the narrative.The research consists of an introduction and two parts. In the introduction, along with introducing time as an element of narrative, the importance of time and its manifestations in the narrative text are discussed. Additionally, the difference between narrative time and story time is clarified. In the first part of the study, the mechanisms for slowing down the narrative time (such as: description, scene, and comment) and their roles in slowing down the narrative time are discussed. In the second part, the mechanisms for accelerating the narrative time are discussed, which include the mechanisms of (removal and shortening). Examples in the stories are provided to illustrate the role of each mechanism. Finally, the results and conclusions are provided.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 21-48

   Linguistic Deviation According to Leech and Short ’Checklist in Anwar Qader’ Poem ‘’The Season of Farhad’ Survival’’

   khasro Ahmed Rasul

   The research study entitled (Linguistic Deviation in the Season of Farhad’s Rise by Anwar Qadir Mohammed According to Leach and Short Checklist). The field of the research is applied linguistics because linguistic deviation in stylistics is a field of applied linguistics. The data of the study is Anwar Qadir Mohammed's poem (The Season of Farhad’s Rise). The research approach is analytic and practical which for linguistic deviation relies on the perspectives of Leech and Short’s checklist and for the quantities relies on the statistics. The study is important in the sense that it shows the style of the poetic language. The study consists of two sections, in addition to the introduction, conclusions and list of references. In the first section, entitled (Language of Poetry and Deviations), phonological, lexical, grammatical, dialectal, and linguistic, semantic, historical, register and graphological deviations are discussed. The second section entitled (The Relationship between semantic oddities, and deviant collocation and their Role in Poetry Interpretation) is discussed. In each poem, unusual, meaning, and collocational deviations are identified.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 49-72

   The relationship of gender differences to social development.

   Hazhar Latif Saber, Abdulhamid Ali Saeed Barzanji

   The main purposes of this study are to demonstrate the relationship between gender differences and social development. This study relies on theories (biology, social roles and gender differences) and the factors that underlie gender differences to analyze this relationship, through the use of descriptive analytical methods. The most important conclusions that this study achieved are: There is a wide gender gap in human society in terms of roles, especially in Kurdish society. Gender differences were also based on culture, political power, education and family, which are important social development agencies. There is also an inverse exchange relationship between gender differences and social development, as much as the differences will be extended, social development will be narrowed.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 73-93

   The Relationship of Culture with the Formation of Kurdish Individual Personality

   Saleem Patros Elias, Rzhgar Saadi Sabir

   This research is entitled (The Relationship of Culture with the Formation of Kurdish Individual Personality). It is theoretical research. For the purpose of knowing the relationship of cultural aspects such as tradition and social value on the formation of the Kurdish individual personality. culture has a major role on forming the Kurdish individual personality. They can generate an individual that they want, since value, direction, norm, and tradition are the measures that help individuals in the form of general culture of society so as to adjust with the environment that live in it. The problem of the study is that the Kurdish individuals have been lived in instable society along the history, because of that they could not carry out their special intentions. Besides, they were not able to make a decisive decision concerning the variations’ process of cultural aspects. The significance of the research is to indicate the role of culture on the behaviour of Kurdish individual’s reaction and tied relationship. Meanwhile, the most significant aim of the study was indicating the role of tradition and social values on the behaviour of Kurdish individuals. The most significant result of the study was the complication of Kurdish society’s social system. The Kurdish individuals have always distanced itself from breaking its cultural aspects, as if it breaks the rules and laws of society, it will face difficulty. If it repeats again, It will be looked as a lawbreaker, so it will make an impact on social values inside community and family as well. The most important recommendation for the future researchers is that they should do more studies on traditions and social values related to the formation of the Kurdish individual personality. Moreover, they should pay more attention to more scientific studies Kurdish individuals’ social values.

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 94-118

   The Trade in Ancient Kurdistan (in the secand half 2nd Mellenium B.C.)

   Sara Shorsh Omer, Kameran Mohammed Jalal

   The Assyrians were commercially proficient, and Kurdistan was an important place. Trade in the Kurdistan region was at its peak in the second millennium BC, and Mitanni and Khouri controlled power, politics, and religion. And there was a business plan; archaeological digs revealed the following facts: Kurdistan's cities were an important trade gate for merchants, and at the same time, in terms of geographical nature, the plains were rich with crops such as wheat, barley, and sesame, and the mountainous areas were important places for grazing animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, etc., so tribes were going to the Garman and highlands to find pastures for their livestock. However, they brought goods and raw materials abroad through trade, and the goods and supplies they had not touched had brought them abroad. These areas of Kawa trade with Kurdistan, such as southern Mesopotamia, Syria, Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, Egypt, and Phoenix, etc., have been disclosed to us according to the text of the business text. Kurdistan's trade routes were interconnected between east, west, north, and south, and Kurdistan was a trade strategy center. Part of the trade route settled between the mountain ranges as an important trade route, and another part of the trade route also settled between the mountain ranges as an important trade route. The trade routes have been connected between the plains and areas of the cities, or the trade routes of the mountainous areas and the plains are connected to each other, and the construction of foreign trade routes will thus make the business of this area stronger. What was the importance of Kurdistan in terms of trade? The places where Kawa has exchanged trade with Kurdistan What was the importance of Kurdistan in terms of trade? Where were the places where they exchanged trade with Kurdistan? What were the goods and products exported and imported? The most important commodities were the minerals traded abroad and internally? What were those minerals? Kurdistan trades with the outside world because of the richness of its geography?

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 119-147

   The phenomenon of loss and feminization in a grammatical gender in Kurdish language in Slivanian plain

   Deman Abdullah omer

   This research under the address of address of (the phenomenon of loss and feminization in a grammatical gender in Kurdish language in Slivanian plain) has given as an example. According this address we will try to declare (show) (what are the signs that can be grammatical gender? And in how many cases they appear? The lacke of the grammatical gender appear in which case of this district? The change in the appear in which case of the same district? In which case of lack ang the change of the grammatical gender appear more? Finally it has been shown that the signs of the lack of feminization of the grammatical gender apperr in some cases. This research consists of two sections. The first section is customized for the gender and the grammar that contain thes subjects: (gender concept, gender kinds, the intent of grammatical gender, the specifics of grammatical gender, the signs like the morpheme of the grammatical gender, the gender and the environment, the gender, lack of and the change, the gender and its shed, the reasons of changing the grammatical gender, the case and the gender). The second section is customized for (the phenomenon of loss and feminization in the grammatical gender in Slivanian plain) in which the lack of gender in the case of (Addition, Indirct, perfect, Continuity, Signal, Structuralism, call) are appeared and the phenomenon of feminization appear of (Addition, Indirct, perfect, Continuity, Signal, Structuralism,call )

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 148-171

   History of songs and music in Sulaymaniyah city(1784-1990)

   Adil Mohammed Karim, Ehsan Shakr Zalzala, Azad Hama Abdola

   This research deals with the history of song and music in Sulaimani, from the beginning of its establishment to the last decade of the twentieth century (1784-1990). This paper consists of three parts, conclusions and a list of references, The first part is the introduction which contains the research procedure. The second part consists of two basic discussions, each with several branches. The first discussion, the pre-registration phase, the researchers present their discussion through two pieces of evidence. The first evidence is the content of the poems about song and music, while the second evidence is the travel memoirs of the orientalists. In the second discussion, which is the post-recording stage, the researchers try to present the contributing factors that have become a factor for the embodiment and further development of the art of singing and music in Sulaimani, such as: Establishment of military flute, opening of schools and the arrival of bow machine and recording companies, establishment of radio broadcasting house, establishment of the first music institute, establishment of television, opening of music courses, establishment of musical groups in Sulaimani and Sulaimani Institute of Fine Arts etc,... The third part, the Results and, recommendations, suggestions and list of sources, also a summary of the study in English are presented.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 172-204

   Grammatical Loan Translation in the Newswriting Language of Kurdish Websites

   Sherwan Husen Hamad, Dadyar Azad Mahroof

   This paper investigated a critical feature of language contact phenomenon which is “grammatical loan translation”. In grammatical loan translation, the receptor language transfers a linguistic component whether it is morphology or syntax from the source language as simultaneously as the word order typology and grammatical features of that language. In other words, grammatical loan translation is interfererance of the grammatical rules and features of the source language to the receptor language, thus resulting in an unnatural change in the grammar of that language. Scholars in the field of language contact consider that grammatical loan translation is the resultant of the bilingual phenomenon. Additinaly, they believe that grammatical pattern translation rarely occurs without the existence of bilingual phenomenon in society. However, it is obvious that there is no bilingual phenomenon in Kurdistan Region as the Kurdish is the main language of education, media and governance, but many foreign (non-Kurdish) grammatical patterns came into the Kurdish language, especially into the language of news writing. This phenomenon reflected in all the categories of the language, and sentences. Grammatical loan translation has critical effect on language as it has been called language poison by researchers as well as language passive and language death by some others. Therefore, if language planning is not taken into consideration for this linguistic phenomenon, it can change the grammatical feature and gender of a language since the basic system of a language is preserved via grammar.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 205-237

   The effectiveness of the proposed e-learning program according to the academic boredom of self-learning among Koya university students

   Kawa Ali Mohammed, Sebar Rzgar Razaq

   The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the proposed e-learning program according to the academic boredom of self-learning. The experimental approach was used for two independent, equal groups, (44) male and female students were deliberately chosen. The research tool consisted of 45 items. Honesty and constancy were acceptable. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the academic post boredom test in favor of the experimental group. The differences were statistically significant in the pre and post tests of the experimental group, and the result was in favor of the post test. There were no statistically significant differences in academic boredom between the pre and post test of the female group in the experimental group. No statistically significant differences were found for females of academic boredom between the pre and post test for both groups. There were statistically significant differences among males from academic boredom between the pre and post tests for both groups in favor of the experimental groups. The research presented some recommendations and suggestions.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 238-269

    General English-Kurdish Dictionaries in Terms of Meeting the User's Needs

    Sherzad Saeed Sedeeq, Shina Abubakir Ahmed

    User perspective is an approach in which lexicography is studied from the users' perspectives. The study of dictionary users improve the quality of dictionaries. This paper aims at studying general English-Kurdish dictionaries, available in print, offline and online formats, in terms of meeting the needs of users and their level of satisfaction. This study has adopted the survey methodology and an online questionnaire is adminsterd as a quantitative method of data collection. Different users of bilingual dictionaries were asked to participate in this survey, and to achieve this goal, a number of users filled in the forms. The data was analysed through SPSS 2022 program. The research population consists of speakers of Central Kurdish in the three provinces of Erbil, Sulemani and Halabja. They are classified according to the variables of gender and level of education. The main objectives of this study are to identify the users' cross-reference needs, and other needs due to which users refer to dictionaries, as well as the relation between these needs and the variables of sex and education level. The main findings are as in the following: the users' choice of dictionary format is not different based on the variables of gender and level of education. The primary reason for users to employ dictionaries is for receptive purposes (reading and understanding), with productive purposes (speaking and writing) being a secondary consideration.

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 270-295

    Geographical Analysis of Residential Projects and their Impact on Solving Residential Issues in Kalar City

    Kamaran Mohammed Tawfiq, Shamal Ali Marif Aziz

    Residential projects with necessary infrastructure and social services offer a distinct social and urban environment and better living conditions compared to the old neighborhoods. These projects support the continuity of family relations and social activities through gatherings in recreational areas and children’s playgrounds, offering a viable solution for the residential gap caused by the disparity between the number of residential units and population growth. The research analyzes the nature of residential projects in Kalar city, focusing on their geographical distribution, reasons for their emergence and development, obstacles faced, and their role in addressing the housing shortage. The first part of the research is the theoretical framework. The second part covers the geographical distribution of residential projects in the research area, encompassing 22 projects and 23,376 residential units as of 2023. The third part explains the reasons behind construction and increase of these projects. The fourth part presents an analysis for the distribution of the projects using GIS. The fifth part evaluates the inhabited projects in terms of density and communal services either in the current site plans or in the planning criteria based on population and residential unit numbers. The final part examines the role of these projects in solving the residential gap in Kalar, where 34,663 families are accommodated in 32,498 residential units as of 2023. The research concludes with findings and recommendations

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 296-318

    The effect of autism on language delay with children in Dohuk Governorate Center

    Shirzad Sabri Ali, Delvin Miqdad Ahmed

    Autism is considered a new disorder that affects some children and greatly affects their mental development and language delay. Neglecting autism treatment may lead to serious complications, including madness. This research focuses on the effect of autism on linguistic delay among children at the Dohuk Governorate Autism Center. The research relied on the descriptive approach using a questionnaire that was distributed to special education and autism teachers in the Dohuk Governorate Education Directorate, and the data was analyzed statistically to understand the relationship between autism and language delay. The aim of the research is to know the ways of developing autism and its effect on language delay with children in the Dohuk Governorate Center, and to educate their families about the dangers of autism and ways to prevent it to protect their children from negative effects on their language and health. The results showed that language impairment is one of the main symptoms of autism, with 67% of specialist teachers answering this question “yes”. This research consists of two chapters, in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The first chapter includes the theoretical aspect and deals with autism and language delay, while the second chapter includes the analytical aspect and deals with statistical analysis and the presentation and discussion of the results.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 319-338

    The Reflection of the Idiom in the Poetic Language by the poet Wali Diwana

    Dawlat Mohammed Ahmed, Omer Abdulrehman Omer

    Generally, Idiomatic expressions are characterized by great importance in creative texts and poetic texts in particular, because they have special connotations that express the extent of the poet's creative ability since the poets embody the content of their poems implicitly within the texts, in an attempt to increase the artistic taste of the reader. This study is entitled “The Reflection of the Idiom in the Poetic Language by the poet Wali Diwana”. We took the poems of the aforementioned poet as a sample for the poets of his time. In those days, the poets of southern Kurdistan, in general, implicitly expressed the living style and social conditions in their poems. The idiomatic expressions of all kinds were embodied in the poems of the above-mentioned poet, in a special style and technique, and this was reflected in the contents of his poems. The importance of this study turns out to be an applied study, and on the other hand, it opens the way for other researchers in the literary and linguistic fields to raise this issue in their studies.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 339-376

    The level of acquisition of historical concepts for tenth and eleventh grade literary branch students from the perspective of history teachers

    Ahmed Ali Hama, Salam Abdulkarim Abdullah, Awat Ahmed Rashid

    The purpose of this research is to prepare an appraisal criterion about the pitch of acquisition of historical concepts in the first and second parts of the history book of tenth and eleventh grades of literary branch students. At the same time, displaying the problem of foreshowing the concepts to students by some of teachers in Chamchamal Education Directorate. In order to hit the aim of the research, the researcher used the attributive analysis content method of. First of all, the researcher differentiated all of the historical concepts of the three vessel (pure, interim and spatial) of the first and second parts of the history book of the tenth and eleventh literary branch. Then preparing (60) multiple questions, which (30) questions were prepared for tenth grade students and (30) questions for eleventh grade students for both genders of males and females of the academic year (2022 - 2023). The tenth grade students of literary branch in Chamchamal education consisted of (621) boys and (399) girls, generally, the students of both genders in the tenth grade of literature consisted of (1020) students who were divided into (17) schools. However, the students of the eleventh grade of literature in Chamchamal consisted of (288) boys and (271) girls. In total, the students of both genders in the tenth grade of literary consisted of (559) students who were divided into (20) schools in the abuttals. Thus, the total number of students in the tenth and eleventh grades of literary brunch in governmental schools of the Chamchamal Education Directorate, The number of students in the region reaches (1579) students. It includes (909) male students and (670) female students. Then the researcher assigned the validity and stability of the devices according to Person's equations, arithmetic mean, test (T. test), after verifying the validity of the tool, The researcher used the statistical program (SPSS). As a result, The researcher discovered that all the historical concepts of the first and second parts of the history of the tenth and eleventh grades with all of the three vessel (pure, interim and spatial) and can be used as a criterion and get benefit from them for the other researches.

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15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 377-404

    The Impact of Using Listening Triangle and Hot Chair Strategies on Developing Cognitive Motivation in Kurdish Literature Module among Tenth-Grade High School Students in the Centre of Erbil Province

    Hussen Sahdi Ibrahim, Razaw muhyadin Abdulrahman

    The aim of this study is to determine the effect of using listening triangle and hot seating strategies on cognitive The aim of the current study is to identify the impact of using listening triangle and hot chair strategies on cognitive motivation in literature module among tenth-grade high school students. The researcher followed an experimental study including two experimental groups and a control group using a pre- and post-tests. 74 students were selected in Shahid Maa’mun Dabagh High School for Girls in the Centre of Erbil province for the academic year 2021-2022. The students were randomly selected to three groups in which 24 students for the first experimental group, 25 students for the second experimental group and of 25 students for the control group. The equalization of three groups is done by the researcher depending on the changing variables (age, intelligence, achievement level of students' mothers, achievement level of students' fathers, the previous year scores of students in Kurdish literature). The researcher used a questionnaire scale made by (Abdul Ridha and Badan, 2014), the questionnaire consists of (44) items, the answers to the items of the scale are (I strongly implement, I implement neutrally, I rarely implement, I do not implement). After giving the questionnaire to experts and taking their perspectives into consideration related to the appropriateness of the criterion, and finding the validity and reliability of the scale, the survey was distributed to the sample of 36 students before starting the experiment. The experimental study started on 14/10/2021 and ended on 7/12/2021. At the end of the experiment, the same scale was applied to the whole sample. After statistical analysis, the researcher concluded that both experimental groups were successful over the control group. In the light of the results, the researcher made some recommendations.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 405-434

    Obstacles faced in Utilizing Modern Methods in Teaching the subjects of Geography from Teachers' view in Preparatory Schools in Kalar's District

    Bakhtiyar Habib Said

    The aim of this research is to identify the obstacles that face Preparatory School teachers when teaching the material courses in using modern teaching methods inside classes, The research focuses on School Teachers of the Geographical Material courses at Preparatory stage in the district of Kalar for the School year (2022-2023), (40) teachers out of (122), were stratified randomly chosen to apply the research tool upon to fulfill the aim of this research, The study used descriptive approach, drawing on the study tool, a questionnaire consist of (23) questions divided into five items , which are (strongly disagree, disagree ,neither agree nor disagree, agree, strongly agree), meeting the scores (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) respectively, then calculated its Validity and Reliability,The most important statistical means applied in the study are (descriptive statistics ,and pearson correlation coefficient), after applying the tool to the research subjects and calculating the results, The researcher concluded the followings: school administrative and environmental related obstacles were the main causes of Preparatory school teachers abandoning modern Teaching Methods in Geographical material classes, after that obstacles related to the curriculum and students when using of modern Teaching Methods, finally, obstacles related to the teacher.Based on the result, a set of proposal and recommendations have been suggested.

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 435-458

    Orignal and fundamental words of Hawrami dialect in Syachamane texts anthropological research

    Hadya Ali Abid, Abdulla Khurshed Abdulla

    This research entitled Original and Fundamental Words of Hawrami dialect in Siyachemane Texts that consists two parts. in the first part try to deal with theoretical and historical aspects, and the second part shows the information which obtained from the practical aspect through the researcher’s participation and staying with the research community based on the knowledge of the theoretical aspect of the research. In today’s world culture has its own significance in the life of society. Language as a main element has also play an important role in making individuals belong to one nation and their ancestors both materially and spiritually. Language is the symbol and identity for the existence of a society, people and nation. In this study, the researcher aims to discuss the role of language in the nation’s art. The local communities of Hawraman have many unique things, especially their own l,anguage and art. Songs in general and Siyachemane songs in particular are an original and ancient culture of the community, which is sung in a pure Hawrami language and its poems, verses and songs are still sung by the artists of the community. This artistic endeavor for the Kurdish nation has an artistic, social, religious, economic, political, values. This research consists of two parts. The first part of the research is about Hawrami dialect in which the theoretical aspects of the research are presented. This part consists of three topics: the first topic is language, the second topic is history of Hawrami language, the third topic is the situation of Hawrami language. The second part is to discuss the art of singing Siyachemane within the framework of the anthropology of art and the field aspects of the research and consists of four topics: The first topic is Siyachemane, the second topic is the way of singing Siyachemane music, the third topic is Siyachemane verses, and the fourth topic is the importance of Siyachemane among its listener part is to discuss the art of singing Siyachemane within the framework of the anthropology of art and the field aspects of the research and consists of four topics: The first topic is Siyachemane, the second topic is the way of singing Siyachemane music, the third topic is Siyachemane verses, and the fourth topic is the importance of Siyachemane among its listeners.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 459-484

    Romanticism of Kurdish Poets in the Autumn References of the Autumn poems’ tools as an example

    Ikram Jalal, Tanya As’ad MuhammadSalih

    As Poets become more sensitive and inspired to write Poems in the fall, this season is called Poets’ season. The climate change in this season affects the psychology of the poets and makes them feel (loneliness, departure, old age and death…etc.) even more and as a result their poems lean more towards these characteristics and would move them towards writing poems that embody characteristics of the fall and carrying some terms and tools that emanate from natural phenomena of the fall like (falling dead leaves, wind, foreignness, sadness, departure and death…etc.). Such entities become the tools of the fall-poems and would be utilized for different meanings and purposes. The existence of fall-poems can be detected in ancient Kurdish poems and become clearer with Besarany and extends through Mawlawy up till modern-classic, modern and contemporary poets. The basics of the romantics can be observed in fall-poems, which is a wide field giving free reign for this type of poem to extend its wings and show its aspects including ancient and modern poems. This Paper is divided into two sections; in the first section, example of fall-poems from poets like: (Besarany, Naly, Salim, Kurdy, Mahwy) are presented with the clarification of fall-related tools used in them. As for the second section, the history of the emergence of Kurdish Romantic Poems and Kurdish Romantic Characteristics has been presented, as well as elucidation of three poems by (Besarany, Hemin, and Hasib Qaradaghy) and identifying the romantic foundations found in them. And lastly, the conclusion is presented.

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 485-506

    The Culture and Social Culture of Mahabad Residents(1880-1946)

    Awat Ahmad Qadir, Sarwar Abdulrahman

    This study investigates one of the most significant features of the social history of Mahabad, which is one of the famous cities in Kurdistan. Inspite of that Mahabad was the capital of Republic of Kurdistan politically, it, socially, had a long social characteristic. Because Mahabad located on one of the commerce roads between East and West, it became a crucial center of commerce between East and West areas; moreover, it became a lively city socially with having its own culture and social features. Coming various people from Russia and Ottoman Empire to Mahabad for commerce and being many Jewish and Christian families in the city, certainly, had a considerable influence on the social condition generally and on the culture and social culture of the city specifically. This study includes two scientific themes. In the first theme, we talk about the protocols of hospitality, horse riding, and jokes and games in Mahabad, in which the city had its own feature in this regard. Besides, in the second theme we have dealt with three social phenomena: wedding ceremonies, parties, and visiting the cemetery of good people. The significance of the study is that only few researches have been conducted in this socio-historical domain although it is very important.

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20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 507-531

    The Mechanisms of Literary Translation in the Translation of “امشب اشكی میریزد” from Persian to Kurdish according to the Theories of (Vinay) and (Darbelnet)

    Gulistan Badel M.Hassan, Bayan Ahmad Hussein

    Literary translation is a sophisticated and tactful process that exceeds the mechanism of what to say to how to say it from linguistic, cultural and educational perspectives and accommodating these in the target language. This relates to the fact that the literary text is itself the product of interrelated socio-political, economical and religious aspects. Additionally, the literary text is a reflection of the cultural concerns of a society that it represents as well as the emotional and ideological anxieties of the individuals that are also partly the anxieties of the writers. This means that such characteristics give literary text individual and unique qualities which in turn require individual and unique processes of translation especially in the way in which each text is read, evaluated and received. In this concern, the theory and mechanism of translation play an active and significant role. Based on this, the translation of the Persian novel “امشب اشكی میریزد” written by Koros Babayi into Kurdish “ئەڤ شەڤە ڕوندكەك دێ ڕژیت”, Tonight a Tear will be Dropped, by Nishtiman M. Saleem in 2011, has been selected to analyzed in relation to the translation mechanisms of the two French theorists Jean Darbelnet (1904-1990) and Jean-Paul Vinay (1910-1999). In his translation of the aforementioned text, the translator has adopted direct translation, or word-for-word translation. Employing this mechanism has assisted the translator in transforming the novel into the target language adding his unique style. However, the translator’s lack of experience in the implementation of the (translation by omission) in which the translator, unable to find equivalents from target language for certain parts of a text in source language, makes omissions in the text. This has caused a number of negative impacts on the text. These have been explained with examples.

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21. 21
    Social Science Original Research pp. 532-550

    Conflict of Characters in the Novel “the Sad Bird’s Nest” by Bachtyar Ali

    Avin Asos Hama

    A Conflict as a technique of novel has a vital role in the of configuring the events and characters in the novel and the novelist often bases the plot of his novel on conflict. The conflict itself depends on the nature of relationship between the characters, as well as the conflict and contradiction between the characters or other components of the novel, which eventually creates a rational state, or contradiction between them. This study, from the perspective of the structure of the novel, attempts to explain the conflict of the characters and its types, while at the same time identifying the reasons behind the events and the reasons that cause the characters to fall into conflict. The novel “The Sad Bird's Nest” is one of the novels that is generally based on the idea of conflict and starts with the conflict of characters at the beginning of the narrative and then extends to the depth of events and the conflicts between the characters themselves, or characters and society. From this perspective, in this study we have tried to identify the types of conflicts, the causes of conflicts and their role in promoting events At first, we have explained the concept of conflict, and relationship between conflict and literature, in another topic we have discussed the personality conflict in the novel, In the last topic, we showed the kinds of conflicts in this novel. Finally, we have shown research result with some points and references that we used in the research. The results of the research shown that conflict affects the behavior of the characters and causes changes in the thinking and understanding of the characters in the novel "The Sad Bird’s Nest", so that each of the characters, "Kamrani Salma, Khalid Amun, Mansour Asrin" attitude towards about love and their life.

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22. 22
    Social Science Original Research pp. 551-579

    Consumerism in Kurdish Society in the Thought of Jean Baudrillard

    Jutyar Ismael Jamal

    Consumerism is subject targeting by the object and the marketplace in which the subject itself is the producer of the goods but it is deeply affected by the high pressure of the spectacles represented in the Post-Industrial society, i.e., the dreams of the subject itself, are limited to having goods, purchases and expenditures. This is, in fact, not related to one of the uses of the goods themselves, but to several other codes. Thus, the goods have been given an effective role to the extent that they contribute to giving the individuals’ social status and identity so that everyone, from all corners of the world, make an attempt to do the expenditure with the goods. According to Baudrillard, due to the influence of the codes and trademarks, society has become passive and has surrendered to the goods. In this case, the consumers will lose the demand for purchase as the modes and the trademarks are increasing and are temporary on one hand, and not everyone is able to afford the purchases. This results in dissatisfaction rather than satisfaction. Therefore, the worriedness of not being able to purchase the goods is one of the obvious characteristics of the consumerism society, and this has resulted in a shift in which the subject has been turned into the target of the object. The goods are directing the individuals towards their demands and the satisfaction of the subject is linked to the amount of having the goods. The Kurdish society has been rapidly and unconsciously moving towards consumerism in the last two decades, on the grounds of the Internet and technology. This is shown in the form of transforming the Kurdish subjects into a world of privilege. Hence, our aim of the study is to reveal the consumerism in our society and to examine its basics.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper22 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 580-611

    Muharram marriage in ancient Iranian society

    Shalaw Mustafa Aabdalrahman, Shanaz Ibrahim Mahmud

    Muharram marriage is one of the most common social and cultural issues in ancient Iranian history. It has been a subject of debate among researchers and has divided them into several groups. There is a difference in the definition of the concept of Muharram in the civilization cultures. In the religious texts of the Avesta and Pahlavi languages, this type of marriage is known as "blood and death". It was popular among the royal family for centuries after the advent of Christianity and the end of the Sassanid Empire and later Islam, but with the advent of these two religions, it completely faded and ended. It is worth mentioning that this process was carried out under the influence of mythical and religious thoughts، and was the reason for its spread. Each of the ancient states of Iran (Elamite, Achaemenid, Ashkanid, and Sassanid) gave it legitimacy and considered it as the reason for preserving the sacred blood and maintaining sovereignty within the royal family, their kings married their mothers، sisters and daughters. And then with the advent of the Zoroastrian religion, Moghan of the religion, they further sanctified it and marriage was defined as "holy marriage", although mythological texts had a special influence and role in continuing this issue, although it was found out in religious texts that Zoroaster as the prophet of the religion in a conversation with the god (Ahura Mazda) considered this type of marriage inappropriate and denied it. However, religious men and legends have left an influence in the continuation of this marriage until the end of the Sassanid Empire and can be seen in ancient Iranian civilizations. The research is entitled Muharram Marriage in Ancient Iranian Society from Ilam to the End of the Sassanid Empire. It is an analytical and historical study consisting three themes (Topic 1 / A view of Muharram marriage, in general and in the myths of ancient Iran in particular. Topic 2 / Muharram marriage in the ruling states of ancient Iran (Ilam, Achaemenid, Ashkani, Sassanid), Topic 3/ Muharram marriage according to Zoroastrian religious beliefs).

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper23 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 612-634

    Evaluating the impact of geomorphological determinants and Hazards on urban expansion in Rania.

    Bakhtiar Osman Khzr, Bestun Ahmad Hussein, Hemn Hussein Mohammed

    This study aims to evaluate the impact of geomorphological phenomena that are considered natural barriers on the expansion of the city of Rania. The study area is located in the northeast of the Kurdistan region of Iraq and in the northwest of Sulaymaniyah Governorate. Rania is located astronomically between both latitudes (36°:17: 05 - 36°: 12 :30) north and both longitudes (45°:51: 05 -°45 :54 :30) east. The study area is the administrative center of the Rania district, located in the southeast of the district. In terms of administrative units, in the north of Sarkabakan, northeast of Pshdar district, in the south of Dokan Lake, and in the west of each of the chawarqorna, Hajiyawa, and Betwata, The purpose of the research is to create a morphological stage map, geomorphological units, topography, and slope degree that are considered natural obstacles and risks to the expansion of the city of Rania. Since 1977, the area of residential units has reached about 1.18 km2, and the city has continued to expand in stages, reaching 24.74 km2 in 2022. The Kewarsh and Hajila Mountains form a natural obstacle to the expansion of the city in the northeast, northwest, and southwest directions, so the city takes a longitudinal shape. 100% of the urban area is located at an altitude of 491–749 m, and at an altitude of 750–1430 m, there are no residential units. (63.8%) of the study area has a slope of less than 5 degrees. The area of residential units reaches 88.84%, and the degree of slope is higher (35 degrees), as there is no residential area there as a result of the natural geomorphological barriers that limit the expansion of the city of Rania.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper24 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 635-659

    Collecting Quran according to these orientalist`s opinion as an example Theodor Noldke and Regis Blachere) for example Critical inquiry

    Rawand Ismael Rasul

    Orientalism is an academic and scientific process which the Western people try to find out about Eastern people, They are studing in most of these fields (economic, social, political and religion), It is an inseparable part in conflict and the historical connection between the Eastern and Western, Quran as a holy book of the muslims which the Orientalists had the most studing and writing about Quran, They talked about most of the to pics about Quran, In this may they created many douts, They deviated from the scientific and visionable way both of these two Orientalists (Theodor Noldke and Regis Blachere), they did a great job on Quran had been collected in three stages, at the times of the proper Muhammad(peace be upon him) and at the time of the two Rashidin Kalifas (Abubakir Alsadiq and Osman Ibn Al Hafan), It is important that the the Original historical resources had presented the way and features of collecting Quran clearly and without any douts, but both of these two Orientalists they presented their opinon on this subject, which their purpose was to create suspicion and misleading historical and scientific facts, same times, they depended on weak, resources and fabricated statements, Our goal in our studing is to show their suspicions by depending on original resources, logical and scientific evidence, we talked about their censures on their opinions

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper25 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 660-688

    Intersectionality of Female Otherness, Resistance, and Challenges in Ava Homa’s Fountain and Wind Through My Hair

    Muli Amaye, Yadgar Ismail Said

    This paper investigates how females' otherness is formed amidst layers of oppression related to the abuse of religion, politics, and traditions and how characters resist or rebel in both Fountain and Wind Through My Hair within the story collection known as Echoes from the Other Land (2010) by Ava Homa. It will also investigate the way Kurdish women feel 'othered' exploring their ethnic identity, female identity, societal and patriarchal norms, and mix of state politics and religion, in addition to the way they behave and dress up in society as portrayed in the works. The works showcase the lives of Kurdish women in the face of various intersecting challenges in the patriarchal, ethno-centric, theocratic society of Iran. The paper sheds light on various issues related to women’s autonomy, cultural expectations, and gender inequality. In both works, characters resist and debunk the tradition as othered and marginalized females. The issues can be tackled through both postcolonial and intersectional feminism as the two are in line with the issues of women of developing countries who are identified as minorities and whose identity is suppressed.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper26 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 689-721

    The spread of Rumors through Social Networking Sites and their effects on Social Security.

    Hazhar Muhammad Jalal

    Social media have been widely spread due to their interactivity، ease، and speed of access to news and information، which made them a fertile environment for the growth of lies and paved the way for rumors to spread and have become one of the most dangerous weapons of fourth generation wars in spreading discord and chaos and destabilizing the security and social stability of countries. This study came to address the spread of rumors through social media platforms and their effects on social security. I used the descriptive analytical method. The study concluded with a set of results، most notably: Transcending the concept of Social media from communication media for social communication to an electronic environment qualified to spread rumors. In addition to the multiplicity of types of rumors and the varying motives and gratifications of their promoters from one society to another. Among the most prominent negative effects of the spread of rumors on Social media is that they work to spread chaos، disintegrate society، spread fear and anxiety in the hearts of members of society، and also work to spread terrorism and threaten the internal stability and social security of states. In Iraq and the Kurdistan Region، the spread of rumors through social media has led to the destabilization of civil and community peace، provoking strife، deepening internal disputes، losing confidence in officials and community leaders، as well as losing a sense of tranquility and security، spreading the values of violence and a culture of hatred، and provoking sectarian or ethnic strife among the components of Iraqi society. Hence the threat to security and social stability in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region. The study recommended the importance of developing a preventive media strategy to educate community members about the danger of rumors on the social security of Iraq. The need for the media to adopt credibility and transparency in reporting events، open the way for the masses to express their views on various issues، and create an independent media and research center to monitor and analyze rumors. And the application of deterrent penalties for those who spread rumors that pose a threat to social security in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper27 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 722-737

    Identity Crisis in the Post-Colonialism Novels

    Siva Ali Arif Fatah

    This research is titled, Identity Crisis in the Post-Colonialism Novels, The Novel “Whdaha SHjarat AL-Rumman” as an example. This research is a description about identity crisis in a novel by the Iraqi author (Sinan Antoon) that is regarded as one of the post-colonialism novels. In this research, we have talked about that the author represents the agony, wars, devastation and havoc Iraq went through starting from the outset of the Iraq-Iran war until the emergence of the ISIS. The author, as a critic, has strived for focusing on the atrocities and consequences of war on the Iraqis of all different groups. Concurrently, he has strived for working on the novel text using a scene or making a character as the novel protagonist and the details of showing the different crises of an intellectual individual like social, economic, political and cultural crises. Our research is backed by the theoretical subjects relevant to the post-colonialism approach and the concepts and aspects the approach relies on that are deviation from sticking to a certain identity and the conflict that identity creates with crises aiming to reach stability and keeping the identity of Iraqi individuals. The author has regarded using a new and different language as he has personally lived in the events and has then chosen diaspora due to war and devastation to reach a sort of stability and protection. According to the theory, this situation, once again, results in identity crisis. Finally, we have explained the text using the method of textual analysis and presented some conclusions.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper28 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 738-760

    Problems of people with special needs and their families from the viewpoint of workers in social care centers

    Chachan Jumaa Mohammed, Meran Mohammed Salih

    The aim of the research is to identify the problems of people with special health, social, psychological, educational and family needs from the viewpoint of workers in social care centers, and the significance of differences in them according to the gender variable. The sample consisted of (94) people of both sexes who were chosen randomly from among the workers in the social care centers in the city of Dohuk in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq. Those who applied the scale that was prepared, consisting of (35) items distributed over five areas, and in front of each paragraph three alternatives to answer. The data were processed statistically using the weighted mean, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance. The results showed that people with special needs and their families have problems in several domains, in order: (the psychological domain, the family domain, the health domain, the social domain, and the educational domain). In light of the results, a set of recommendations and proposals were presented.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper29 0 views Read article
30. 30
    Social Science Original Research pp. 761-772

    The effect of a rehabilitation program using (mental exercises and video games) to improve the balance skill in Parkinson's patients

    Sabr Mohammad Khaled, Zana Mahammad Mahammadsalih, Zeen Baiz Tahir

    The brain is the main organ of the human nervous system, and one of the diseases that affect the brain is Parkinson's disease, in most cases we see a loss of balance in Parkinson's disease, so that the paralyzed member could not perform the required voluntary movements and this matter causes imbalance for the patient's person and with age and degree of injury may lead to a decrease in balance. Parkinson's disease may affect many daily activities, and treatments aim to alleviate these problems by helping you receive the knowledge and skills you need to continue doing all your previous activities, and sports rehabilitation consists in learning to move more naturally and with less effort. In this context, technological means are a tool to help achieve the objectives of the rehabilitation process. As we know that video games are an important and major part of technology in the modern life of humans, especially in the scope of rehabilitation for people with special intellectual - motor needs, and video games can be used in the rehabilitation process for these people to develop their motor skills throughout the stages of the game. It concludes from the research that the rehabilitation program using (mental exercises and video games) played a positive role to improve the skill of fixed balance and motor in the research sample and that mental exercises contributed well to improving balance in patients with type II.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper30 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 773-788

    The Educational Teaching at Sheikh Jlizadeh(Mela Gewre)

    Hawar Samad Ahmed, Hemn Azez Braim

    One of the most important subjects that have been talked about it is “Education & Teaching” especially for now a day is a living subject. During the raise of education it has been always a subject that Muslim community concern about it. Education is a real service for humanity in the future. Education regards as a differentiation between the communities. We can say it shows how human being will act and behave around. Of course with the appearance of human being education was existed. So that most of the scientist in different nations they talk about it. Among Kurdish people there is also scientist who gave important to it. Melay Gewra is one of them. He was a role model in his time that he could give a great influence in a wearing his community in different genre especially Islamic education، Social Teaching، awareness، Politics...etc No doubt Mela Gewre hadn’t wrote any book about education meanwhile in a time of reading his book the reader will realize the thought and ideas about the education. His books talk about the social problems in his community. One of his Golden speeches about the teaching of education is: Teachers should be trainers in his area especially the religious men. They have to try and grow up in most of the parts not only in religion parts because the society needs to be renewed and grow up to fit the time century. That’s why Melay Gewre think that understanding of the education as itself and practicing it brings services to the human being’s community in this world and after this world، vise verse، the misunderstanding of education it brings distraction of science that end up with the ignorance of the community.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper31 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 789-806

    The Criminal Protection of the Environment in (The Law of Environmental Protection and Improvement in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq)

    Fakhr Maqdid Ahmed, Karzan Faqi Khalil Karim

    This article sheds light on criminal protection of the environment, which is concerned with the environmental protection from various types of pollution and destruction. Muslim jurists, have been discussing specific ways and means of preserving the environment and protecting it from the destructive causes that lead to an imbalance in the environmental system. Meanwhile, the Kurdistan Regional Parliament has discussed the achievement of this issue through the special law on criminal protection entitled "Law on Environmental Protection and Improvement No. (8) of 2008". This research evaluates the legal articles related to achieving criminal protection of the environment contained in the aforementioned law in Islamic jurisprudence, to the extent of which these articles are compatible with Islamic jurisprudence. The research consists of an introduction and four sections, and ends with a conclusion that includes the most important findings and recommendations. "Among its prominent findings: The law's provisions generally align with Islamic Sharia's objectives and principles in environmental protection, including safeguarding environmental elements, prohibiting corruption, and imposing penalties on offenders. However, from an Islamic Sharia perspective, this law has some shortcomings, such as not criminalizing certain environmentally harmful acts, lacking deterrent punishments for some serious crimes, overlooking criminal liability for legal entities, and a weak religious dimension in its texts. Finally, it offers suggestions for improvement in light of Islamic Sharia's rulings and objectives in environmental preservation."

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper32 0 views Read article
33. 33
    Social Science Original Research pp. 807-830

    Marriage of muslims with other religons

    Intesar Ameer Faidullah, Jawad Faqe Ali

    Marriage in Islam is a contract that has great purposes, and its goal is noble, as it is the path of chastity, and the way of procreation, and since the family is the nucleus of the nation and its foundation Islam has taken great care of it, preserving its entity and making it coherent and homogeneous. The marriage of a Muslim to a woman of the people of the Book in Islam has a special importance, since marriage between people of different religions is not permitted. And if the expression is correct, mixed marriage, except for Islam, which permitted marriage of people of the Book, and thus establishes a basis for interaction between human beings and that all people are brothers who deal on the basis of humanity, no matter how different their religions, languages and colors are. They are brothers in humanity, which means acquaintance and cooperation. The Almighty said (O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you with Allah is that (believer) who has At-Taqwâ. ( Al-Hujraat13) And the relationship between Muslims and people of other religions is based on foundations governed by the rules of interests and harms that are linked to the reality that varies from time to time. The condition of Muslims is calculated as strength and weakness. the first era, so God permitted marriage to women of the Book, and some of the Companions of them got married, such as Othman, Hudhaifa, and others, then Umar (may God be pleased with him) forbade it and asked them to divorce them. Then Ibn Omar (may God be pleased with him) forbade it. It appears from that that he singled out the permissibility in one case rather than another, and this indicates that the ruling in the matter is linked to the circumstances of the era and is influenced by what the Muslims are upon. And in the case of the writings and the surrounding circumstances, all of this makes researching the issue, investigating the opinions of the jurists on it, and knowing the different points of view regarding it a matter required. Especially when there are many religions and sects that non-Muslims condemn. All of this makes studying the issue a picture that is consistent with reality and extracting an opinion that is consistent with reality is a scientific necessity. This research comes to study this topic and its scientific material was distributed into three demands and a conclusion in which we summarized the most important results and recommendations.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper33 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 831-856

    Adolescents’ Social Phobia and its relationship to Parental treatment methods: A field study in Erbil city center.

    Fenk Amjad Hasan, Jalal Ahmed Abdullah

    The current study aims to determine the prevalence of social phobia among teenagers attending high schools in the Erbil city and its relationship to parental treatment strategies. It also compares the degree to which these teenagers experience social phobia based on their gender، their class at school، and whether they attend a public or private school. The researchers prepared a scale for measuring social phobia to identify the parental method's treatment with their own teenager children after reviewing the literature and earlier studies related to the study's topic. Following virtual validation of both scales' validity and reliability using the Cronbach's alpha method، the two scales were used to gather the necessary data from 402 students. The data collected was then analyzed using SPSS software to determine any significant relationships between parental treatment methods and their children's phobias. The findings revealed that both male and female students have very low levels of social phobia. Parents are treating their adolescent children democratically rather than authoritarian، lenient، and neglectful. Furthermore، there are no statistically significant differences between male and female students based on sex، educational level، or school type (public or private). This suggests that adolescent with phobia may have experienced a range of parenting styles in their upbringing، but none of these styles were strong predictors of the development of phobia. The researchers concluded by offering a variety of advice and recommendations regarding social phobia in adolescents and its connection to parental treatment strategies. They concluded that more research is required to determine the long-term effects of different parental interventions on adolescents with social phobia

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper34 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 857-879

    Directing the issues of the name dictionaries in Mulla Muhammad’s interpretation

    Amir Rafiq Awlla, Hataw Ali Ahmwd

    Mulla Mohammadi koye has translated the Holy Qur'an into Kurdish under the title (The Kurdish translation of God’s speech ) in four volumes which includes various sciences, such as Fiqh (jurisprudence), Usul fFqh (principles of jurisprudence), beliefs and science of sociology and Linguistics. Mulla Muhammad has used his linguistics knowledge to interpret and explain the verses of the Holy Qur'an, including the sciences of dictionary, morphology, syntax,and grammar to explain the purposes of God’s speeches. This study also sheds light on these linguistic subjects that have been used by Mulla Muhammadi Koyee in the interpretation of Holy Quran. Depending on his knowledge of morphology, he discussed some morphological subjects, in this way he introduced his linguistic beliefs.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper35 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 880-904

    Analysis of disparity in income distribution and its relationship to consumption - a prospective study of a sample of employees - in Sulaymaniyah Governorate for the year 2023

    Nigar Jebar aziz

    This research aims to clarify the basic features of both the disparity in income distribution and consumption, and then the impact of the disparity in income distribution on consumption for a sample of employees in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. In order to achieve this goal, we relied on the statistical analytical approach (deductive) based on data from a sample drawn from the research community. The research concluded that the disparity in income distribution between the community groups affected the level and type of consumption in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. Most of the sample members spend more than 300,000 dinars per month on food, while they spend less than 50,000 dinars per month on luxury goods, meaning that spending on food comes in first place, due to the low income levels in the Kurdistan Region, and the irregularity of employee income distribution periods, and then spending on health comes in second place. The study results also show an economic and statistical relationship between all study variables. This is due to the economic and financial conditions in the Kurdistan Region. At the end of the research, a set of proposals were presented, the most important of which is that the relevant authorities work to reduce the disparity in income distribution. In order to improve the standard of living, especially for the poor classes or strata. It also works to organize income distribution periods in a regular and organized manner. It is necessary for the government to work to reduce the level of unemployment and provide job opportunities in Sulaymaniyah Governorate in order to improve the level of income that affects the level of consumption for families.

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper36 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 905-920

    The possibility of considering the administrative decision as an application of the unilateral will that created the obligation

    Mohammed Suleiman Al-Ahmad, Hassib Saleh Ismail

    In our study we discussed the ability of administrative decision to establish obligation as an independent source of obligation or considered as an application of the unilateral will. We found that when the administration commits itself in the cases prescribed by law from the applications of unilateral will, the administrative decision is a source of obligation as an application of unilateral will and not as a direct source of obligation. However, it's possible for administration to commit itself through its decision other than those cases prescribed by law from the applications of unilateral will, also in it is decisions, administration not only imposes obligation on itself but may also impose obligations on those who deal with administration. Therefore, the administrative decision, also in it is form constitutes a unilateral will application, would in such cases be a direct source of obligation rather than an application of unilateral will. The limited application of the administrative decision establishing the obligation according to the concept contained in the jurisprudence of civil law does not reduce the role of the administrative decision as source of the obligation, The administrative decision within such limited applications is a general source of obligation, as are other sources of obligation, because the applications of each of the sources of obligation mentioned in civil regulations are limited, and the applications of the administrative decision that creates the obligation are more when compared to some of these sources, such as individual will and gain without a legal reason

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper37 1 views Read article
38. 38
    Social Science Original Research pp. 921-942

    The psychological dimension in the paintings of Kurdish artists (selected models)

    Twana Yahya Khudhur Marjan

    The research tagged (The psychological dimension in the paintings of Kurdish artists (selected models) dealt with four chapters, the first chapter included the methodological framework: The research problem was identified by a number of questions whose summary can be diagnosed as follows: 1- How do Kurdish artists express their psychological dimensions through their paintings? 2- What are the psychological, cultural and social influences reflected in these paintings? The importance of research lies in the following points: 1- Highlighting the relationship between psychological experiences and the artistic style of Kurdish artists through selected models. The objectives of the research included the following: 1- Knowing the psychological dimension in the paintings of Kurdish artists. 2- Analysis of psychological and social factors affecting the creativity of Kurdish artists. It includes temporal boundaries from (1978) to (2003). The second chapter included three sections: 1- Introduction to psychology: 2- Psychoanalytic theory, 3- The psychological and aesthetic dimension in art. The third chapter dealt with research procedures, including the research community of (9) models and its sample of (3) models. The researcher reached a number of results, the most important of which are: - 1- The Kurdish artist seeks to enrich his artistic experience with topics related to the psychological dimension and the most circulated, as in figures (1, 2, 3). 2- The psychological dimension appeared effectively in the paintings of Kurdish artists, and due to the variation in the artists' styles and the different implementation from one artist to another in terms of structural performance (installation, reduction, simplification) as in figures (1, 2, 3). The researcher reached a number of conclusions: - 1- The psychological dimension in the paintings of Kurdish artists is a main source in the composition of the Kurdish artwork despite the stylistic diversity of the artists.2- The Kurdish environment affected the psychological and cultural fabric of the Kurdish artist and provided him with a variety of visual choices that contributed to enriching his artistic work. The researcher reached a number of recommendations and suggestions

    10.26750/Vol(11).No(6).Paper38 0 views Read article