Issue 1

Table of Contents

1. 01
   Social Science Original Research pp. 1-23

   The Mechanism of Receptivity in Kurdish Contemporary Art

   Venus Esmail Baker, Hayfa Ahmad Mohammed, Sanger Qader Sheikh Mohammed

   This research aims to identify the theory of the reception mechanism in contemporary Kurdish plastic art. As well as divided into two chapters. The first chapter includes the research problem, its importance, objectives, and limits. The research problem centred on how to use the concepts of reception theory in the artworks of the field of Kurdish plastic art. Contemporary, with a focus on the transit project as a model. The second chapter has been devoted to the theoretical framework that includes the concept of reception theory and its origins, in addition to an explanation of the concept of the recipient put forward by Jauss and Izer. The theory of reception in contemporary plastic arts has also been reviewed, and a brief overview of Kurdish plastic art, especially the transit project, has been presented. Artistic, by some Kurdish artists. Then the research community was identified and sampled, and three random artworks were chosen and analysed using the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research came according to the interpretation of the reception theory in Kurdish plastic artwork, which includes several important points. Namely, the change in the reception mechanism in analysing and reading the visual artistic text, the increase in the importance of boldness as a feature in the visual artistic text for the recipient at various artistic, intellectual, and social levels, and the presence of a state of collision and astonishment for the recipient in contemporary plastic art that deviates from the usual and expected Based on the results reached in the research, some recommendations that serve those results were proposed.

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2. 02
   Social Science Original Research pp. 24-42

   The Language identity in Kurdish proverbs

   Pareshan Khalid Sabir, Sirwan Jabbar Amin

   Despite the fact that language is an integral part of the personal and social identities of any nation, it contains other dimensions of national identity such as culture, religion, history and politics. It is a known fact that language is a national wealth because language is a source of memory, tradition, thought, feelings and passions of people. It is a historical archive of words, phrases, terms and expressions. In other words, it is the history of those ideas, events and feelings that have become words, sentences and terms that are preserved in language. Every expression in language signifies an idea outside of itself. Therefore, it is safe to say that language of any nation represents its true identity alive. This research has been conducted under the title “language Identity in Kurdish Proverbs”. Many language characteristics can be shown through research on the content of Kurdish proverbs. To do so, those proverbs have been selected that directly or indirectly represent language. In doing so, one can be familiarised with the Kurdish view of language in terms of its use, guidance and education. This research is an attempt to gather information about the Kurds by the Kurds themselves rather than external researchers. For that purpose, descriptive and analytics methods are employed to interpret the content of the proverbs that contain language identity. The incentive of the research is to uncover the verbal role of these proverbs in tracing the Kurdish language identity and in showing their Kurdish perspective on the concept of language.

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3. 03
   Social Science Original Research pp. 43-60

   Meta-functions and processes in Kurdish language - from the systemic functional linguistic perspective

   Shadan Hamaamin Muhammed, Sherwan Hussen Hamad

   This paper entitled (Meta-functions and processes in Kurdish language - from the systemic functional linguistic perspective) is an attempt to analyze and discuss each of the topics of meta-functions and processes in Kurdish language within the framework of systemic functional theory. In this theory, the meaning of language is the function it performs in use. That is, function and meaning reflect each other, and the meaning of each utterance is the same as the function that the utterance sees in its surroundings. In this theory, we also define the types of actions in sentences through the system of transitivity. Transitivity shows how language users embody intellectual and inner images in the form of language and explain them to the world around them. This is part of the intellectual meta-function, that is, language classifies an infinite number of events within a certain number of processes through Transitivity.

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4. 04
   Social Science Original Research pp. 61-80

   The Role of the Composer in The Process of Composing

   Abubakir Khalid Ahmed, Hatham Shaoobi Ibrahim

   This research is based on a historical and descriptive methods, scientifically and includes several topics, generally discusses the role of composers in the process of composing music in the history of several different periods of music in Europe, and highlights the efforts of composers and the development of musical styles and forms. The content of this research consists of several articles: The first article is about the history of music in Europe and the composers who have performed in several schools of music in countries such as Italy, Germany, France, Austria, the Netherlands and Britain. Chapter 2 discusses the multidimensional aspects of the composer and the process of composing. The third chapter deals with the style of the composers. The fourth chapter discusses the types of textures in music, including monophony, homophony, polyphony and heterophony.

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5. 05
   Social Science Original Research pp. 81-103

   The Role of Social Marketing in Popularizing Kurdish Characters

   Harmn Sherko Nasraldden, Hakim Othman Hameed

   The main purpose of this research is to try to understand the role of Kurdish characters through social marketing in order to make them famous, through the participation of a number of academics and experts in the fields related to social marketing in order to understand and know it The relationship between these two aspects, social marketing and popularization of Kurdish characters, the study works to identify the mechanisms and different methods used in social marketing to achieve this goal, as well as showing the role of new ideas New In this context, one of the important objectives of this study is to identify the negative consequences of social marketing that result from attempts to popularize Kurdish characters. The study finally obtained several results, the most important of which, according to the test (T-test) for (social marketing) is (14.113) and the value of evidence level (0.000) appears (social marketing (has an effect on (naming Kurdish characters). R2 -) which is (0.448) or (44.8%) reflects the level of (social marketing) has an impact on (naming Kurdish characters).

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6. 06
   Social Science Original Research pp. 104-124

   The Expressionism Perspective of the Kurdistan Region’s Monuments

   Rasti Khdir Ahmad, Azad Jamal Tahir

   The question of the Kurdistan region's monuments is different because the view is controlled by of time and place, as well as the external and nuclear factors that affect the artist's mind and feelings, so we can say science and art have one source: art embodies the impact of reality through artistic text, but science lays the foundation of theory because of understanding the law, and art goes from public text to private, and science from private to public. Expression is an important subject that directly embodies expressions at different levels and different perspectives in the art form. From here we can see that expression is an understanding of the mind and a sense of involvement in mental action and changing to imagination, expressing a goal with words, pictures, movements or any concrete form such as statues, symbols and images express meaning, the construction and expression of statues can be the process in which the artist's artistic visualizations are performed. The process of skeleton expression and monuments is an executive process and embodies different perspectives to provide forms with different expressions, which have been worked on in different artistic directions with a clear perspective, and in each direction, a dimension or more is taken into consideration, for example. In the era of classical art, the reality that originated from paying attention to thought and nature was reflected in their artistic works and they cared about embodying the human body, but in modern times, changes in embodiment of expressions came in the actions of the statues in (space, form, human, movement) And this is at a time when in the modern era, embodiment of expressions has been worked on in different perspectives that non-materials often become a substitute for form and material)

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7. 07
   Social Science Original Research pp. 125-139

   Machinery Translation and its Significance

   Taban Nuri Hamasaeed, Hamza Hussein Hama

   This study shows the importance of translation in the field of functional linguistics. Translation has been an important need for communication between different countries and civilizations, and this importance of translation has increased and continues nowadays. Because of the rapid development of science and technology, translation is needed more; translation was thought to be done with technological equipment and computers, so that it can meet the needs of people with this rapid development of science and technology. The first part presents functional linguistics, the concept and definition of translation and types of translation. The second part presents computational linguistics, artificial intelligence and machine translation, the reasons for the emergence and importance of this type of translation.

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8. 08
   Social Science Original Research pp. 140-158

   The Practice of Feminist Criticism on Sherko Bekas’s book (Bracelet)

   Bakhan Ahmad Hama Amin

   Research on poetic subjects and its content is an important part of the critical process, and it is an attempt to present the concepts and main messages of any literary text based on some feminist perspectives the study tried to analyze the essence and content of Sherko Bekas's (Bracelet). The narrator and the main characters in the poetic story are women Therefore, by choosing this theme for analysis, we can get into the content of the text and the poet's mind, as well as by introducing feminist criticism and practicing this criticism, which is somewhat moral and social criticism, we get the Sherko Bekas's views as a prominent figure in the field of women's rights and gender, discourse and different meanings in the text. This study tried to answer several questions, including: Is Sherko a feminist? How close are the themes and discourses of this text to the content and goals of feminists? Is there any despair about the case of women in the poet's feelings like most of society and women themselves? Or how much does Sherko think as a society? Although he has always advocated women's rights and freedoms. This research helps to identify the hidden discourses that directly and indirectly affect the readers and society.

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9. 09
   Social Science Original Research pp. 159-181

   Obstacles That Obstruct the Scientific Abilities of University Lecturers

   Fawziya Abdulla Mohammed

   The purpose of the study is to understand the barriers to university professors' ability to conduct scientific research on an economic, administrative, personal, health, and safety level. Knowing the statistical relationship between the research variables and the theories used in this study, it was (the theory of human needs and describing the motives that drive him) with (the personal theory of human needs as the motivation that drives him to achieve). Because this research is quantitative, it relied heavily on the analytical descriptive approach, with the social survey approaches. The questionnaire form was chosen as the type of tools and method for gathering information, and it was distributed to (34) university professors in the two faculties of education using Koya University as an example. This was done in order to determine the quality of the sample. In the end, the most significant research findings were identified from the field side, and that the majority of the teaching staff from both categories held the scientific titles of professor or assistant professor, with their percentage reaching professor (41.2%), which was followed by the degree of professor. In regards to the research's focus on the existence of constraints, it was evident from the findings that the percentage of economic constraints came with the highest percentage, including the delay in the date of salaries for their duration, and that this was followed by responses about the existence of health, safety, and administrative constraints, which came by (44.2%), providing evidence of the existence of constraints on average. Additionally, it was determined that political parties' interference in university affairs reached (67.6%) degrees, that there are personal obstacles, such as family issues, and that they have an impact on scientific ability to a certain extent, and that at the conclusion of the research, it was determined that a set of proposals and recommendations be made to address the situation of university professors and identify obstacles and their impact on them.

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10. 10
    Social Science Original Research pp. 182-205

    The Effect of Climate Elements On Military Operations in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

    Rebeen Rostam Rasull, Safin Jalal Fathullah

    The history of war and military operations has proved that Weather and climate come after topography among the environmental factors, and they are affecting war and military operations directly and indirectly such as weapons, military equipment and supplies. In this study, the climate condition in the Kurdistan Region is presented through a comprehensive data, charts and maps, according to different seasons and the annual averages. The role of these climatic elements in military processes is also emphasized and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The objectives of this study are to demonstrate the influence of climate elements on military in the study area. This study includes an introduction and three main topics. In the conclusion, the consequences of the climatic impacts on military processes are presented, and based on those two brief recommendations have drafted.

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11. 11
    Social Science Original Research pp. 206-231

    Spatial Suitability of Solar Energy Production in the Garmian Administration implementing Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Methods

    Hemin Nasraldin M.Amin, Khalel Kareem Muhammed, Miqdad Omer Abdulla, Ako Hameed Mala Qadir

    This research was conducted in the field of applied climatology & relied on several technics, software programs, and advanced geographical methods. The research area encompasses Garmian District, which is located in the southeastern part of the Kurdistan Region. It borders Sulaymaniyah Province to the north, Halabja Province to the northeast, Kirkuk Province to the northwest, Saladin Province to the west, and Diyala Province to the west and southwest. In addition to that, on its eastern side, it shares a 122.5 km border with Kermanshah Province. The total area of the Garmian District is approximately (6,017.95Km2). The research area encompasses Kifri & Khanaqin Districts, as well as Maydan & Qoratoo sub districts. The main objective of this study is to determine the most suitable site for the installation of solar energy plants in the Garmian District, with the goal of addressing the electricity shortage in the research area by providing an optimal solution. In conclusion, the physical characteristics of the study area are highly suitable for the installation of photovoltaic power plants. Specifically, around half of the research area is considered very well-suited for this purpose.

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12. 12
    Social Science Original Research pp. 232-246

    Appointing 'Umar Ibn Al-Khattab for The Successor Between Complying with The Procedures and Appointing Him as The Predecessor

    Kamaran Jamal Hassan, Kamaran Aziz Abdullah

    After intense negotiations between the migrants and supporters the issue of the appointment of the caliph was resolved, but the appointment of the second caliph was different from the other three caliphs. Abu Bakr wanted the issue to be resolved before his death. Therefore, in consultation with the close companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him), he appointed (Umar ibn al-Khattab) as the Crown Prince. Especially the Umayyad caliphs and those scholars who considered the succession system as part of the Islamic system of rule, which brought about the consequences of seizing the throne of the caliphate and oppression. Umar's appointment was consistent with the conditions set for the caliph, but differed in terms of appointment procedures. However, in terms of reaction, the appointment of Caliph Umar was the best consensus compared to the others, the duration of the caliphate is considered the golden age. Because of Umar did not propose anyone after him, for this purpose he kept his relatives away from him, entrusted him to a council of six members and provided the opportunity for consultation and interested discussion. Omar ibn al-Khattab is known as the founder of the group advisory caliphate, but opposed the imposition and neglect of advisory. In this study, we have analyzed this issue in five sections and reached the following conclusions: the first section is the process of appointing Omar as Caliph, the second topic is the details of the process, the third topic is comparison of conditions and procedures Between the two types of advisory caliphate and the succession caliphate, the final part of criticism was the appointment of 'Umar.

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13. 13
    Social Science Original Research pp. 247-269

    Poetry Among the Arabs Until the End of the Umayyad Caliphate Period

    Amanj Salam HamadAmeen, Hishyar Zeki Hassan, Mahdi Osman Hussein

    This study discusses the emergence of poetry among the Arabs, in which their interest in poetry as a literary source is presented, according to the historical periods, with the fundamental changes that have occurred to poetry in terms of subject matter and the theme of texts in each period or era. Meanwhile, the role of poetry and poets and their influences on society and individuals are also discussed. In addition, it has been mentioned that the poets were attached to their tribes and clans, or that they were close and affiliated with the authorities, whether this was due to praise of the authority or condemnation of their opponents. All these are reflected in the texts and thus several poetic texts and proof have been cited to confirm them, as the nature of the research seems to require this approach. Despite the importance of poetry and the poetic language as well as paying much attention to it in those eras, poetry also played a role in narrating events, even though history had not recorded many events before. Here it is noticed that poetry played the role of narrating and recording the events and anecdotes of the past, and from this point of view, it can be said that whoever wants to become familiar with the situation of Arab society and some of their social, cultural and even political customs either in pre-Islamic period or at the beginning of Islamic era, at least it is necessary to go back to some of the poems of those poets who lived near those eras. Although poets have often mixed events with their imagination and fantasy, so it may not be possible to get a completely real picture of those periods, whatever considered historical reason can be drawn from it, and then by highlighting these literary texts, some hidden and dark sides of those eras can be revealed.

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14. 14
    Social Science Original Research pp. 270-286

    Digital Public Relations and the Strategy of taking advantage of the New Media Characteristics in the Persuasive Process

    Mohammed Omer Kaka, Avesta Younis Mohammed

    This Paper is entitled “Digital Public Relations and the Strategy of taking advantage of the Characteristics of New Media in the Persuasive Process” is a theoretical attempt to identify the new tools that new media provide to public relations practitioners in the persuasion process and offers strategies to benefit from the digitalization of public relations and media in this process. This research aims to determine how public relations can rely on media tools that can fully meet the recipient's needs while taking advantage of the effects of multiple messages and continuous and rapid communication, as well as developing a strategy to determine the extent in which digital public relations can benefit from the features of new media. In the process of persuasion, within the framework of the media richness methods which measures the characteristics of media based on its richness with multimedia information, the level of interaction in two-way communication, and the speed of feedback, researchers have identified four strategies for effectively using new media tools in the persuasion process: coverage, communication, message content, and ease of use.

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15. 15
    Social Science Original Research pp. 287-307

    Medical science during the Sassanid period

    Hassan Qadir Mahmood, Shalaw Mustafa Abdalrahman

    Abstract During the Sassanid period, the kings showed great interest in medicine, largely because of its religious significance. In Zoroastrianism, medicine was considered a sacred science, so the kings considered it as part of their religious duty. Medical education during this time was deeply intertwined with Zoroastrian beliefs, the Avesta was the basis of medical education for the Sassanid physicians and the physicians themselves were Zoroastrian men, at the same time, they benefited greatly from medical science and doctors from Egypt, Greece, India and China and were encouraged in various ways to transfer their medical experience to the Sassanid state and teach medicine. Sassanid doctors believed that people could suffer from two main types of illnesses: mental and physical. They had various treatments for each type, believing that a calm and healthy mind was essential for a healthy body. All diseases were sent to humanity by Ahriman and herbal medicines were sent to earth by Ahura Mazda. The University of Jundi Shapur became a hub where medical knowledge from different civilizations was combined, helping medical science in the Sassanid state to flourish.

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16. 16
    Social Science Original Research pp. 308-337

    The Taiwan issue in the context of the official positions of the People's Republic of China and the United States of America

    ARAM Ahmad Wso, Rawa mala Nabi Mahmood

    The aftermath of World War II witnessed significant changes in China, marked by a civil war between the Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, and the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), led by Chiang Kai-shek. The conflict culminated in a victory for the Communists and the establishment of the People's Republic of China in Beijing in 1949. Chiang Kai-shek and his followers retreated to Taiwan, where they declared the Republic of China with its capital in Taipei. Since then, Taiwan has claimed to be the legitimate government of all Chinese territory. Conversely, the People's Republic of China has sought to reintegrate Taiwan under its "one country, two systems" framework, introduced by the Communist Party in the 1980s. Meanwhile, the United States has supported Taiwan and endeavored to safeguard its interests in the region. The study, entitled "The Taiwan issue in the context of the official positions of the People's Republic of China and the United States of America", discusses the official positions of the parties concerned on the Taiwan issue. The importance of this study lies in Taiwan's strategic location; any change in its current situation could threaten the regional balance. The study answers several important questions: Is the Taiwan issue a domestic matter, as claimed by China, or is it an international one? What are the official views of China and the United States on the Taiwan issue? To answer these questions, the study uses historical and descriptive-analytical methods based on library literature and is organized into five sections. These sections include a historical overview of the Taiwan issue, an examination of key mechanisms and strategies for resolving the conflict, and an exploration of the official positions and policies of Taiwan, the People's Republic of China, and the United States regarding the Taiwan issue.

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17. 17
    Social Science Original Research pp. 338-357

    Enhancing Public Relations in the Tourism Industry

    Abbas Jumma Mahmood, Tazhan Dlshad Kareem

    Region, The aim of this study is to explore how Public Relations can enhance tourism services in the Kurdistan specifically focusing on guest satisfaction with public relations staff and the quality of hotel services in Sulaimani city. This research evaluates aspects such as (service styles, accommodations, foods and drinks) within hotels in the Sulaimani. The study is stands out to be one of the most descriptive studies that have been used to achieve its goals. Also, the study included tourists who visited hotels in Sulaimani city. The research focuses on the five-star hotels in this city of Sulaimani to benchmark service quality. The research underlines the significance of tourism for the Kurdistan Region especially in Sulimani city, highlighting its potential as a key income source and a driver of economic development. It also contributes to theoretical and academic knowledge about the role of Public Relations in enhancing tourism professionalism. The key outcomes are reveal that the Public Relations staffs in Sulaimani hotels excel in providing courteous and welcoming service. The quality of hotel services, including accommodations, foods, and beverage provisions, is notably high. Furthermore, the hotels are well-equipped with communication services, information technology, and recreational facilities like swimming pools and gyms.

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18. 18
    Social Science Original Research pp. 358-376

    The Role of Psychological Factors in Drivers' Non-Compliance with Non-Constraining Traffic Laws

    Liya Hassan Mohammed

    The current research aims to identify the role of psychological factors on non-restriction of drivers by the traffic law, and also to identify the role of psychological factors on non-restriction of drivers by the traffic law according to change (gender, age, and certification). Their ages are between (18-45) years of both sexes, and for this purpose, the researcher used the (Zahraa: 2016) scale, which consists of (30) items, and is divided into (4) dimensions and psychological factors, including (the negative attitude of traffic laws, the role of psychological emotions in non-compliance with traffic laws, adventurous motivation, excitement, stress and work pressure). The researcher used the psychometric property of the scale, where the apparent validity was achieved and the stability was extracted using Cronbach's alpha method, where the percentage of the scale's validity was (100%), and the scale's stability was (0.80). Drivers' commitment to psychological factors is confirmed according to age groups. The role of psychological factors in the age group (18-25) is higher than in the age group (26-35), and this is also compared to the age group (36-45). Regarding the certificate variable (educational achievement), this study found that the higher the academic achievement, the higher the positive trends, and the lower the role of psychological factors. Finally, suggestions and recommendations were presented.

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19. 19
    Social Science Original Research pp. 377-404

    The Residence (Settlement) of Mala’s Shrine in Kalar District

    Hawbash Ghafoor Saeed, Fatimah Qader Mustafa

    The study area is located in the southern part of the Kurdistan Region and the western north part in Kalar district and the northern part of Rizgari district. The settlement of Mala’s shrine is located in the vicinity of the squares (34°52'06.5" -34.868472 N) of the north of the earth and the length lines (45°17'34.0" -45.292778 E) of the east, see map number (1). The area is (3049.36) dunum and (37) km far away from Kalar district.The purpose of this study is to point out the most important natural and human characteristics in the settlement of Mala’s shrine. Thus, the research is related to the scientific approach for establishing the basis of research. This research is composed of two main parts so as to arrive at the main goal of the research: The first part is entitled (Introducing the Settlement of Mala’s Shrine) which consists of two main topics the first of which talks about (The History of the Settlement of the Mala’s Shrine) whereas the second topic refers to (The Natural Characteristics of the Residence of the Mala’s Shrine) such as (height and low, water resources, wild plants, etc.) The second part is entitled "The Human Characteristics of the Settlement of Mala’s Shrine ", which is made up of three main topics, the first of which discusses (The Number of Population) between 1984 and 2023 while the second topic comes across (the distribution of the types of Settlement Earths of Mala’s Shrine). Meanwhile, the third topic deals with (Economic Source of the Settlement of Mala's Grave such as Agriculture and Livestock).

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20. 20
    Social Science Original Research pp. 405-432

    Dramatic Narration in Hotel Europe Novel

    Najim Khalid Najmadeen

    Novel is one of the narrative literary genres that are most open to other literary and artistic ones. So, we see that there is a strong interaction between the novel and the play, because they are two narrative literary genres that are united by common elements such as (dialogue, event, movement, and conflict). Nevertheless, the novel has maintained its limits. It did not, with all its characteristics, turn into a theatrical text intended for performance. That is, it kept for itself distinct characteristics that express its identity, which separates it from the full dramatic text. Henry James was under the strong influence of the theatre, so he called the writers of the novel to dramatize their novels by ridding them of the dominance of the knowledgeable narrator, and heading towards the hidden narrator. They express themselves far from his presence. According to this vision, our understanding and reading of the novel (Hotel Europe) by the Kurdish novelist, Farhad Pirbal, as well as according to the mechanisms of the dramatic novel, we find this novel to be a dramatic novel, with all its elements and its narration structure having all the elements of that novel, and that its writer has consciously treated it to be a fictional text. Dramatically, not only in its artistic elements (the narrator, the character, and the event) that we made as material for our research, the novelist has also transformed, consciously, the mentality of some of its characters, especially: the character of the focal point into a theater for the events of the past and the present through flashback and monologue techniques.

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21. 21
    Social Science Original Research pp. 433-450

    Legal Nature of the Contract for Use of the Pharmacy License

    Krekar Faqe Ababakir, Sidqe Mahammad Amin Issa

    The lifestyle nowadays, the supremacy of globalization and capitalism has all businesses and crafts under the control of capitalism, the rich individual has the ability to control work and guide work. The society under this authority is so affected that it has no choice since it must follow this system and consume what it produces regardless of the quality of the material. Pharmaceutical work has deviated from its proper course of serving humanity to serving capitalism because this craft has enormous profits. And he's doing business, not as a humanist. This is done by the pharmacist officially and under his supervision opens a pharmacy but himself does not run the pharmacy and does not dispense the medicine himself and he does not exist at any time but hires others to do his job or rent his testimony to other people and arrests them monthly. A medical assistant or nurse replaces the pharmacy; legally, this is not true of legal regulation is due to the lack of expectation of the emergence of this type of contract, which requires the legislator and legal jurisprudence to find appropriate solutions by defining the obligations of the parties to this contract and their responsibility if a medical error occurs in the dispensing of medicines or in violation of the instructions for the practice of the profession of pharmacy.

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22. 22
    Social Science Original Research pp. 451-468

    Dimensions of Globalization: Its Consequences in the Kurdistan Region

    Paiman Qadir Majid, Omer Ali Ahmed

    This research is an attempt to reach a scientific analysis of all the different dimensions of globalization, and what this phenomenon leaves of different effects and impacts on all aspects of society. In addition, this research is an accurate understanding of all the challenges and problems that came with this problematic concept, and that the complexity of globalization and its different readings are among the reasons that led to the emergence of two sides of supporters and deniers. The main objective behind this research is to show the dimensions of globalization and its negative and positive effects that have effects on all social systems, in addition to that it is an attempt to identify the requirements of this concept and the stages it went through. We believe that this research is of great importance, because it becomes a scientific resource that includes dealing with a group of disparate concepts and multiple theories that researchers specialized in this field can benefit from as an academic and scientific source in their studies. The nature of the research necessitated that we rely on the descriptive, analytical, and critical approach, because it is the most appropriate approach with the topics that we have studied within the contents of this research, as all opinions and ideas that came in this field were criticized. At the conclusion of this research, we have come to the conclusion that globalization is a new concept, but at the same time it is a social and historical phenomenon that has roots in the history of mankind, where there has been trade and transportation since ancient times between peoples, and the Kurdish society dealt positively and self-confidently with this new concept.

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23. 23
    Social Science Original Research pp. 469-492

    The Power in the View of Michel Foucault

    Zryan Hamza Aziz, Darstan Abdulrahman Hussien, Bayar Othman Qadr

    Michel Foucault is a well-known French philosopher who has a different understanding of the concept of "power" and emphasizes that power is different from what we know and that we do not see its hidden facets. Modern power has completely changed from the imposition of power, from the will of the individual to self-imposing, and it is no longer in its old forms. It is available in all places and at all times, and it is applied equally to all without distinction. Foucault analyzes the concept of power in terms of its quality and divides it into two parts according to the time and time in which it is exercised, namely the power of the state and the authority of pastoralists. The power of the state is a modern form of power that seeks to impose its supreme hegemony over the entire society. The disciplinary power portrays the ruler as a shepherd and the community as a herd and gives the ruler the responsibility of full care. In Foucault's view, the enabling environment of power that tells us what is true and what should not be said is called "discourse." It has a strong relation with the government and has the power to strengthen or weaken it. In the same way, "knowledge" is closely related to power and influences the direction of the individual and becomes the basis for the development of his or her views on authority. In Foucault’s view the power comes in a variety of ways. such as the power of repression, the power of the sovereign, the power of discipline and the power of bio-power. The government is responsible for the subjugation and subjugation of the citizens. The government is trying to impose its dominance and sovereignty on the community. The Disciplinary Authority works on the rules and regulations of the organization of the society, and the Biopower works on the revitalization of the society and uses the latest methods of community management.

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24. 24
    Social Science Original Research pp. 493-514

    The Role of Social Media Platforms in the Candidates’ Campaign for the Kurdistan Parliament Election of 2024

    hawnyaz sami

    In this research, the researcher works on the importance of social media platforms in conveying candidates’ messages and their impact on voters with classifying the platforms from the most used to the least used by voters for the purpose of being aware of Sulaimani constituency’s candidates’ election campaign messages and activities for the (2024) Kurdistan parliamentary elections. The researcher sought through practical aspects based on descriptive methods and through (survey) to achieve the objectives of this research, the most important of which is to determine the type of social media platform which had the most users in the (2024) Kurdistan parliamentary election campaign. The most evident conclusions reached by the researcher are: The three social media platforms (TikTok, Facebook, Instagram) identified by the researcher were used by voters at different levels, however the (TikTok) platform had the most users for the aim of being aware of (2024) Kurdistan parliamentary elections candidates’ messages and activities. Political parties’ candidates have accorded importance to social media platforms to disseminate their messages and activities, however the candidates of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan’s candidates had the highest importance paid to applying social media platforms while giving a special importance to the (Tik Tok) platform within the platforms. The researchers focused more on the messages and activities of the candidates posted via videos. At the same time, the messages and activities posted through the (TikTok) platform had the greatest impact on the voters in order to decide to vote for the candidates.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper24 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 515-538

    The Institutional Conditions of Kurdistan Regional Government in The Light of Acemoglu and Robinson's Theory

    Hewa Ali Omar

    The main argument of the research is that the problem of governance in the Kurdistan Region lies in the issue of institutions. It is the institutions that motivate and encourage citizens to participate in political and economic activities or prevent and discourage them. It is the institutions that cause wealth and happiness (institutional conditions) for officials or poverty and misery for citizens to access to opportunities and services (institutional opportunities). Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) narrating the history of institutions, how and when institutions move towards closure or opening, which is obviously not an inevitable path. A nation may be rich in the past, but because of a historical event it may become poor, and vice versa. This study looks at the issue of institutions in the Kurdistan Region from the perspective of historical institutionalism as a qualitative method and provides an institutional analysis. One of the most important consequences is that the institutions have taken a path that has brought happiness and prosperity to political and family elites and those who support them. On the contrary, the majority of Kurdistan people wish for the life they live such as prosperity and wealth in necessities of life and services.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper25 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 539-555

    Reflection of war on the techniques of Artist Sirwan Baran

    Halkawt Aswad Asaad

    Sirwan Baran was a well-known Iraqi-Kurdish artist. He explored themes of war, identity, displacement, and cultural memory that permeate contemporary schools. His art encompassed diverse media such as painting and sculpture. He combined elements of traditional Iraqi art with modern techniques. He applied the creative use of materials and techniques in order to make viewers feel deeply about the painting. His work often explored the impact of political and social revolution about individual and collective identity and reflects of his own experiences with displacement and cultural change. Artist Sirvan Baran's message to the audience is that by juxtaposing traditional ideas with contemporary beauty, he revised the narratives of heritage and belonging. His contributions provided a nuanced exploration of how the historically personal and collective art form was expressed in a globalized world. As a result of reflecting on the impact of war on Sirwan Baran’s techniques, a study of Sirwan Baran's artistic journey revealed that his experiences with war and conflict have profoundly shaped his creative expression. His methodology can be understood through a range of perspectives such as personal reflection, observation, historical engagement, and experimentation with technique.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper26 0 views Read article
27. 27
    Social Science Original Research pp. 556-582

    Pragmatic Deixis in Kurdish Short Stories

    fahmi hassan Rashad

    The study of pragmatic deixis is crucial in discourse analysis, as it contextualizes speech in relation to the speaker, place, time, and social context. These features are particularly significant in short stories, where the narrative relies on the proper use of deictic markers. Understanding pragmatic deixis requires familiarity with the grammatical structure of the language and the relationship between text and context, including elements like time, place, and shared knowledge between the speaker and listener. These factors contribute to conveying the intended meaning and purpose in discourse. Pragmatic deixis links the speaker’s language to the surrounding context, making it an essential part of pragmatic analysis, especially in literary works like short stories. This study, titled “Pragmatic Deixis in Kurdish Short Stories,” focuses on the book "Xewin jî qedegene" as a case study. The research explores the frequent use of deictic markers, which often appear in literary texts, especially short stories. Due to time constraints and the limited scope of the research, it is not possible to analyze every instance of deixis. Therefore, the study concentrates on two short stories, "Eve kiça mine" and "Mudirê nû," to demonstrate how pragmatic deixis functions in these narratives. The research consists of an introduction, two main chapters, and a conclusion. Chapter One contains two sections: the first addresses the theoretical framework, explaining pragmatic deixis, its concept, and its various types. The second section explores the structure of the short story, including its title, introduction, and content. Chapter Two analyzes the use of pragmatic deixis in the selected short stories, providing insights into how these linguistic markers are employed effectively. Keywords: Pragmatic deixis, speech deixis, sections of speech deixis, deictic expressions, short story.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper27 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 583-596

    Concept of Kurdish Society Socio-anthropological reading

    Hemin Baqir Abdul

    In this research the concept of Kurdish society has been examined. Using descriptive analysis method, the researcher answered some key questions about Kurdish society. The researcher noticed that in daily life as well as in the academic and media sectors, the concept of Kurdish society has not been used in a proper way. There are many reasons for that, including the lake in the set of rules which all society should have. conclusion suggests that there is no one Kurdish society. In other words, some may confront different Kurdish society who share some important features and have something in common in term of cultural norm. Moreover, each of these societies has its own cultural, economic and political development. It is more logical to make divisions and be more specific while we are going to name them. For example, it is better to say the Kurdish society of south, the Kurdish society of north, the Kurdish society of

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper28 0 views Read article
29. 29
    Social Science Original Research pp. 597-623

    Social Impacts of Mobile Addiction Among Youth

    Chiya Faiq Rashid, Parwin Abubakir Muhammed, Taban Khalid Ahmed

    Mobile phones are important for communication and social interactions and are crucial to people's lives. It is for protecting social relationships and exchanging information among people. This study aims to explain the social consequences of mobile addiction among youth in the Kurdistan Region and identify the positive and negative effects. A combination of symbolic interaction theory and social capital theory is applied. In March of 2024, the data were collected from 534 random youth in the governorates of Erbil, Slemani, Duhok, and Halabja through a questionnaire on Google Forms. The results showed that mobile addiction has psychological, health, social, and educational impacts. It has changed all the types of social interactions between individuals and social capital. The most important consequences are that mobile devices are a way of sharing memories and communications with others, are a factor in building and continuing communication with others, and are a significant device for learning and getting information. In contrast, mobiles have negative effects, which are causing waste of time, increased fatigue, failure to complete tasks, anxiety, and not feeling a sense of social security. Moreover, this device caused eye problems, sleep disorders, and a lack of physical activity. Furthermore, the device limits the brain’s ability to store information, and it leads to excessive and unnecessary distractions. In addition, it has caused weakness and tension at the level of the primary and vertical relations. This has led to a contradictory situation in the youths’ social relationships.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper29 2 views Read article
30. 30
    Social Science Original Research pp. 624-643

    Cartographic representation of human capabilities for rural development in Sarkapkan district

    Chnar Mahmood Ibrahim ibrahim, Hemn hussen muhammed Muhammed, Hemn Abdullah WastaAhmad WastaAhmad, Pshtiwan Shafeeq Ahmad Ahmad

    Demonstrating and researching human capabilities is no less valuable than natural capabilities In many places, human resources are the basis of current spatial differences Therefore, rural geography research is trying to increase its research in this field and link it to rural development. Human resources are an essential element in achieving sustainable development, especially in rural areas that rely heavily on local capabilities to achieve social and economic development. In this context, the cartographic representation of human resources is gaining importance as an effective tool for analyzing and understanding the distribution of the population, their capabilities and needs, which contributes to formulating integrated and effective development plans Serkabkan area, As a rural area with environmental and social characteristics, it faces many challenges related to the optimal use of human resources to achieve balanced and sustainable development. Therefore, human resource maps can provide a comprehensive vision that enhances understanding of the current reality of the region and helps identify opportunities and address development challenges. Purpose of the study It is an attempt to provide a unified basis for how to use cartographic capabilities as a tool for displaying, analyzing and planning human resources in the Sarkabkan area, which serves the comprehensive development of villagers and enhances the interaction between human capabilities and development efforts. The importance of this study The main role of mapping in showing the human potential for rural development is clear. It also highlights the human potential in the region and how it can be used to achieve development, focusing on strategies that support improving living standards and narrowing development gaps. In this study, many modern maps were used using geographic information systems, and finally we reached several important conclusions and recommendations.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper30 0 views Read article
31. 31
    Social Science Original Research pp. 644-657

    The Use of the Setting in Boosting the Theme of Solitude in Selected Modern Short Stories

    Najat Ismael Sayakhan, Ismael Muhamad fahmi Saeed

    Human beings recollect memories, events, or certain actions by the way the snow-flakes cover the leaves of the olive tree in their backyard. It is the setting that gives life much of its meaning, shape and color. For the story writer, setting is the entrance for his readers through which they wander in the world which he creates. Setting is a crucial element of the narrative fiction. In some works of literature, it functions as a character. In certain cases (say a prison, for instance) the psychological toll of setting can be devastating. Writers intentionally set their stories in such a way as to guide their characters and help them not to go astray in outer space and time. The specific time, geographical location, and the mood of the character help the story evolve to attract the reader’s attention to what happens next. The texts chosen for this study have the theme of solitude in common. The researchers intend to explore the setting in these texts as they aim at finding the knot which ties the setting and the theme of solitude together. This study follows an interpretive-analytical methodology in which nine modern short stories are closely examined. The literary theory adopted in this research is psychoanalysis; for each text a method of psychoanalysis is applied. The researchers will answer the question of whether the setting plays any role in accelerating the characters’ awareness of solitude, despair and loneliness. The texts are Anton Chekhov’s “The Bet” (1889), Katherine Mansfield’s “Miss Brill” (1920), D. H. Lawrence’s “The Rocking-Horse Winner” (1926), Edith Wharton’s “Roman Fever” (1934), Earnest Hemingway’s “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” (1936), Eudora Welty’s “A Worn Path” (1941), Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” (1968), Tobias Wolff’s “Hunters in the Snow” (1981), and Judith Ortiz Cofer’s “American History” (1993). Due to the nature of this topic, it will be inevitable to make reference to the plot in the works selected for this paper.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper31 7 views Read article
32. 32
    Social Science Original Research pp. 658-671

    Social Coexistence and its Effect on Lexical Change: A Morpho-Semantic Analysis of Lexical Items in a Kurdish Variety in Garmian

    Wirya Ameen, Mohammed Hussein Ahmed

    The Kurdish variety, spoken in the town of Kifri, in the southern part of Kurdistan Region (Garmian), has undergone changes as a result of borrowing words from other languages such as Arabic, Persian, and Turkmen. This paper deals, in particular, with words taken from the Turkmani language, and this is due to the coexistence of Kurdish speakers with people speaking this language in the area. The influx of words from this language into this Kurdish variety has caused enormous changes in the lexical structure of the language. The aim of the work is to highlight the effect of this social coexistence on this variety. This is done by selecting a number of Turkmen loan words in the language, and conducting a morpho-semantic analysis of them with reference to some phonological changes they have undergone in the process of borrowing. The research hypothesizes that the Turkmen loan words are expected to have undergone semantic, morphological, and phonological changes due to their adaptation to the host language system. The study adopts a qualitative method to carry out the analysis of the samples in the light of the aspects mentioned. The conclusions show that the analyzed samples have exhibited changes in the sphere of lexis and this has had no effect on the core structural system of the host language. Besides, the research has unraveled proportional discrepancies among the loan words in relation to the changes they have encountered. The significance of the study can be said to lie in its advantage for etymological studies that aim at investigating the origin of certain vocabularies in a given language. Similar studies can be suggested to quest for other linguistic aspects of borrowed words in given languages.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper32 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 672-693

    A Cognitive - Semantic Study of Conceptual Metaphors and Conceptual Metonymies in The USA Electoral Campaign

    Bahra Raouf Salih, Suhair Safwat, Shilan Ali Hama Sur

    This paper aims to provide a cognitive semantic account of the conceptual metaphors and metonymies in the USA electoral campaign of 2020. Conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual metonymy are applied as the framework for the study. It focuses on how conceptual structures contribute to different meaning constructions in each datum. Specifically, the paper looks at two American political speeches delivered by Joe Biden and Donald Trump as heads of the list of their parties. Based on its quantitative, qualitative and comparative analysis within a cognitive semantic framework, this study argues that conceptual metaphor and metonymy help effectively to convey different viewpoints of both politicians in presidential election campaign. Finally, this study has concluded that conceptual metonymy is the most common tool in the English corpus data. Both conceptual metaphor and metonymy have great role in meaning construction through mapping between source and target domains.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper33 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 694-712

    Causes of School Dropouts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in 2021

    Senik Tahir Mahmood, Hakim Qadir Taha, Mahmood Muhammad Hamza

    The Ministry of Education (MOE-KRG) conducted a campaign for raising awareness among students, parents and local communities. Despite this operation and many other efforts by the Kurdistan Regional Government to reform the education sector targeting all aspects, numerous challenges remain that are hereditary and persistent. These challenges involve socioeconomic, institutional, and cultural dimensions and factors. This research paper studied these factors enumerating the differences between genders and between urban and rural areas in the Kurdistan region. This paper analyzed survey data officially obtained from the MOE-KRG using quantitative approaches. This paper conducted multiple Pearson’s Chi-Square tests and cross-tabulation analyses. Results indicated that there are statically significant differences between male students and female students in terms of child labor, disabilities, and school distance, which dropping out rates among male students were higher than those of female students due to these factors. Furthermore, dropping out of school was more common among seventh graders. Hence, it is essential to expand the role of the social workers in schools to support students and reduce rates of dropping out of schools, in addition to raising awareness in the communities and implement policy reform in the education system.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper34 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 713-735

    Need of ESP Courses for the students in the College of Nursing, Suleimani University

    Shler MohammedAli Najmaddin

    The students in the college of nursing have had a limited exposure to English language and now they are exposed to an intensive use of English as the medium of instruction. Therefore, they have considerable problems in the application of English language. This study is an attempt to investigate the needs of nursing students for an ESP course. The study was conducted with 40 first-year university students and 40 fourth-year students and ten teachers in the College of Nursing, Sulaimani University. A student questionnaire and a teacher interview were used to identify the nursing students’ and teachers’ perceptions about the nursing students’ English language needs and to ascertain if they need an ESP course. It can be supposed that regarding both the students’ and their teachers’ perceptions, ESP course is an immense requirement for the students to promote their knowledge in their subject field. They also suggested that the students need a course that concentrates more on improving their reading, speaking, and writing skills in their subject field. It can be concluded that a systemized ESP is a requisite for the students’ lack of English.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper35 0 views Read article
36. 36
    Social Science Original Research pp. 736-760

    Animal Idiomatic Expressions in English and Kurdish: A Comparative Analysis

    Lana Amanj, Raz Aziz Ahmed

    Animal idioms are widespread across languages and cultures. Humans use animal idiomatic expressions to convey their messages and to make the language more interesting and richer. This study investigates the meanings of animal expressions in English and Kurdish languages. The idioms have been taken out from some idiomatic dictionaries in both languages. A large number of idioms have been taken out see appendix (A & B), but a group of them have been chosen for the purpose of analysis. The idioms have been categorized based on three prototypes; birds, fish: animals that live in water and do not have wings, and non-birds: all the other animals besides the two other types that have been mentioned. Moreover, the meanings of the animal idiomatic expressions have been analyzed according to their transparency and opacity along with their positive and negative connotations in daily situations and how people use them in conversations.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper36 0 views Read article
37. 37
    Social Science Original Research pp. 761-791

    Detaining ISIS terrorist suspects without trial by the USA in Rojava-Syria

    Handren Ahmad Eahya, Rebaz Ismael Ali, Aram Nabee Mohammed

    This study discusses one of the USA’s tactics or strategies, which is the detention of ISIS terrorist suspects without charge or trial in the case of Rojava, Syria. The significance of the subject is that it is one of the most controversial topics in contemporary politics and international laws. A political analysis method was used and the research data dealt with by examining a number of variables. This paper discusses different reasons that affected the non-solution of the tactic or strategy used by the USA government in the war on terror, as well as showing the division between international laws and provisions which are mentioned in international human rights law and in international humanitarian law. This paper will focus on whether the performance of the process of detaining terrorist suspects without trial is legal or illegal. The paper will also examine a case study of Rojava’s trials, Syria and how they deal with detainees. Furthermore, this study will try to explain non-governmental organizations’ (NGO) attitudes, as these have played an important role in the showing of the USA’s tactic. This study concludes that the detention of ISIS terrorist suspects without trial raises serious legal questions, particularly with regard to due process and the right to a fair trial. Under international law, individuals have the right to be brought before a competent court, to be informed of the charges against them, and to have access to legal counsel and a fair trail.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper37 0 views Read article
38. 38
    Social Science Original Research pp. 792-820

    The Impact of Coverage of Corruption Cases in TV News Channels on Illegal Immigration on University Youth in The Kurdistan Region of Iraq

    Hakim Othman Hameed

    This field research aims to know the effect of covering corruption issues in TV news channels on illegal immigration among university youth in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq، which has become one of the issues that have local، regional and international concerns. Immediate and future effects on the political، economic، social، service and cultural aspects on the countries from which immigration takes place and also on the countries that are the target of illegal immigrants. Cases of corruption in satellite news channels and the effects of such coverage in pushing university youth to resort to illegal immigrate، the researcher chose an intentional sample of university students in the final stages in the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq، specifically the University of Sulaymaniyah، and it consists of 1000 male and female students. The conclusions I reached، illegal immigration of university youth constitutes one of the complex problems of the respondents، and it came after two problems that are considered the most complex in southern societies، namely administrative corruption and unemployment، which constitute the cause and effect، and illegal immigration is one of the results of administrative corruption، The respondents view the Kurdish news channels as a major supporter of illegal immigration، as they produced programs that encourage immigration on the one hand، and on the other hand، they did not appear to reject this phenomenon in a tangible way through the production of programs that support this idea.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper38 0 views Read article
39. 39
    Social Science Original Research pp. 821-846

    The Effect of The School Entourage on Formation of Students' Characters

    Jalal Qadir Jameel, Abdulmajeed Ghafoor Ibrahim

    The purpose of this research to know the effect of the school entourage in the formation of students' character and know the effect of the physical entourage and identify the effect of the social entourage as well as the importance of identifying the effect of the school entourage in the formation of students' character in the preparatory grade of the faculty for both genders. This phenomenon is a kind of human behavior when some students are exposed to problems in society and the school entourage related to interaction and cooperation. The approach used in this research was the Analytical descriptive. The results of the study showed a positive significance. the value of the correlation coefficient was between the two variables (>0.501) and at the level of significance was) > 0.05) and we conclude higher of the levels of interest in the school entourage, the higher the levels of students' character by (50.1%). There was a positive statistically significant correlation between the physical character dimension of the school character variable and the students' entourage variable, as the value of the correlation coefficient and the physical environment and the students' personality variable equal to (>0.413 ). The level of assumed statistical significance by the researcher (>0.05) and confirms that the higher the levels of interest in the physical entourage. the Physical entourage levels and variety of students' character by (41.3%), there was a significant correlation with positive statistical significance between the dimension of the social entourage from the variable school entourage and the variable of students' character, as the value of the correlation coefficient between the social environment and the variable of students' character (0.521) and at the level of statistical significance assumed by the researcher (>0.05) and this was approved that the higher the social character levels causing an increase the character of students by (52.1%).

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper39 0 views Read article
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    Social Science Original Research pp. 847-862

    The Image of Women from the Perspective of Popular Proverbs

    Alia Faraj Mustafa

    Kurdish proverbs are considered one of the cultural components that extended their influence on social life despite the technological and scientific development during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Therefore, the researcher identified the image of women from the perspective of popular proverbs as a study topic by focusing on three main aspects: the relationship between both genders, the status of women compared to the status of men, and women’s actions in various life situations compared to men. The researcher adopted the content analysis approach in analyzing the contents of the eleven popular proverbs, as well as adopting a gender analysis that focuses on the genders and their related roles and status as a theoretical framework for analyzing the contents of popular proverbs related to the topic of the research. The researcher relied on gender indicators: gender issue, gender bias, and gender discrimination to reach conclusions related to the research topic. It is concluded that: six of the popular proverbs correspond with the gender discrimination indicator which is attributed to dealing based on gender by giving privileges to men depending on gender stereotypical roles, and five of the popular proverbs match with the gender bias indicator which is attributed to all verbal and nonverbal behaviors directed against women based on the perception that men and women are not equal. Thus, they do not deserve the same rights and status.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper40 0 views Read article
41. 41
    Social Science Original Research pp. 863-876

    The phenomenon of ambiguity in poetry between necessity and possibility and the critical view of Massoud Mohammad Jalizadeh

    Rasool Kakalaw Saleem, Hishyar Zaky Hasan

    The title of our research is (The phenomenon of ambiguity in poetry between necessity and possibility and the critical view of Massoud Mohammad Jalizadeh). Our research is dedicated to analysis and discussion, and then the results of concepts and views of criticism His scientific, critical, and intellectual contributions have occupied a prominent place on the map of Arab and Kurdish culture. In addition to playing a good role in Arab cultural activities, his outstanding analytical and critical intellectual investigations were reflected in his many books, articles, and critical and intellectual dialogues that enriched the Arab critical and intellectual library. Massoud Mohammed has left valuable works on literary, critical, cultural, and social issues and has opinions on many critical and literary issues. Through our research, we were able to review his efforts, experiences, and role in the field of criticism. He was an objective writer, paid great attention to artistic honesty, had a great influence on Arab and Kurdish culture, and played a good role in the critical field at that time, from the 1980s onwards. He was able to achieve good success in expressing his critical opinions in books, magazines, and newspapers and published many political, literary, and artistic articles. Masoud Mohammad Jalizadeh is a Kurdish thinker, writer, and well-known personality. He was born in 1919 in a Kurdish environment to Kurdish parents. His family had a high religious, social, and cultural position. It was provided for him by his father, Zana Mohammad Jalizadeh, who gave him the title of "Great Mullah", and was at the same time his first teacher. Massoud Mohammed had a great influence on Kurdish and Arabic culture, wrote many respected articles, published articles in newspapers and magazines in both Kurdish and Arabic, and dealt with intellectual, literary, philosophical, and social issues. He passed away in 2002 He was buried in the cemetery of Darwish Khadr in Koya, next to his father's grave.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper41 0 views Read article
42. 42
    Social Science Original Research pp. 877-908

    The Effect of Management Preferences on Audit Quality Empirical Study on a Sample of Audit Firms in The Iraqi Environment

    Nawzad Khudhur Saeed, Mohammed Huweish Allawi Al-Shujairi, Vian Sulaiman Hama Saeed

    The current study aims to measure and analyze the nature of the management preferences of audit offices and companies to identify the selection and comparison between different audit offices and firms are made. Besides, it evaluates and analyzes the audit quality offices and companies in the Iraqi context and tests the relationship between the administrative preferences of companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange (ISX Henseforth) and the audit quality for audit offices and companies. For achieving the objectives of the study, a main hypothesis directly was adopted to test the relationship between the variables of the study within the framework of the practical side of the study. For this purpose, an applied approach based on evaluation and quantitative mathematical analysis was adopted. Moreover, the annual financial statements of the companies listed on the ISX and the official bulletins of the market were considered as the source of data taking period (2017-2021). The sample of study was mainly represented in a sample of Iraqi audit offices and companies, which amounted to (26) selected audit offices and companies. The sample was selected in the light of identifying and selecting a deliberate sample of the companies subject to audit and listed on the ISX, which amounted to (22) joint stock companies, where the data of those companies was adopted in evaluating the study variables related to the audit offices and companies of the study sample. Based on the collected data and information, a few conclusions are drawn from the results of this study, the most prominent of them was the existence of a relationship and fundamental impact of management preferences on audit quality. The results also showed that the majority of the companies in the study sample preferred to choose the five large audit firms and firms, where the general average percentage of management preferences for the five large audit firms and firms was (68%). This result is much more than the average percentage of their preferences for medium and small audit firms (40%). Among the provided recommendation was the need for the audited companies to realize the importance of choosing an audit company that provides a high-quality service, as this choice is of particular importance to investors, which is align with the market value of the company, by rationalizing the process of making investment decisions, and improving the efficiency of investment in it.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper42 0 views Read article
43. 43
    Social Science Original Research pp. 909-934

    The Role of Constitutional Institution in Achieving of National Participation

    Peshawa Hamid Abdalla

    As the supreme law of a state, the constitution establishes the framework for public constitutional institutions and delineates the mechanisms through which they exercise their authority. Serving as the cornerstone of a state's legal system, these institutions are bound by the provisions of the constitutional text. National partnership, inherently rooted in the state, necessitates realization within the state, which serves as the ultimate institution. This partnership is manifested through participation in the formation of public institutions and the exercise of their powers. Moreover, national partnership is intrinsically linked to the public interest, signifying a collaborative endeavor among the state's components and citizens in the governance of state affairs through its institutions. This, in turn, strengthens the bond between the state and its citizens, ultimately leading to the consolidation of a national state. This study, titled "The Role of Constitutional Institutions in Achieving National Partnership," addresses a central theme within constitutional law, both conceptually and practically. It seeks to elucidate the role of constitutional institutions in fostering national unity while identifying the discrepancies between constitutional provisions and practical realities. The research is grounded in the 2005 Iraqi Constitution, which adopted a parliamentary, democratic, federal system. This constitutional framework is conceptually built upon the principle of national partnership among the components of the Iraqi state, as enshrined in the constitution's preamble and its provisions. However, certain practical challenges may arise in the implementation of this partnership. To comprehensively address the subject, the research focuses specifically on the primary constitutional institutions namely the legislative, executive, and judicial bodies. The study is organized into three sections: the first examines the role of the legislative branch in fostering national unity, the second delves into the role of the executive branch, and the third explores the role of the judiciary. The conclusion summarizes the findings and presents recommendations.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper43 0 views Read article
44. 44
    Social Science Original Research pp. 935-958

    Geographical Analysis of The Relationship of Climatic Elements to Diseases of Ruminant Animals (Cattle، Sheep، Goats) In Halabja Governorate

    Umkalthum Mustafa Darwesh

    Diseases are one of the problems that threaten the animal sector sometimes a lot in general and ruminant animals in particular، and this affects livestock in terms of production of milk، meat and wool، as this sector is a major craft for many families in rural areas in Halabja، and the climatic elements are considered one of the causes of these diseases Therefore، this study aims to find the relationship between the climatic elements (solar radiation، temperature، relative humidity and rain) with diseases prevalent in the region، such as diseases (intestinal poisoning، respiratory diseases، parasitic diseases، and infectious diseases of ruminant animals (sheep، goats، and cows). Relying on the descriptive approach to display data on those climatic elements and diseases، as well as the analytical method for processing the data statistically based on the statistical program (SPSS) using Pearson's correlation coefficient، and the study assumes that there is a close relationship between them، as well as the existence of a direct relationship between some elements and diseases. Conclusions and then recommendations and a list of sources.

    10.26750/Vol(12).No(1).Paper44 0 views Read article
45. 45
    Social Science Original Research pp. 959-985

    The Effect of Plyometric Training with Extra Weights on The Development Of Some Physical Variables Of Football Player- Juniors

    Halkawt kamal khizir, Sherif Qadir

    The research aims to prepare a training curriculum with plyometric exercises and extra weights for the junior category, and to identify the impact of this training program in developing some physical variables, as well as to identify differences between the results of the pre and post-test in the first and second experimental groups in the development of some physical variables, and to identify differences in the results Post-test between the first and second experimental groups in developing some physical variables. The research problem appears in the lack of use of exercises that improve the muscular strength of football players, which may cause a clear discrepancy in the level of the general performance of the team, and most of the exercises were traditional or random, and the researcher believes that adding weights with plyometric exercises may improve strength significantly. Plyometric training by adding weights through the design of a training curriculum using plyometric exercises to find out the impact on the development of some physical variables. The researcher deliberately selected the research community from the players of the junior team in the Chwarqurna Sports Club Academy, which is represented by (45) players, and (25) players were chosen randomly by drawing lots to conduct the main experiment on them, and (5) players were excluded for not committing to training during a period The experiment, and the research sample was divided by the intentional method into two groups (the experimental one and the second one) with (10) players in the first experimental group and (10) players in the second experimental group. The researcher concluded that the proposed training curriculum developed in all the physical variables under study, (strength characterized by speed, transitional speed, length of speed, explosive strength of the two legs) for the first and second experimental groups, except for (strength distinguished by speed) in the second experimental group.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 986-1007

    Misleading Media Content on Social Media and Its Behavioral Effects on University Youth

    Sherko Jabar Mohammad

    The main subject of this study’s discussion is to achieve the main goal of revealing the behavioral effects of the distorting media content on the social media websites on the universities’ youth, as a social stratum, who are users of such sites and are more exposed, and the interpretation of the effects obtained from their exposure. The study is based on a qualitative approach with the aim of reaching a deep and accurate understanding of the phenomenon and its interpretation of the behavioral effects on the universities’ youth, which were carried out through the use of in-depth interview tools in the form of non-random-purposed sampling with (20) students of the Sulaymaniyah Polytechnic University. The most important findings of the study: A large number of the universities’ youth are confused by the vast amount of information that is published on social media websites on a daily basis, which has led to doubts about the ability of young people to distinguish real media content from the misleading content. The misleading media content evokes feelings of anxiety, fear, and lack of will among the universities’ youth. This misleading content promotes low-quality cosmetics in the e-commerce process, thus influencing the purchasing decisions of the university youth, which has led to their detrimental health and financial well-being.

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    Social Science Original Research pp. 1008-1029

    Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of Public Expenditure on Inflation Rates in Iraq (2004-2022)

    Bakhan Qadir Sulaiman, Ako khdir Abdullah, Kamaran Ahmad Hama

    Public expenditures are the main element in influencing indicators of economic stability, as public expenditures affect economic growth by increasing or decreasing production, through their impact on increasing demand, The research aims to analyze the impact of public spending on economic inflation rates in the Iraqi economy during the period (2004 - 2022) and the use of time series to express the nature of the relationship between the variables of the study by estimating and analyzing the relationship in the applied side in which the ARDL model was used. The study employs descriptive analysis and econometric methods using (ARDL) approach to assess these factors. The results reveal that public expenditures, GDP, and the state of the war on terrorism have strong effects on inflation rates in the short term. However, the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on inflation is found to be very weak The impact of gross national product (GNP) on inflation rates remains strong in the long term. However, the effect of public expenditures has turned negative, which can be attributed to the nature of the Iraqi rentier economy. On the other hand. This research suggests that Iraq needs to implement a balanced fiscal policy and focus on government public expenditures.

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