Volume 13
Issue 3
- Published
- 20 September 2026
- Articles
- 32 articles
- Access
- Open Access
Table of Contents
-
01
History & Archaeology Original Research pp. 1-19
The Impact of Human Intervention on the Deterioration and Loss of Historical Value of Archaeological and Cultural Sites in Kifri City.
Saman Karim Mahmood
Effect of human intervention on the destruction of archaeological and cultural heritage sites of Kifri In this study, researchers attempt to evaluate and explain the impacts of human manipulation on archaeological and cultural sites of Kifri town, that have been considered as one of the most valuable cultural and archaeological heritage. These threats have led to destruction of some of the cultural and ancient sites. The descriptive method of analysis, using field surveys and interviews with archaeological officials and local residents, was used in this study. The results showed that human activities, such as intervention and architectural changes, repairs without following archaeological principles, have had a negative impact on the archaeological and cultural sites of the city and led to physical destruction of their historical value. In addition, it has been observed that there is a lack of people awareness on the importance of preserving those historical and archaeological sites. It is also recommended that measures be strengthened to protect historical and cultural monuments, for example: increasing government supervision, implementing a program to raise public awareness, and including these historical heritage and cultural sites in the sustainable restoration plan.
10.26750/2026.6317 11 views Read article -
02
Humanities Original Research pp. 20-32
The Influnce of Media on National Security
Abdulkhaliq I Mustaffa
This study aims to explain the most important forms and contents of media, through it, the media become a source of threat to national security or a fortress for it. This study has been conducted within a descriptive methodological framework to illustrate both concepts and the nature of the relationship between the main variables of this study which are: media and national security. In this study, it was explained the concept of media in general, particular attention has been paid to digital media, especially due to the challenges and complications that have arisen with its emergence, affecting the relationship between media and national security. The results of the study conclude that the influence of media—whether in its traditional or digital forms—on harming or protecting national security depends on the purposes for which it is used and the ability of governments to utilize it effectively.
10.26750/2026.6318 5 views Read article -
03
Education Original Research pp. 33-53
Attitude of teachers and students of Raparin University about the role of the Bologna Process in developing group work and self-learning skills
Aram Mohammed Saeed, Avin Qaher Jalal, Dastan Omer Mahmood
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the attitudes and perceptions of both teachers and students regarding the role of the Bologna Process in develop group work and self- learning skills. To achieve this aim, the researchers employed a mixed-methods approach, it involves a systematic combination of quantitative and qualitative contains. On the quantitative side, a sample of 480 students from the University of Raparin was selected using disproportionate stratified random sampling. On the qualitative side, 12 teachers participated in interviews. To collect student data, use scale consisting of two dimensions: group work and self- learning skills. Also, the psychometric properties of the scale have been exhaustively checked to ensure validity and reliability. After verifying the normality of the data, Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS program. The results show that students They have an equally high attitude towards the role of the Bologna process in developing group work and self-learning skills. there is a difference between humanities and social sciences majors and natural sciences students in the areas of self-learning skills. So that the first group shows a more positive and higher attitude, but this difference is not observed in the field of group work. From the teachers' perspective, the Bologna Process is theoretically evaluated as an advanced educational model, supports the development of group work and self-learning. at the practice level, the success of implementing this system depends on several important factors, such as systematic reforms.
10.26750/2026.6319 18 views Read article -
04
Language & Literature Original Research pp. 54-69
Patriarchy Rhetoric Critic in Sherko Bekas’s Verse Novel (Lantern Cemetery)
Mohammed Aziz Nasralla
This study deals with the patriarchy rhetoric critic in Sherko Bekas’s verse novel “Lantern Cemetery”, is an academic effort to read the Kurdish poetry text outside the framework of a mainstream sheer aesthetic. In terms of theory, it relied on the principles of cultural criticism which is a modern method and aims to unveil the hidden patterns which is deep-seated in language and culture that serve to maintain authority. In this context, patriarchy is not seen as an individual attitude, but interpreted as a dominant social, gender and language rhetoric which could be summarized into two points: First, identifying and disclosing those hidden cultural paradigms in the society which have become pretexts to marginalize and persecuting the females which have mirrored in Sherko Bekas’s texts. Second, revealing how the poetic text rebels against the hegemony of patriarchy and proving that how the poet uses the language to deconstruct the artificial sacredness formed by the patriarchal system. Finally, the study reaches the conclusion that the text of (Lantern Cemetery) is not just a lamenting elegy for women victims, but a direct confrontation to the dominant authority’s rhetoric, and a deep critic to the mentality that produced this oppression.
10.26750/2026.6320 9 views Read article -
05
Language & Literature Original Research pp. 70-87
The Tendency to Morphemize a Number of Dictionary Words in Language Kurdish.
Mustafa Hama Abdalrahman
The study discusses an important subject in the area of linguistics entitled "The tendency to morphemize a number of dictionary words in Kurdish." It relies on morphological data derivative of the dictionary. Morphology is viewed as the combination of materials, elements, and signs. To put it clearly, this research does not envisage stabilizing of morphological components; rather, it is anticipated that morphological elements are likely to change from a state of independence to a state of subordination, owing to shifts in power and exceptions. To this end, the concept of "tendency" toward this change has been investigated. Thus, all the expectations propose that words essentially become morphological elements, catering to turn out to be bound morphemes. In this way, from Y, which is a partial of judgment circle, they are placed within the circle of judgment and become (X-1), providing as a gateway to receive of exception and choice as two major principles. In compliance with the study's prerequisites, the samples were analyzed and the data were taken from central Kurmanji. The most remarkable conclusions and results indicate: there is a dictionary word which is in nonconformity of the judgment circle, and when tending to be a morpheme, it is dependent to the same judgment circle, but from X it becomes X-1, and the output is greater and there is more productivity compared to being as a mere morpheme.
10.26750/2026.6321 16 views Read article -
06
Education Original Research pp. 88-101
Creative Awareness Among Kindergarten Teachers in the Center of Duhok Governorate
Gilavezh Hussein Taher, Sozan Mohammed Rasu, Shajwan Abdulla Ahmed
This study aims to investigate the levels of creative awareness among kindergarten teachers in Duhok Governorate and to identify statistically significant differences based on the variables of academic qualification, specialization, and years of service. The researchers adopted a descriptive methodology as it aligns with the nature of the study. The research population consisted of 746 kindergarten teachers, from which a sample of 75 teachers was selected using a random sampling method. To achieve the study’s objectives, the Al-Mahdawi (2010) scale was employed as the research instrument, and data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that kindergarten teachers in Duhok Governorate possess a high level of creative awareness. Furthermore, the findings showed no statistically significant differences in creative awareness based on academic qualification or specialization. However, significant differences were observed regarding the variable of years of service (comparing 15 years or less to more than 15 years), favoring teachers with more than 15 years of experience. Based on these results, the researchers presented several recommendations and suggestions to the relevant educational authorities and stakeholders.
10.26750/2026.6322 5 views Read article -
07
Language & Literature Original Research pp. 102-121
An Analysis of the Text of Sherko Bekas's "Now a Girl Is My Homeland" from the Viewpoint of Anarchist Theory
Ibrahim Mohammed Ibrahim, Barzan Ali Pirot
This study is titled "An Analysis of the Text of Sherko Bekas's "Now a Girl Is My Homeland" from the Viewpoint of Anarchist Theory. attempts to study this text from the perspective of this theory. Anarchism, as a political and social philosophy, faces all forms of authority and control, the authority of the state, religion, or any other system that discounts freedom and human rights. In a very unintended and artistic method, the author presents many of the concepts that are related with the philosophy of anarchism. This contains rejecting the norms and norms of society that repress people. "Homeland" gets out from a geographical and political situation and becomes an individual and personal concept, which is close to the impression of anarchism, which refuses state authority and fake borders. The significance of this study lies in offering a fresh intellectual and philosophical reading of the text. Beyond conventional interpretations, it highlights the dimensions of liberty and resistance to authority at the intersection of literature and anarchist theory. The aim of this study: is to analysis poetic language and symbolic terms, to identify the anti-authoritarian magnitudes in the text, and to narrate the poet's ideas to the ideologies of anarchist theory. The research method: is descriptive-analytical. Conclusions: The analyses discovered that the poet expresses in this text anti-authority and the thoughts of freedom, equality, co-work, disagreement to personal property and feminism. These ideologies are in line with the principles of anarchism in the dimension of freedom and opposition to the dictatorship of the government.
10.26750/2026.6323 8 views Read article -
08
Language & Literature Original Research pp. 122-139
Linguistic Assessment of Legal Texts in the Kurdistan Parliament: From the viewpoint of critical discourse analysis
Kalthum Khalid Ahmed, Bashdar Abdulrahman Azeez, Sajida Khalid Ahmed
Linguistic analysis of the legal texts of parliaments is an evaluation of language, structure and discourse of legislative documents. Such critical examination provides important insights into the regional political affiliations, power relations and social variables. Despite the structural complexity and the opaque nature of legal language to laypersons, legal texts are important for the society as they are essential tools for the organization of administrative, commercial and social activity. The current study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to investigate the expression of certain language choices in legal documents. The legislative output from the first session of the Kurdistan Parliament in 1992 is used as a primary case study. It considers the implications of these decisions in reproducing power inequalities and simultaneously evaluates the ability of the texts to communicate legal meaning. The results highlight that linguistic clarity is not only a question of style, but also a democratic question, since unclear legal language can limit the public participation possibility. This study examines the political and social consequences of legislative discourse and points out linguistic features which can either promote or impede democratic participation. The study concludes that linguistic practices oriented towards democracy can improve transparency, build trust and promote participatory legislation within the Parliament.
10.26750/2026.6324 6 views Read article -
09
Humanities Original Research pp. 140-161
Geographical Analysis of Rural Settlement Distribution Patterns in Choman and Khabat Districts - A Comparative Study
Hoger Jameel Ahmed, Kamaran Wali Mahmood
This study aims to reveal the spatial patterns of rural settlement distribution in the districts of Choman and Khabat, using spatial statistical techniques within a Geographic Information Systems environment. The study adopted inductive and comparative approaches, utilizing spatial analysis methods. To achieve the objectives, the study was divided into Four main axes: The theoretical framework of the study, Central distribution of rural settlement, Patterns of rural settlement distribution, and the influence of natural and human factors on the pattern of rural distribution. The most important results of the study showed that the pattern of rural settlement distribution in Choman district is generally a clustered random pattern, while Khabat district exhibited a random pattern, primarily due to the influence of the complex interplay of natural and human factors, these factors collectively contributed to the spatial differences observed in the distribution of rural settlements in the study area.
10.26750/2026.6325 2 views Read article -
10
Language & Literature Original Research pp. 162-178
Assessing the Degree of Endangerment of the Armenian Language in the Kurdistan Region According to UNESCO Criteria
Salwa Fariq Salih, Abdulsalam N. Abdullah
The issue of language contact and the threats facing minority languages and languages that are not used in different domains and do not acquire new functions is considered one of the main topics in linguistics, particularly in sociolinguistics. Within this framework, the present study attempts to examine the status of the Armenian language in the city of Zakho. In Zakho, Kurdish is the dominant language, and Armenian, as a result of the absence of a clear language policy, has faced several challenges. The aim of this study is to determine to what extent the Armenian language is endangered and what its status is according to UNESCO’s nine factors (2003). This research was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods. For this purpose, two methods were employed: interviews with selected individuals and knowledgeable members of the Armenian community, and a questionnaire based on UNESCO’s criteria distributed among different groups and social layers of the Armenian community in Zakho. The main research question is: despite the existence of schools and the attention given by the Kurdistan Regional Government, what is the status of the Armenian language according to UNESCO’s nine factors? After collecting opinions and analyzing the questionnaire forms, it was found that the Armenian language is endangered and has approached the stage of severe endangerment. Accordingly, in order to revitalize the Armenian language and prevent further endangerment, it is necessary, first, that the Kurdistan Regional Government officially recognize it at the national level, raise its status, and provide it with new social functions within society. Second, speakers of the language themselves should give greater attention to it, use it within the family, and transmit it from one generation to the next.
10.26750/2026.6326 2 views Read article -
11
Education Original Research pp. 179-191
The Educational Role of Technology Use Among Kindergarten Children from Mothers’ Perspectives
Rangin Abubakr Pirot
The objective of this study is to examine the level of the educational role of technology use and it’s dimensions (the role of technology in child development, children’s motivations for using technology, and the role of technology on parent-child relationships) among kindergarten children from the perspectives of mothers and according to the variables of child's gender, daily screen time, and the purpose of technology use. In order to achieve these objectives, a descriptive research design was used. The study sample consisted of (172) mothers of kindergarten children who were selected through a non-random purposive method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of (33) items and (3) dimensions. After the instrument’s validity and reliability was established by experts, it was administered to the study sample. The findings of the study demonstrated that the educational role of technology use in all dimensions was different. Notably, in the first dimension it was low and significant, in the second dimension it was high and significant, in the third dimension it was low and significant among kindergarten children from mothers’ perspectives in general. Regarding the gender variable, there was no statistically significant difference between boys and girls. However, a significant difference was found based on daily screen time, with those children who use technology for more than (3) hours per day showing a higher motivation for using it. In addition, according to the purpose of technology use, a significant difference was found in the developmental dimension; specifically, children who use technology for learning purposes showed a higher level of development compared to others.
10.26750/2026.6327 4 views Read article -
12
History & Archaeology Original Research pp. 192-204
The Military Structure of the Qajar State (1795–1925) through the Eyes of Foreign Travelers
Shwana Rasul Abdallah, Shwan Shexa Qarani
This paper is an analysis and assessment of a noticeable subject in the period of the reign of the Qajar state (1795–1925), particularly concerning its military structure and characteristics. Its high spot the assessment of the military structure from the viewpoint of foreign travellers who went to Persia during that period. The study tries to discover their observations on the formation of the army and its military arrangement, the organization of military institutions, and the types of military forces. In addition, it outlines their training methods, weapons, ammo, and goods of the Qajar army, food and provisions, military costs, the roles of local officials and foreign experts, plus the challenges and difficulties facing the army. This military structure was alike to that of prior rulers, depend basically on recruiting troops from many tribes, clans, and regions throughout the country. Despite efforts at reform in this field, the strength of the tribes and their rule over a number of parts of the country stopped the formation of a perpendicular national army. Furthermore, corruption, shortcomings, and not strong military logistics expose another set of difficulties in the general military organization, which hamper reforms from taking root. Finally—apart from a few efforts—the intervention of local khans and leaders, beside with the shortage of a clear vision and plan for modern military discipline to make the army to be a tool to save the country and protect it, failed to bring about essential changes in the army's structure.
10.26750/2026.6328 2 views Read article -
13
Language & Literature Original Research pp. 205-224
The Role of Modern Technologies in Learning the English Language: An Analytical Study of the Perspectives of Imperial English Course Learners
Kalthum Khalid Ahmed
The present study examines the effect of modern technology on learning English language in all four skills: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Language learning in and out of the classroom needs technology. The study focuses on online language courses, learning platforms, language exchange platforms and mixed learning models (online and classroom instruction) to enhance language acquisition from basic to advanced levels. The questionnaire was designed on Google Forms and distributed to the “Imperial” course at different language centers, receiving 175 responses. Excel and GraphPad Prism 10.4.2 were used to analyse data to establish learners’ views on language learning technology. The statistical analysis revealed that 78.3% of the participants liked the course structure and 74.3% liked the learning contents. Technology, especially internet connectivity issues, was a major hurdle for 50.9% of students. Online students (83%) were more satisfied than classroom students (62%) suggesting they found online modality more successful. The results indicated that technology in language education, particularly blended learning (face-to-face and online teaching), facilitates active participation, out-of-classroom activities, and learner independence. Some recommendations for teachers and for those who design curricula ended the study. These recommendations stressed the need for careful planning and balancing of technology integration to achieve learning objectives and enhance English as a second language acquisition.
10.26750/2026.6329 6 views Read article -
14
Language & Literature Original Research pp. 225-237
Breaking the Horizon of Expectation in Muhammad Mukri's Novel (Sagwarr)
Mohammed Aziz Nasralla
This research which is titled “Shattering the Horizon of Expectation in Mohammed Mukry’s Sagwar Novel”, it destroys the level of expectation that the Kurdish readers previously had in the (Classic, Realism and Resistance literature), and this is already clarified. According to the descriptive- analytical movement, the concept of the level of expectation is analyzed pursuant to the theory of reception. The founders of the theory of reception are: Hans Robert Yaws, Volgang Ayzar of German’s Constance school. This theory emphasis the readers’ role in the process of reading literary texts, and the level of expectation is one of the concepts of the theory of reception, whereby a number of views and measure are fixed in this regard and the texts are dealt with accordingly. In this research, shattering the horizon of readers expectation in the dimensions: the disruption of narrative chronology, the levels of language and symbolism, and the political and intellectual dimensions are analyzed in the novel. At this research’s conclusion, it is revealed that in the “Sagwar Novel” the “Level of Expectation” of the Kurdish reader is shattered and creates a new phase of reading via shattering the narration chronology, trespassing the language boundary and destroying the ideal hero figure. This novel shifts the reader from inactive receiver into an active receiver in the production of meaning.
10.26750/2026.6330 3 views Read article -
15
Language & Literature Original Research pp. 238-253
Change In Semantic Implications in The Process of Idiom Formation
Muhamad Qadr Muhamad Amin
Changing is considered as a language need; in this area the idioms are also categorize in semantic change. Changing among idioms goes in four different directions, they are direction of semantic change from narrow to broad and in contrary from broad to narrow. Moreover semantic change from low to high or from high to low. This subject depends on the use of idiomatic expressions in speaking situations because each of those expressions have to different meanings, a meaning before the concept of change which shows itself in special cultural meaning, and another one after semantic change which goes in one of the directions and become stable. The whole idioms that’s used as materials in this research are 37 idioms, that are used and taken from speakers daily language and from the sources that used in this research. According to the research data semantic change of the idioms to the direction of meaning extension receives the highest percentage which reaches 46% , and this is related to ability of an idiom from a special meanings to a general meaning in some closed situations can be repeated for several times, on the contrary narrowing meaning reached to lowest level which is 8% , and its related to the fact that the narrowing meaning phenomenon not happened until the meaning extension has happened, similarly the percentage of meaning elevation reaches to 19%, but in contrary meaning pejoration rate 27%, which compare to meaning elevation is a higher rate.
10.26750/2026.6331 9 views Read article -
16
Language & Literature Original Research pp. 254-266
The Functions of Description in the Collection of Short Stories by the Writer Mohammad Meulud Mem “The Man” and “On The Great Road” As a Model
Azad Mohammed Saeed
The research, which is under the title (The functions of description in the collection of short stories by the writer Mohammed Meulud mem “The Man” and “On the Great Road” as a model) the research method is descriptive analysis. The main topic of this research is the functions of description. the tasks of descoration, interpretation and illusion, it is difficult to distinguish between description and narration. Except for the function of narration, there are three functions of description where one is distinguished from the other. The first is: adornment or praise, second: interpretation, third: ambiguity. to expose the influence of the foreign languages and cultures, especially in the dialects used during the othmanies Caliphate rule in the kurdistan. the city of Shaqlawa, under the influence of the remaining inheritance in terms of language and heritage imported from the authority of the previous , where the writer used some of the terms contained in the administrative dictionary.The research ends with the conclusion and the sources used from Kurdish literature and Arabic and foreign.
10.26750/2026.6332 2 views Read article -
17
Humanities Original Research pp. 267-291
Emotional AI and its Impact on Consumer Brand Loyalty: Mediating Effect of Emotional Satisfaction and Moderating Effect of Digital Literacy and Privacy Risk in Private Banks of Sulaymaniyah.
Arwand Hamadamin Ahmed
In the rapidly evolving financial sector of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, private banks are integrating emotional artificial intelligence to strengthen customer relationships. Yet, little is known about how affective computing shapes long-term consumer behavior within collectivist cultures. This paper examines the direct and indirect effects of Emotional AI characteristics on consumer brand loyalty across private banks in Sulaymaniyah. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, quantitative data were gathered from 312 retail banking clients and processed through IBM SPSS 27 and SmartPLS 4.0 for structural equation modeling. To complement these numbers, thematic analysis was applied to 18 in-depth qualitative interviews using NVivo 14. The quantitative model demonstrated that perceived usefulness and empathy significantly drive emotional satisfaction, which in turn acts as a partial mediator for brand loyalty. The qualitative insights further explained these relationships by highlighting key sources of customer resistance, particularly high perceived privacy risks and local language barriers. Overall, the study shows that while Emotional AI supports customer attachment, financial institutions must address data privacy concerns and refine language localization to achieve meaningful technology adoption.
10.26750/2026.6333 3 views Read article -
18
Humanities Original Research pp. 292-315
The Effect of Artificial Intelligence on Pink Marketing for Generation Z: The Mediating Role of Online Purchasing Behavior
Hawar Hassan Sofi1, Luqman Sleman Omer, Hunar Mohammed Amin Ibrahim
The study aims to examine the effect of artificial intelligence (AI) on how consumers of Generation Z respond to the presence of pink-themed marketing treatments in online shopping platforms and the effect these have on their final buying behavior in the area of Sulaymaniyah province. The study used a cross-sectional survey to investigate online shopping behavior and the impact of pink product marketing among 306 Generation Z female respondents aged 17 to 27. The online platform (Google Forms) and the paper-based distribution of questionnaires were used, thus providing a varied sample from large e-commerce sites. For the data analysis, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 27) was used. The results of the multiple regression analyses indicated that online shopping behavior among Generation Z is strongly influenced by pink product marketing, explaining a large percentage of the variance, as indicated by a high coefficient of determination. The interaction effect is insignificant, but statistical significance is attained. Based on the research recommendations, companies should focus on marketing pink products using artificial intelligence to build individual, gender-neutral brand images while maintaining service quality. Therefore, future research should expand to other areas of Iraq with diverse demographics to study additional mediating factors, such as social media, brand trust, and the degree of AI personalization.
10.26750/2026.6334 2 views Read article -
19
Humanities Original Research pp. 316-330
The role of Information Technology in Enhancing Human Resource Performance: A Case Study of Sulaimani Polytechnic University
Aso Tahir Tofiq, Pshtiwan Tahir Rashid, Zana Othman Hamad
Information technology (IT) has become crucial to corporate operations in the current technological era. Its dynamic nature makes communication and processes more effective, especially in human resource management (HRM). This research aims to examine the impact of information technology (IT) on enhancing human resource (HR) performance at Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU). IT has played a major role in providing businesses with greater efficiency and effectiveness. This study will examine some of the basic aspects of IT, such as types of devices and equipment (hardware), software, networks, and databases, to evaluate their use in relation to variables associated with HR performance, including quality of work, speed of service delivery, and efficiency. To conduct this research, a descriptive-analytical case study method was utilized. The data were collected from a structured survey/questionnaire of 148 employees at Sulaimani Polytechnic University. SPSS was used to test reliability and validity; Cronbach’s alpha coefficient values were above 80%, and it was then used to conduct correlation and regression analysis, demonstrating that all four components of IT had a positive statistical correlation with all four HR performance variables. The study found a critical strategic role of Information Technology (IT) Infrastructure in improving SPU's Human Resource (HR) performance. In addition to building technological resources, implementing integrated HR information systems, and investing in ongoing IT training, each of these three aspects is vital to achieving an efficient institution that is capable of a sustainable competitive advantage in higher education.
10.26750/2026.6335 2 views Read article -
20
Education Original Research pp. 331-346
The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Social Responsibility Among Students at Koya University
Jwan Bahaden Ali, Sebar Rzgar Razaq
This study investigates the level of social media usage and its relationship with social responsibility among Koya University students, both overall and across demographic variables (gender and academic stage), a descriptive correlational comparative research design was employed. Because no suitable Kurdish-language instrument was available, the researchers developed a scale for social media usage, while adopting Qasim’s (2006) scale for social responsibility. Face validity was established through expert review, and reliability of both scale was confirmed. The instrument was administered to a sample of 146 students distributed across seven departments at the Faculty of Education at Koya University. Results revealed a weak, statistically non-significant inverse correlation between the use of social media networks and social responsibility. Generally, the sample members demonstrated a low level of social media network usage, while having a high level of social responsibility. Regarding the use of social media networks, there were no statistically significant differences among the students according to the gender and academic stage variables. As for the level of social responsibility, the results showed that there are statistically significant differences among the students according to the gender variable in favor of females, and no statistically significant differences among them according to the academic stage variable. Based on these findings, several recommendations and future suggestions are proposed.
10.26750/2026.6336 3 views Read article -
21
Education Original Research pp. 347-359
The Poetic Journey from Beauty to Loss: A Syntactic-Semantic Study of Nizar Qabbani's Poem "Yad"
Marewan Ismael Jameel, Saadulla Fathulla Rasol
This research demonstrates Nizar Qabbani’s poem “Yad” through syntactic and semantic structures analysis of the senten (Placeholder1)ces, to show the relationship between linguistic composition and poetic meaning. The research commences with a theoretical chapter reviewing the concept of the Arabic sentence among classical and modern grammarians, taking Sibawayh’s, al-Mubarrad’s, al-Zamakhshari’s, Ibn Hisham’s, and others’ view into consideration, as well as the controversy about the synonymy between the terms speech and sentence. It also discusses the categories of the sentence, demonstrating that the majority of grammarians accepted on categorizing them into only two types: nominal and verbal. The research then carries on to the applied section, analyzing the verses of the poem syntactically and semantically, explaining how the verses evolve from astonishment with beauty to tragic loss. The analysis shows a gradual emotional journey: from admiration and appreciation "your hand is worth a thousand kingdoms", to sacrifice and altruism "she has everything she desires", then to perplexity "what shall I say to a playful star?", culminating in the tragic conclusion "I am awake with a woman's white hand beside me". The research explains how syntactic structure and linguistic constructions assist the poetic vision and strengthen the philosophical connotations of the passage, highlighting the paradoxes of presence and absence, beauty and pain in Nizar Qabbani's poetry.
10.26750/2026.6337 2 views Read article -
22
Education Original Research pp. 360-375
The Educational Methodology of Dr. Abdullah Al-Harshami Al-Naqshbandi (d. 2000 CE) in the Study of Sects and Its Impact on Religious Reform (An Analytical Study)
Jaafar Najmadin Ali Gwani
This study which is entitled "The Educational Methodology of Dr. Abdullah Al-Harshami Al-Naqshbandi (d. 2000 CE) in the Study of Sects and Its Impact on Religious Reform” through His Book: (معالم الطريق في عمل الرّوح الإسلامي - Signposts on the Path of Islamic Spiritual Action," investigates Sheikh Abdullah Al-Harshami's approach in categorizing fragments, the study also outlines that how this approach is distinct from the others. The problem of the study falsehoods on the ongoing struggle between current Islamic groups that had led to a number of problems further resulted to level of thinking and excommunication among some other groups. The significance of this research lies in the concept of ailments that have affected the Islamic nation as has done by AL- Harshami as addresses the matter based on those conflicts, at the same time he offers some moral and practical solutions at hand. The objective is to establish a practical plan to move toward harmony and love, eliminate ill-manners, and instill virtuous character. The methodology of this study is comparative analytical approach, analyzing Sheikh Abdullah Al-Harshami’s classification method and comparing it to other methodologies to reach findings that benefit the Muslims’ lives. By studying this methodology, the research seeks to identify its merits and explore how to apply them to the current reality of Muslims. This aims to reduce negative conflict, restore the spiritual essence of worship and sacred spaces, bring peace to society, provide peace and happiness to personal life, protect religion from loss and distortion, and restore the glory of Muslims. The research is structured into an introduction and three main sections: (Section I: Methodologies of Scholars in Classifying Religions and Sects. Section II: The Mainstream Community (Ahl al-Jama'ah) and Sectarian Groups. Section III: The Impact of Al-Harshami’s Methodology in Diagnosing the Ummah’s Ailments. The conclusion provides a synthesis of the research outcomes).
10.26750/2026.6338 3 views Read article -
23
Law & Politics Original Research pp. 376-390
Legal mechanisms for protecting agricultural land in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq
Anwer Omar Qader
Agricultural land is a main factor in agricultural production and investment, and in obtaining food security. From this standpoint, the legislator has focused on protecting it through a number of legal mechanisms presented by the laws operative in the Kurdistan Region. But despite that, its protection is somewhat neglected in the region. This is due to the ineffectiveness of some mechanisms and shortcomings in the proper implementation of others. This research aims to identify the legal mechanisms for protecting agricultural land in the region by analyzing the existing legal provisions in the region's laws. That's to diagnose weaknesses and shortcomings in these mechanisms and assess their effectiveness in deterring and preventing the misuse of agricultural land for production and investment purposes. Furthermore, the research seeks to determine the most suitable mechanism at present to protect this valuable resource for current and future generations, because the agricultural lands are part of the national wealth. At the end of the research, we focused on some of the necessary mechanisms for protecting agricultural lands that were not stipulated in the applicable laws, in order to confront the fragmentation of agricultural land ownership, and to limit urban expansion in the Kurdistan Region, especially in the main cities.
10.26750/2026.6339 3 views Read article -
24
Education Original Research pp. 391-417
Linguistic Indications and Its Impact on Legal Rulings: An Applied Study of Explicit and Implicit Divorce in Islamic Law
Ibrahim Abdulrahman Mohammed, Jihad Qadir Ali
This paper investigates the role of linguistic meaning in the derivation of juristic rulings, with particular focus on explicit and implicit divorce expressions in Islamic law. Divorce terminology represents a sensitive and consequential area of personal status jurisprudence, as legal outcomes often hinge on subtle differences in wording and semantic clarity. The central problem addressed in this study concerns the variation in the semantic force of divorce expressions and its implications for determining whether legal effects follow automatically or are contingent upon the speaker’s intent and contextual indicators. The study seeks to clarify the concept of semantic indication (dalālat al-alfāẓ) and its classifications within the framework of uṣūl al-fiqh, to delineate the distinction between explicit and implicit divorce in both linguistic and juristic terms, and to assess the impact of semantic variation on legal rulings, particularly in relation to intention and evidentiary presumptions. The research employs an inductive and analytical methodology, drawing on Qurʾānic texts, Prophetic traditions, and classical juristic discourse, and examining them through established principles of legal theory. A practical dimension is incorporated through the analysis of representative divorce expressions and their legal implications. The study concludes that semantic clarity constitutes a decisive factor in legal determination. Explicit divorce expressions produce legal effect upon utterance without reliance on intent, whereas implicit expressions require either a clear intention or supporting contextual evidence. The findings underscore the importance of integrating linguistic analysis with juristic reasoning to ensure precision in legal judgment and to mitigate disputes in contemporary family law practice.
10.26750/2026.6340 2 views Read article -
25
Education Original Research pp. 418-439
Self-Forgiveness as a Predictor of Mental Health among Abused Women in Erbil City
Nashmil Mohammed Yuosif, Izaddin Ahmad Aziz
The study examined the levels of self-forgiveness and mental health among abused women in Erbil City. It also investigated whether there were differences in these variables according to age, in addition to exploring the relationship between self-forgiveness and mental health and the extent to which self-forgiveness could predict mental health among a sample of 300 abused women. The Self-Forgiveness Scale developed by Enright et al. (2021), which includes 35 items, was used, along with the Mental Health Scale developed by Ganga and Kutty (2015), consisting of 20 items. The validity and reliability of both instruments were confirmed. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSS. The findings showed that the participants reported acceptable levels of self-forgiveness and mental health. Differences in self-forgiveness were found across age groups, particularly in favor of women aged under 20 to 29 years, while no significant age differences were observed in mental health. Although a relationship between self-forgiveness and mental health was identified, it was not statistically significant. The regression analysis indicated that self-forgiveness explained 8% of the variance in mental health. Based on these results, several recommendations were suggested.
10.26750/2026.6341 4 views Read article -
26
Humanities Original Research pp. 440-458
The role of Perceived Leadership Support in Organizational Sustainability through the mediating role of Strategic Agility (An analytical study of the opinions of a sample of employees in a number of private banks in Erbil City-Iraqi Kurdistan Region)
Shaima Essmat Mohammedamin, Zana Majed Sadq, Jinan Jamal Fattah
The present study seeks to examine the influence of the perceived leadership support on organizational sustainability considering the mediating role of strategic agility are implemented within a selection of private banks in Erbil city. To accomplish these objectives, a conceptual framework was developed to clarify the interrelationships among the three variables. Additionally, six hypotheses were formulated and empirically tested. The research was conducted on employees working in several private banks in Erbil city. From the estimated population of about 500 individuals, data was collected using the means of electronic questionnaire distribution, which resulted in 134 responses constituting the sample of the study. This research involved the descriptive-analytical approach and relied on the use of various statistical methods conducted with the help of SPSS V.24 and AMOS V.24 software. The obtained results indicated the presence of statistically significant correlation, as well as the existence of the significant effect of leadership support on organizational sustainability in terms of both direct and indirect influence mediated through the construct of strategic agility. On the basis of the results, certain recommendations were developed, the most prominent of which pertains to improving the current state of leadership support in the organization through creating the adequate system of rewards in the company. In order to create such a system, it is necessary to involve employees actively in making proposals concerning non-financial benefits and incorporate appropriate suggestions into reward policies.
10.26750/2026.6342 4 views Read article -
27
Humanities Original Research pp. 459-482
The Role of Conscious Leadership in Building Smart Organizations: An Analytical Study of the Views of a Sample of Administrative Leaders in Technical Institutes in Sulaymaniyah / Sulaimani Polytechnic University.
Hemn Ghazi Rashid, Zhila Jamal Faqe Mohammed, Fariq Mohammad Hama Aziz
Abstract The research problem addresses the necessity of adopting modern leadership styles to facilitate Sulaimani Polytechnic University's transition into a smart organization amidst rapid academic changes. This study aims to analyze the impact of Mindful Leadership dimensions (self-awareness, awareness of others, and situational awareness) on building Smart Organizations (continuous learning, strategic alternatives, and environmental understanding). A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and data was collected via a questionnaire from a random sample of 78 out of a total population of 176 administrative leaders at the university. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS V.26 and AMOS V.26. The results demonstrated a significant impact of mindful leadership on building smart organizations, with an effect coefficient of (Beta = 0.526) at a significance level of (Sig = 0.000). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.276) indicates that mindful leadership explains 27.6% of the variance in smart organization development at the researched university. The study recommends adopting mindful leadership practices to foster smart organizations and ensure excellence through a futuristic vision. This involves engaging all administrative levels in collective decision-making, particularly regarding educational activities and curricula.
10.26750/2026.6343 3 views Read article -
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Education Original Research pp. 483-493
Educational Institutions and Their Role in Demonstrating the Innocence of Islam from Terrorism and Extremism
Mohamed Khalil Ibrahim, Khalid Ahmed Mustafa
This research examines the pivotal and strategic role of educational institutions in refuting false allegations and misconceptions linking Islam to terrorism and extremism. It underscores the inherent benevolence, moderation, and justice of Islam, declaring its absolute dissociation from the criminal practices perpetrated by renegade factions that have deviated from orthodoxy. The significance of this study lies in its deep analysis of the intellectual, psychological, and social repercussions that violent extremist organizations (such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda) have imposed upon Muslim societies and the global perception of Islam. Employing an integrative methodological approach—combining the inductive-historical method, the descriptive-analytical method, and the deductive-inferential method—the study investigates the root causes of extremism across religious, educational, cultural, psychological, socioeconomic, and political dimensions. Furthermore, the paper provides a thorough academic refutation establishing that extremism stems from flawed individual interpretations by practitioners rather than the pristine tenets of Islam itself, demonstrating that terrorism is a situational reaction and deviation rather than an inherent religious mandate. The findings emphasize the necessity of activating educational institutions through concrete strategies, including: modernizing academic curricula to embed moderation, training university faculty in enlightened mentorship, fostering institutional synergy between academia, security apparatuses, religious endowments, and digital media. The study concludes that combating intellectual deviation begins with building a grounded intellectual security system that re-illuminates Islam as a religion of universal mercy, peace, and human dignity.
10.26750/2026.6344 3 views Read article -
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Humanities Original Research pp. 494-514
The Role of Organizational DNA in Organizational Creativity: An Analytical Study at the Sulaimaniyah Technical Institute
Razaw Rashid Salih, Shler Abdulla Sharif
This research was purposed to analyze the role of organizational DNA in activating organizational creativity through a field study of the Sulaimani Technical Institute. To achieve this, a conceptual research framework was constructed that contained main variables. Two main hypotheses were also developed from which a set of sub-hypotheses was derived. The research used the descriptive analytical method and questionnaire as the main tool for collecting data from employees in the Sulaimani Technical Institute, accordingly, (90) questionnaires were distributed, of which (87) were returned and accepted for statistical analysis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. The results showed that Technical Institute has good levels of practicing organizational genes and organizational creativity. In addition, the results showed that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between organizational DNA and their dimensions with organizational creativity, and a significant effect of organizational DNA on organizational creativity. The research concluded with a set of recommendations, most notably: strengthening information systems; developing incentive systems and linking them to performance and creativity; expanding employee participation in decision-making; continuing to develop the organizational structure to support organizational flexibility; conducting periodic assessments of organizational DNA and organizational creativity using scientific performance indicators; and promoting a culture of organizational learning and knowledge management to contribute to achieving sustainable institutional creativity and excellence.
10.26750/2026.6345 7 views Read article -
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Education Original Research pp. 515-540
Psychological Flow and its Relationship with Self-Compassion Among Retirees in the Kurdistan
Choman sabah Saeed, Kadhim Zrar Ahmed, Jinan Hadi Khalid
Psychological flow and self-compassion are regarded as contemporary concepts in psychology that aim to strengthen the positive side of personality. Psychological flow is considered a positive subjective experience that occurs when individuals become fully immersed in contemplation or problem solving, to the extent that they lose awareness of themselves while performing tasks and activities related to those challenges. This state is escorted by feelings of enjoyment, satisfaction, and fulfillment, enabling individuals to appreciate the meaning of life and experience a calmer and more harmonious existence (Gharib, 2015, p.295). The researchers relied on the descriptive method and employed two instruments: the Psychological Flow Scale, consisting of 19 items, and the Self-Compassion Scale, consisting of 37 items. The study population comprised retired employees from all government ministries. The study sample included 387 retirees, of whom 240 were males and 147 were females. After establishing the psychometric properties of the instruments, including validity and reliability, the scales were administered to the participants. The collected data were then statistically analyzed. The findings showed that the participants demonstrated a high and statistically significant level of both psychological flow and self-compassion. Significant differences were found according to gender, favoring males in both variables. Regarding age, participants aged 39–48 years exhibited the highest level of psychological flow, whereas those aged 69–78 years showed the highest level of self-compassion. Significant differences were also observed according to economic status. Also statistically significant correlation was found between psychological flow and self-compassion among the participants. The results indicated that psychological flow could be significantly predicted by self-compassion as an overall construct.
10.26750/2026.6346 10 views Read article -
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Language & Literature Original Research pp. 541-554
Civilizational Alienation and Its Reflections in the Novel A Stranger in London by the Novelist Jamal Haidar
Sheren Satar Hamdamen
Alienation has become one of the defining phenomena of contemporary societies, reflecting the psychological, social, and cultural transformations experienced by individuals under conditions of displacement and instability. This study investigates the manifestations of civilizational alienation in Jamal Haidar’s novel A Stranger in London, examining how the novelist reconstructs an ancient yet marginalized civilization through the protagonist’s symbolic relationship with the memory of distant historical eras. Iraq occupies a central position in the narrative as a symbolic space where different forms of alienation intersect, shaped by political turmoil, social fragmentation, and cultural disruption. The novel was selected because it provides a profound literary representation of the psychological consequences of alienation, portraying the characters’ experiences of estrangement, anxiety, disappointment, and loss of belonging. These experiences gradually transform alienation from an individual psychological condition into a broader existential and civilizational crisis. The narrative also illustrates how oppressive social and political conditions erode personal identity and collective consciousness. The findings reveal that the novel presents interconnected forms of alienation, including self-alienation, emotional alienation, and spatial alienation, all of which contribute to the fragmentation of the self and the weakening of its relationship with the Other. These dimensions expose the psychological emptiness caused by displacement and cultural dislocation, presenting alienation as a dominant narrative phenomenon that reflects the recurring suffering of individuals and the erosion of existential and civilizational values in contemporary Iraqi society.
10.26750/2026.6347 5 views Read article -
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Language & Literature Original Research pp. 555-571
Title Emotion, Modern Narrative, and the Machine in Maysalun Hadi’s A Convertible on a Sunny Day
Rasool Kakalaw Saleem, Shireen Satar Hamadamin, Khumar Salam Bahram
Modern narrative is a central focus in current literary study. It marks a clear shift from classical storytelling formats and brings new ways of presenting human feelings and lived experience. This paper explores the gap between human storytelling—built on real emotion and personal experience—and machine storytelling, which uses artificial intelligence to generate language without actual sensory or emotional depth. By analyzing Maysalun Hadi’s collection A Convertible on a Sunny Day, this study shows how emotion shapes narrative texts. It looks at how emotional depth influences character development, story structure, and choice of language, while highlighting how real-life context gives stories their meaning. The core question is whether machine-generated text can truly copy human emotion, given that modern literature relies heavily on inner consciousness and felt experience. Using a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach, the paper breaks the stories down into their key elements to examine how different narrative parts relate to one another. The study concludes that human narratives stand out for their emotional depth, subjective insight, and ability to create rich meanings tied to real life. Machine narratives, on the other hand, may be direct and structurally neat, but they lack psychological and emotional weight.
10.26750/2026.6348 6 views Read article